机电一体化“双元制”专业《简单机电系统安装与调试》教学过程探究

"双元制"是我国学习德国职业教育的一种模式,机电一体化"双元制"专业可以为制造业提供大量的优秀人才,因此要从具体课程入手,做好人才培养工作。《简单机电系统安装与调试》这门课程是机电一体化"双元制"专业在第5学期开设的一门重要课程,对其人才培养有重要影响。本文将从教学大纲要求、教学模式、教学项目的选择以及教学实施过程等4个方面阐述该课程的详细教学过程,其中笔者采用了新的"四步"教学法教学模式。实践表明:与传统教学模式相比,学生动手能力、分析问题以及解决问题能力明显提高。     

离心挤压式油棕果果核分离机的研制

传统小型油棕果榨油设备采用果肉、果核混合压榨的出油方式,为防止压破果核影响油质而降低压力,造成不完全压榨,油渣含油高。为提高出油率,选用先分离果核再压榨果肉的工艺,为此设计研制了一种基于离心挤压的油棕果果核分离机,可将高温杀酵后从果穗脱离的果实进行高速离心捣碎并再次加热,降低物料粘度,使果肉更容易从分离栅栏挤出,达到果核分离目的。     

BP和RBF神经网络预测射流式喷头射程对比

为了探究适合全射流喷头多因素下射程的预测模型,通过改变喷头工作压力、安装高度、喷嘴直径、喷头仰角共4个参数,对射程进行测量.基于BP神经网络和广义径向基(RBF)神经网络的基本原理和算法,建立了全射流喷头射程预测的BP和RBF神经网络模型,并分析BP和RBF神经网络的预测性能.结果表明射程与工作压力、喷嘴直径呈非线性关系;当喷头在1.2 m安装高度、27°仰角、4~10 mm喷嘴直径时,压力增大到0.4 MPa,射程趋于极限,并且安装高度与射程呈正相关关系.BP与RBF神经网络均能较好地表达全射流喷头射程与主控因素之间的非线性关系.在训练时间方面,RBF网络比BP网络慢8.05 s;预测过程中,BP网络在每次运行程序时的预测结果不一定相同,而RBF网络则不会出现此问题,且RBF网络预测值与实测值之间的平均绝对误差比BP网络的小3.55%.从网络预测总体效果观察,RBF神经网络预测喷头射程具有更好的推广能力.     

土壤氮激发效应及其微生物机理研究进展

土壤氮激发效应是土壤养分释放、植物养分吸收过程中的关键机制。对土壤氮素激发的深入了解,不仅有助于农业生产上更加合理制定氮肥运筹,从而提高氮肥的利用率,也有利于评估和控制环境污染并提供有效的治污方法。本文在介绍土壤氮素激发效应概念和机制的基础上,评估目前土壤氮素激发效应的主流测定方法及其在实际应用中的优劣,重点阐述了外源添加物(无机氮肥、有机物料和根系分泌物)对土壤氮素激发效应的作用效果及其微生物机理。土壤氮激发模式中,外源添加物对土壤C/N比的影响可能是土壤氮激发效应作用的关键。当系统中有效C冗余时,施用无机氮肥,促进土壤有机氮的分解,从而表现正的激发效应;反之,有效C不足但有效N富集时,则表现为固氮微生物活性相对增强,从而出现负的激发效应。微生物是激发效应的推动者。本文通过共代谢理论、微生物热区理论和微生物能量与物质转化理论三个理论假说解析了微生物在土壤氮激发过程中可能的作用机制,从而深化对激发效应的认识,为进一步明确土壤激发效应的微生物机制、因素之间的互作效应及通过激发效应为提高氮肥利用效率提供有效途径。     

近年来新疆审定早中熟陆地棉品种主要性状分析

对2014―2018年通过新疆农作物品种审定委员会审定的早中熟陆地棉品种主要性状进行分析,结果表明：审定品种的产量表现出逐年增长的趋势;纤维长度与断裂比强度有所提升,已达到“双31”水平;马克隆值降低,从B2级逐渐向A级提升;枯萎病、黄萎病抗性均提高;生育期呈现稳中有减的迹象,基本稳定在136 d。     

Soil Nitrogen Distribution and Plant Nitrogen Utilization in Direct-Seeded Rice in Response to Deep Placement of Basal Fertilizer-Nitrogen

Deep placement of controlled-release fertilizer increases nitrogen(N) use efficiency in rice planting but is expensive. Few studies on direct-seeded rice have examined the effects of deep placement of conventional fertilizer. With prilled urea serving as N fertilizer, a two-year field experiment with two N rates(120 and 195 kg/hm~2) and four basal N application treatments(B50, all fertilizer was broadcast with 50% as basal N; D50, D70 and D100 corresponded to 50%, 70% and 100% of N deeply placed as basal N, respectively) were conducted in direct-seeded rice in 2013 and 2014. Soil N distribution and plant N uptake were analyzed. The results showed that deep placement of basal N significantly increased total N concentrations in soil. Significantly greater soil N concentrations were observed in D100 compared with B50 at 0, 6 and 12 cm(lateral distance) from the fertilizer application point both at mid-tillering and heading stages. D100 presented the highest values of dry matter and N accumulation from seeding to mid-tillering stages, but it presented the lowest values from heading to maturity stages and the lowest grain yield for no sufficient N supply at the reproductive stage. The grain yield of D50 was the highest, however, no significant difference was observed in grain yield, N agronomic efficiency or N recovery efficiency between D70 and D50, or between D70 and B50, while D70 was more labor saving than D50 for only one topdressing was applied in D70 compared with twice in other treatments. The above results indicated that 70% of fertilizer-N deeply placed as a basal fertilizer and 30% of fertilizer-N topdressed as a panicle fertilizer constituted an ideal approach for direct-seeded rice. This recommendation was further verified through on-farm demonstration experiments in 2015, in which D70 produced in similar grain yields as B50 did.     

Effect of photoperiod on development and reproduction of Megacopta cribraria(Hemiptera:Plataspidae)

Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) continually outbreaks due to suitable photoperiod in recent years. Effect of photoperiod on growth, development and reproduction of M. cribraria were assessed in this study. Results indicated that developmental duration, nutrient accumulation efficiency, and adult fecundity of M. cribraria were significantly different under 6 photoperiodical conditions. Developmental duration of nymph stage gradually tended to be shorter as day time increase. Body weights of 5th instar nymphs for 16 h and 4 h day time photoperiods were 5.2 mg and 4.6 mg, respectively. Moreover, longevity of adults tended to be longer as day time increase. However, for the short day photoperiod (4 L:20 D and 8 L:16 D), population showed no reproductive behaviors. Index of population trend increased with photoperiod extension and adults showed stronger reproductive capacity and longer longevity. This research identified the favorable photoperiodical conditions before outbreak. It may provided reference for ecological adaptability of M. cribraria, and contribute to the scientific basis for forecasting and controlling of M. cribraria.     

平茬对内蒙古典型草原小叶锦鸡儿群落植物的影响

为了了解平茬对灌丛群落草本植物的影响,本文以内蒙古典型草原小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla Lam）群落为研究对象,设置了不平茬、一年平茬1次和一年平茬2次共3种处理,分析了平茬前后群落特征与植被化学计量特征的变化。结果表明：与未平茬相比,两种平茬处理下群落内禾本科植物密度均显著增加,平茬第二年禾本科生物量显著高于未平茬处理;平茬后两年内草地群落物种多样性指数随平茬次数增加均有增加趋势,且一年平茬2次处理时,Margalef丰富度指数显著高于未平茬处理;草本群落总生物量随平茬次数增加呈现先下降后增加的变化趋势;平茬后植被C、N含量、C/N比无显著变化,但植被N/P比显著增加。可见,平茬处理改变了小叶锦鸡儿群落的结构特征,提高了群落物种多样性及禾本科植物的密度,有助于典型草原的植被恢复。     

赖氨酸对紫丁香蘑菌丝生长的影响

为了研究赖氨酸成分对紫丁香蘑菌丝体生长的影响,采用不同浓度的赖氨酸-PDA培养基进行紫丁香蘑菌丝体生长的对比试验,确定最适合紫丁香蘑菌丝生长的赖氨酸浓度。结果表明,紫丁香蘑菌丝生长的最适赖氨酸浓度分别为30μg/mL和90μg/mL,此项研究为紫丁香蘑的规范化生长提供帮助。     

农田-防护林-荒漠复合系统土壤水盐运移规律及耦合模型建立

为探讨节水灌溉条件下干旱内陆区不同景观单元土壤水盐动态规律及水盐通量变化特征,以新疆三工河流域绿洲-荒漠过渡带典型景观格局农田-防护林-荒漠为研究对象,利用2018年4月—9月连续定位观测数据资料,分析各景观单元作物生育期(4月1日—6月28日)和非生育期(6月29日—9月15日)土壤水盐动态规律及其变异性、土壤水盐通量变化特征及影响因素,构建农田-防护林-荒漠复合系统BP神经网络土壤水盐耦合模型,并对所建模型参数敏感性及应用可行性进行探讨。结果表明,各景观单元作物生育期和非生育期土壤含水率、电导率均具有较明显的垂直分层、水平递变和季节波动特征;按变异性可划分为3个典型土层:活跃层(0～40 cm)、次活跃层(40～140 cm)和相对稳定层(140cm);距防护林越近,农田土壤含水率和电导率分别呈降低和升高趋势,荒漠均呈升高趋势;单次降水和灌溉事件后各景观单元各典型土层土壤含水率和电导率随时间分别均呈负指数函数和三次函数变化趋势。土壤控制体(单位面积深140 cm土柱)内,生育期农田和防护林均为向下水分通量,非生育期均为向上水分通量,荒漠两时期均为向下水分通量;农田和防护林土壤贮水量与土壤积盐量随地下水位下降、蒸散发量增大均呈递减趋势;荒漠土壤水盐通量对各因素及其交互效应响应较微弱;生育期最后1次充分灌溉的淋洗作用可使该系统土壤积盐量趋于平衡状态。拓扑结构为32-36-6的BP神经网络土壤水盐耦合模型具有较高的模拟精度;灌溉和地下水位是影响该系统土壤水盐动态的关键因素。研究结果可为节水灌溉条件下绿洲-荒漠共生系统寻求生产和生态之间的平衡机制提供理论依据。