Antifungal properties of terpenoids in Picea abies against Heterobasidion parviporum

The antifungal properties of 14 major oleoresin‐constitutive terpenoids of Norway spruce (Picea abies) against Heterobasidion parviporum were evaluated in vitro at three gradient concentrations, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 μmol/cm², on potato dextrose agar medium. Eight monoterpene hydrocarbons (+)‐ and (?)‐α‐pinene, (?)‐β‐pinene, (+)‐3‐carene, myrcene, (+)‐ and (?)‐limonene, terpinolene; four oxygenated monoterpenes α‐terpineol, terpinen‐4‐ol, 1,8‐cineole, bornyl acetate; and two resin acids abietic acid and dehydroabietic acid were selected. Abietic and dehydroabietic acids showed the highest antifungal activities at all concentrations. Among oxygenated monoterpenes, bornyl acetate and α‐terpineol showed antifungal activity at the highest concentration. Among monoterpene hydrocarbons, (+)‐α‐pinene showed similar activity to terpinen‐4‐ol and 1,8‐cineole at the highest concentration; however, it was lower than α‐terpineol and bornyl acetate. Other monoterpene hydrocarbons inhibited mycelial growth by <10%. Re‐extraction of medium surfaces after the test period revealed that most α‐terpineol and terpinen‐4‐ol remained unchanged on the surface but monoterpene hydrocarbons completely disappeared. However, notable fungal transformed products were observed on surfaces applied with 1,8‐cineole and bornyl acetate. Thus, mycelial growth inhibition of monoterpenoids might be caused by complex functions such as biodegradation and/or detoxification by interaction between mycelium and compound. These results provide a basis for future studies considering the role of chemodiversity in the comprehensive chemical defence of P. abies.     

开花麻竹叶绿素荧光参数测定

叶绿素荧光是研究光合作用的有效探针。为了探讨开花对麻竹光合作用的影响,应用PAM-100分别测定了开花与未开化麻竹的叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明,随着光强的升高[0~2 000μmol/（m^2·s）],在开始阶段[0~200μmol/（m^2·s）]麻竹叶片的NPQ、Y（NPQ）、Y（ND）、ETR（Ⅱ）和ETR（Ⅰ）均迅速升高,Y（Ⅱ）和Y（Ⅰ）却迅速下降,之后变化缓慢并趋于平稳,而Y（NA）和Y（NO）几乎一直维持平稳;其中未开花麻竹的NPQ、Y（Ⅰ）和ETR（Ⅰ）均高于开花麻竹,Y（Ⅱ）、Fv/Fm和ETR（Ⅱ）无明显差异。在本实验培养光照下[230μmol/（m2·s）],未开花麻竹的NPQ、Y（Ⅰ）和ETR（Ⅰ）也均高于开花麻竹。由此表明,开花引起麻竹PSⅠ的Y（Ⅰ）和ETR（Ⅰ）以及PSⅡ的NPQ降低,这意味着开花麻竹的光保护能力下降,使得PSⅠ受体侧电子积累,导致光合效率下降。     

基于SVM的加工番茄早疫病叶氮素含量光谱反演

采用支持向量机(SVM)模型,对新疆加工番茄早疫病病害植株的叶片氮素含量进行光谱反演。分析不同病害严重度的病叶氮素含量的光谱特征,发现在218~357 nm、384~587 nm、1 033~1 141 nm、1 499~2 500 nm,氮素含量与光谱反射率的相关系数的绝对值大于0.7,在227~353 nm的相关系数大于0.8,表明不同病害严重度的病叶氮素含量与光谱反射率呈强相关。利用K层交叉检验(K-CV)方法验证、优选出SR705、ND705、GMI-2、RI-half、PTEBc等5种光谱指数,作为SVM模型的输入变量;同时,分别建立线性核、多项式核、径向基核和Sigmoid核的SVM模型,通过模型拟合比较,得出最佳模型为径向基核的SVM模型。采用径向基核的SVM模型对病叶氮素含量进行光谱反演,结果表明:径向基核的SVM模型氮素含量反演的真实值与预测值的MSE为0.012 4,相关系数R为85.916%,平均相对误差为0.175,结合多光谱指数的SVM模型提高了加工番茄早疫病病害叶片氮素含量的反演精度。     

基于直接驱动和自增力技术的AMT换挡系统

为进一步提高电控机械式自动变速器(AMT)的换挡品质和系统鲁棒性,提出一种应用直驱自增力换挡系统的AMT方案。设计了直接驱动装置的结构并对其性能进行测试,针对直接驱动技术存在的问题,研究一种具有自增力和提高换挡系统鲁棒性功能的增力式同步器,参考实车的相关参数,研制了直驱自增力换挡系统的原理性样机,完成了技术方案可行性与功能性的试验研究。结果表明,追求的换挡品质相同时,直驱自增力换挡系统同步阶段需要驱动装置提供的最大瞬时驱动力较小,降低了换挡过程中的能量损耗;当增力斜面角θ=116°时,增力式同步器的力放大系数nF约为1.54,实现了换挡系统放大驱动装置输出力和提高换挡系统鲁棒性的功能,为缩小驱动装置体积和降低换挡控制系统设计难度奠定了良好的技术基础。     

重载并联运动模拟台机构动力特性分析

提出一种适用于重载的6UPS-3UPS/UPU-R并联运动模拟台机构。采用电液混合的驱动方式,该机构具有平衡负载重力的特点。对机构进行了动力学分析,得到了平衡平台对运动平台的作用力和电机扭矩计算表达式。提出了平衡效率指标,并研究了平衡分支相关参数对平衡效率的影响。分析了液压缸对运动平台受力和电动缸驱动力的作用。数值分析表明,平衡液压缸的存在能够有效降低电机扭矩,该并联运动模拟台机构能够以较低的制造成本满足高精度、重载的应用需求。     

堆肥预处理对松木屑厌氧发酵的影响

针对目前针叶类林木松树厌氧发酵前预处理效果差、成本高的问题,在添加食品废弃物的条件下,研究好氧堆肥方法对松木屑(6.35 mm、9.53 mm和12.70 mm)和食品废弃物混合物料的预处理效果,以及对后续干式厌氧发酵过程的影响。研究结果表明,好氧堆肥过程对松木屑的预处理效果明显,但随着松木屑粒径的增大预处理效果降低;经堆肥预处理后物料的厌氧发酵原料的VS产气率均维持在199~215 L/kg范围内,约为未预处理组的1.4倍,而且发酵后物料中的VFA总量均维持在24.5左右,约为未堆肥预处理组的1.5倍,后续产气潜力更大。     

液压Stewart主从系统六维控制策略

设计了一种主从手均为液压Stewart机构的主从控制系统,用于操作者以遥操作的方式进行复杂曲面的研磨,避免研磨粉尘对现场工作的工人造成呼吸道伤害。针对该机构需具有六维力反馈的工作要求,采用基于工作空间的四通道力觉双向伺服策略,以降低连杆差异和外界干扰力等非线性因素的影响,提高力反馈精度。在此基础上提出了六维的策略切换控制,解决因从端遭遇刚性冲击引起的主手震荡问题。通过柔性及刚性碰撞实验证明了该策略的有效性。     

4-UPS/UPR并联机构动力学分析

基于车辆在行驶过程中的运动特性,提出了一种耦合型4-UPS/UPR并联机构作为车辆运动模拟台。应用螺旋理论分析了中间约束分支对上平台的约束作用,并基于Grassmenn线几何分析了机构的铰链点布置对机构奇异的影响。利用旋转矩阵的运动算子功能对机构的耦合运动特性进行了分析。基于旋量速度、加速度,建立了机构运动学模型,并利用刚体的牛顿-欧拉公式建立了机构(包括各个分支)详尽的动力学模型,并给出了相应的数值算例进行验证。     

基于Fluent的大豆脱粒机旋风分离器模拟与优化

为了对大豆脱粒过程中未脱净荚果进行有效的分选、回收并进行二次脱粒,在已设计的有吊桶旋风分离器基础上,利用Fluent软件对有、无吊桶2种模型进行对比试验,结果显示2种模型压降无明显差异,有吊桶旋风分离器分离效率更高。建立了吊桶长度、吊桶直径两因素同逃逸时间、损失率及压降的数学关系模型,模拟试验结果表明：吊桶直径主要影响螺旋上升气流速度,吊桶长度主要影响入口区域气流场分布,确定吊桶最佳参数为长度94mm,直径为196mm,以该参数改进的模型进行试验验证,结果表明损失率降低为2.2%。     

红枣气体射流冲击干燥收缩特性研究

Chinese jujube originated in China and has a long historical standing. China is the only country which can produce a great amount of Chinese jujube in the world. Modern research showed that the nutrition of Chinese jujube is abundant. Chinese jujube has great medicinal and food value, with high economic value and good prospects for development. Shrinkage characteristics of dates generally refer to volume shrinkage characteristics of whole dates. Large fruit and plump grain appearance of dates is the first choice of consumers to buy elements. The volume of dried jujube points to the consumer’s heart, and is an important indicator of consumers whether to buy. Jujube processing enterprises grade the date in accordance with its size, different grades dates have different value and price. Therefore, drying is the most important steps during the dates processing as it affects directly the quality of the product, and the shrinkage characteristics is the most important quality characteristic of Chinese jujube after drying. However, the traditional natural desiccation and desiccation in the drying room of the red dates has many problems. The conventional drying method for Chinese jujube has some disadvantages of severe shrinkage, long drying time and large energy consumption etc. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of dried Chinese jujube and reduce the shrinkage, it is imperative to replace the traditional drying method with the modern technologies. Air impingement drying technology was applied to dry Chinese jujube. The drying characteristics of shrinkage, moisture effective diffusivity considering shrinkage characteristics and the activation energy of Chinese jujube shrinkage were investigated under different air temperatures (55, 60, 65 and 70℃) and air velocities (6, 9, 12 and 15m/s). The dynamic changes of the regular pattern for the shrinkage characteristic of Chinese jujube in the air impingement drying process were studied, the results showed that the volume relative shrinkage ratio of Chinese jujube appeared to increase and then decrease with the increase of air temperature and air velocity. Considering shrinkage characteristics, the moisture effective diffusivity of Chinese jujube in the air impingement drying process through the Fick’s second law was obtained. The diffusivity appeared to increase and then decrease with the decrease in moisture content in dry basis of Chinese jujube. The Arrhenius equation calculated the shrinkage activation energy of the Chinese jujube was 1281kJ/mol. This research provided technical basis for shrinkage characteristics of Chinese jujube using air impingement drying technology.