湖南省自然资源产权管理存在的难题与对策

自然资源产权作为财产权的流转,是要以产权明晰、权责明确为基础,在机制设计中始终以兼顾产权主体利益为核心来促进激励相容,并通过立法先行等法治化措施使改革试点有法可依.针对当前湖南省的所有权与使用权的界定不清晰、产权收益配置有失公平等问题,重点提出了解决流转经营的法律机制、市场机制等法治路径:一方面优化各类自然资源的产权结构、转变政府在产权管理中的服务型职能定位等措施,来约束流转双方的行为并保障流转主体的生存与发展;另一方面是完善产权明晰,完善公平公正的市场交易平台,引导自然资源流转的良性发展.     

湖北省秸秆资源现状和综合利用情况分析

为了解湖北省秸秆综合利用情况,通过线上问卷和线下走访两种方式,对湖北省部分地区秸秆种类、数量和综合利用展开调查.湖北省农作物以水稻为主,占农作物种植总量的60.39％,其次是小麦、玉米和油菜.2019年湖北省秸秆资源量初步预测为4613万t,水稻是秸秆的主要来源,占秸秆资源总量的53.47％.湖北省秸秆处置方式中,还田占比40.61％,焚烧占比25.10％,饲料化占比30.84％,燃料化占比3.45％,现阶段秸秆首选处置方式为还田.分析调查问卷发现,现阶段存在着农户对秸秆资源化利用认识欠缺、对环境问题的认识不足以及技术设备不够充分等问题,结合调查结果针对问题提出相关建议.     

磺胺类抗生素的污染现状与去除技术研究进展

随着社会经济的不断发展,磺胺类抗生素在医药和养殖业中被广泛应用,其在环境中难以降解,该类抗生素引起的环境污染问题引起了人们的广泛关注.介绍了磺胺类药物性质,对其污染现状、危害及其在环境中的迁移转化状况进行了阐述,总结了水中磺胺类抗生素处理技术的研究进展,指出了存在的问题并对今后的研究方向提出展望.     

不同降雨年型旱地冬小麦水分利用及产量对施氮量的响应

【目的】降雨和施氮是影响渭北旱塬冬小麦生产的主要因素,降雨年际变幅大对其影响更大,因此小麦增产效应受降雨年型显著影响。分析不同降雨年型下施氮量对旱地麦田水分利用、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响,能够为实现渭北旱地冬小麦 “因雨施氮”和稳产优质提供理论依据。【方法】于2017—2020年连续3年在陕西合阳县开展田间定位施氮试验,以晋麦47为试验材料,设置5个施氮量处理0、60、120、180、240 kg·hm^-2（分别以N₀、N₆₀、N₁₂₀、N₁₈₀、N₂₄₀表示）,研究不同降雨年型施氮量对冬小麦生育期0—200 cm土层水分变化动态、水分利用效率、产量构成及蛋白质含量的影响。【结果】降雨年型和施氮对冬小麦播前底墒及生育期土壤含水量、耗水量、水分利用效率、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量影响显著。（1）休闲期降雨与播前底墒呈线性相关,每增加1 mm夏季降雨,底墒增加0.9 mm。在丰水年和平水年休闲期降雨充足,前季小麦增加施氮量对下季小麦播前底墒无显著影响;在欠水年休闲期降雨较少,前季小麦每增施氮100 kg·hm^-2,下季小麦播前底墒减少15.4 mm。丰水年较欠水年和平水年均能提高冬小麦生育期0—200 cm土层土壤含水量,因而分别增加生育期耗水量35.7%和6.6%。全生育期0—120 cm土层土壤含水量受降雨和冬小麦生长发育影响波动较大,但160—200 cm 深层土壤含水量相对稳定。丰水年的水分利用效率较欠水年和平水年分别提高55.7%和26.5%,籽粒产量分别提高112.3%和39.1%,蛋白质含量分别降低8.3%和5.2%。（2）与N₀处理相比,丰水年、欠水年和平水年施氮均降低各生育时期0—200 cm土层土壤含水量,分别提高生育期耗水量4.6%—14.6%、6.0%—8.6%、2.2%—9.5%,分别增加水分利用效率20.7%—39.8%、4.7%—33.3%、13.1%—35.4%,分别增产7.1%—28.1%、1.5%—34.1%、8.5%—28.9%,分别提高蛋白质含量5.6%—10.4%、10.1%—17.7%、8.5%—15.6%。（3）施氮量和籽粒产量、蛋白质产量均符合二次曲线关系,拟合方程表明,丰水年、欠水年和平水年满足旱地冬小麦稳产优质的最适施氮量范围分别为189—202、116—124和161—174 kg·hm^-2。【结论】综合来看,丰水年、欠水年和平水年的最佳施氮量分别为189—202、116—124和161—174 kg·hm^-2,并可采取“播前底墒确定基施氮肥量+播种至拔节期降雨确定追施氮肥量”的“因雨施氮”管理模式,既能满足旱地冬小麦稳产优质,也可保证水分高效利用。     

农民合作社组建联合社的影响因素分析

农民合作社联合社是农民合作社发展到一定阶段的产物,也是我国农民合作社发展的必然趋势。基于战略联盟和资源依赖理论,利用8省12县614家农民合作社数据,运用二元Probit模型,分析影响农民合作社加入联合社的因素。结果表明,农民合作社加入联合社的比例为14.5%,相比于东部地区,中西部地区农民合作社加入联合社的概率较低。加入联合社受农民合作社的无形资产状况、人力资源和外部环境特征等因素影响,其中无形资产和外部环境对农民合作社加入联合社有显著影响,掌握销售渠道和品牌等资源、被评为示范社和规模小的农民合作社倾向于组建联合社。加入联合社具有示范效应,一个地区农民合作社加入联合社的比例越高,农民合作社选择加入联合社的概率就越大。理事长年龄和受教育程度对农民合作社加入联合社没有显著影响。因此,为了促进联合社健康发展,政府应顺应农民合作社高质量发展趋势,充分运用财政、税收等政策扶持农民合作社发展,加大联合社相关政策宣传力度,不断提升联合社服务能力。     

4种中药复方对长江鲟幼鱼抗氧化和抗应激指标的影响

【目的】探讨不同中药复方对长江鲟幼鱼抗氧化和抗应激指标的影响,筛选能有效提高长江鲟幼鱼免疫力及抗病力的中药复方,为中药在长江鲟养殖生产中的推广应用提供参考依据。【方法】将17味中药按照中药配伍理论设计4种中药复方,分别是复方I（鱼腥草:金银花:大黄:茯苓:甘草︰黄芪=3:3:1:2:1:2）、复方II（板蓝根:大黄:五加皮:党参=3:3:4:3）、复方III（金银花:杏仁:贯众:大青叶:山豆根:桔梗=3:2:2:2:3:2）、复方IV（黄芪:黄柏:甘草:山楂:五味子:大黄:党参=3:3:1:2:2:2:2）,以不添加中药为对照组,按0.5 g/kg的添加量进行长江鲟幼鱼饲喂试验,并于第7和第14 d采集血样测定各项血清生理指标。【结果】与对照组相比,复方I组和复方II组可不同程度地提高长江鲟血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、过氧化物酶（POD）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性及总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、热休克蛋白70（HSP70）含量,降低丙二醛（MDA）含量,但仅部分指标差异达显著水平（P<0.05,下同）;复方III组和复方IV组可明显提高长江鲟血清SOD、CAT、GSH-Px、POD、AKP活性及T-AOC,降低MDA和皮质醇（COR）含量,且大部分指标与对照组的差异达显著水平。相关分析结果表明,SOD活性与GSH-Px活性及T-AOC、POD活性与GSH-Px活性呈极显著正相关（P<0.01,下同）,POD活性与SOD活性、CAT活性及T-AOC呈显著正相关,SOD活性与COR含量、T-AOC与COR含量呈极显著负相关,GSH-Px活性与COR含量、T-AOC与MDA含量呈显著负相关。【结论】在基础饲料中添加适宜的中药复方对长江鲟幼鱼抗氧化和抗应激能力有显著促进作用,尤其以复方III（金银花、杏仁、贯众、大青叶、山豆根、桔梗）和复方IV（黄芪、黄柏、甘草、山楂、五味子、大黄、党参）的效果最佳,可有效缓解长江鲟幼鱼机体面临的应激反应,达到保护效果。     

Dynamics of maize grain drying in the high latitude region of Northeast China

A high grain moisture content at harvest has been an important problem in the high latitude region of Northeast China, and it is closely related to the genotypes of varieties, local meteorological factors and planting management. However, delayed harvest at a low temperature could not effectively reduce the grain moisture content. In this study, we continuously observed the grain drying during the late stage of different maturing types of maize varieties in Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China in 2016 and 2017. A two-segment linear model was used to analyze the different stages of the drying processes: 1) Two-segment linear model fitting can divide the grain drying process of all varieties into two separate linear drying processes with different slopes. 2) During the rapid drying stage, the drying was faster at a higher temperature. The rate of slow drying was influenced by air vapor pressure. 3) The moisture content and meteorological factors when the drying rate turns from one stage into the other were not consistent between varieties and years. After entering the frost period, temperatures below 0°C will significantly reduce the rate of grain drying. 4) Due to the short growth period of early-maturing varieties, the drying time was prolonged, and the grain moisture content was lower than that of the mid-late maturing varieties. Local meteorological conditions do not allow the drying of mid-late maturing varieties to achieve a lower moisture content. When the temperature falls below 0°C, the drying rate of grain decreases markedly. Therefore, one feasible way to solve the problem of high moisture content is to replace the early-maturing varieties and implement the corresponding cultivation techniques.     

Proteomic analysis of pathogen-responsive proteins from maize stem apoplast triggered by Fusarium verticillioides

During the attack of a pathogen, a variety of defense-associated proteins are released by the host plant in the apoplast to impede the perceived attack. This study utilized the mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and label-free quantification method to analyze the apoplastic fluid (APF) from maize stalk and identified the proteins responsive to the Fusarium verticillioides infection. We have identified 742 proteins, and among these, 119 proteins were differentially accumulated (DAPs), i.e., 35 up-regulated, 18 down-regulated, and 66 proteins were only induced by the pathogen infection. The differentially accumulated proteins were analyzed for their Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. The highly enriched Biological Process (BP) term was the L-serine biosynthesis process, whereas the most enriched Molecular Function (MF) term was the cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity. It was also found that the pathways related to the biosynthesis of amino acid, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and carbohydrate metabolic pathways were significantly enriched. Moreover, 61 out of 119 differentially accumulated proteins were predicted as secretory proteins. The secretory pathways analysis showed that a greater number of proteins were secreted through the conventional secretion system compared to the unconventional secretion system. The identified secreted proteins were related to a variety of pathways in defense responses including cell redox homeostasis, cell wall modification, signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, binding proteins (metal ion binding, RNA binding and heme-binding), maintenance and stabilization of other proteins, indicating a complex response from the plant to the fungal infection. Our data suggested that a number of host proteins belonging to various pathways have been modulated in the apoplastic region.     

中华绒螯蟹养殖群体与野生群体的种群遗传学研究

研究旨在探究安徽中华绒螯蟹种质资源状况以及资源混杂程度,以期为中华绒螯蟹资源的科学保护、合理利用以及相关产业政策的制定提供理论依据。采集了中华绒螯蟹4个养殖群体和长江野生群体共170尾样本,基于线粒体分子标记,进行种群遗传学分析。结果表明,长江野生中华绒螯蟹遗传多样性低,盲目捕捞可能造成野生资源衰退。野生群体与养殖群体间未出现显著遗传分化,存在严重的种质混杂。研究探明了长江中华绒螯蟹的资源现状,为其科学的保护提供理论依据。