不同热解温度生物质炭对羊粪堆肥过程氮素损失的减控效果

为探讨高温堆肥中氮素损失的有效控制技术，以2种不同热解温度制备的稻壳生物质炭为堆肥添加剂，与羊粪、食用菌渣混合，进行了43 d的堆肥试验。设置了3 个处理，羊粪与食用菌渣质量比9:1混合体作为预备物料，在预备物料上分别添加450、650 ℃热解的生物质炭（占预备物料质量百分比15%）为B1、B2处理，在预备物料上添加未热解的稻壳（与生物质炭等体积）为CK处理。监测了堆肥体的温度、NH3挥发、N2O排放、pH值等参数变化动态，分析了不同热解温度生物质炭在堆肥中的保氮效果。结果表明，B1、B2处理促进了堆肥初期的温度快速上升，堆肥体初次升温至55 ℃所需时间分别较CK 缩短了2、6 d，B2 处理的促升温、增温效应优于B1 处理；堆肥43 d 后，CK、B1 与B2处理的NH3挥发累积量分别为378.12、117.22、94.16 mg/kg，N2O排放累积量分别为13.9、26.3、23.6 mg/kg，氮素损失率分别为47.8%、34.1%，30.5%；B1、B2处理增加了堆肥体N2O排放，降低了堆肥体NH3挥发，整个堆肥过程中N2O排放累积量远小于NH3挥发累积量，添加生物质炭对堆肥过程氮素损失表现为正向的减控作用，B1、B2处理的氮素损失率分别较CK处理降低了28.6%、36.19%，B1、B2处理之间差异不显著（P＞0.05）。综合堆温快速上升、氮素损失控制等指标，B2处理对羊粪堆肥过程保氮效果优于B1处理；堆肥工程中应用生物质炭减控氮素损失及提高堆肥质量，优选热解温度650 ℃制备的生物质炭。     

Effects of different management practices on the soil–water balance and crop yield for improved dryland farming in the Chinese Loess Plateau

Field experiments were carried out to study the effects of different soil management practices on the water balance, precipitation use efficiency (PUE), and crop yield (i.e. winter wheat and peanut) on a loess soil near Luoyang (east edge of the Chinese Loess Plateau, Henan Province, China). Field plots were set up in 1999 including following soil management practices: subsoiling with mulch (SS), no-till with mulch (NT), reduced tillage (RT), two crops per year (i.e. winter wheat and peanut, TC), and a conventional tillage control (CT). The field plots were equipped to monitor all components of the soil–water balance except evapotranspiration, which was computed by solving the water balance equation. The results showed that although soil management had smaller influence on the magnitude of the water balance components than did precipitation variations, small influences of the applied soil management practices on water conservation during the fallow period can greatly affect winter wheat yield. SS increased consistently precipitation storage efficiency (PSE) and PUE over the 5 years compared to CT except during the wettest year. NT also had a noticeable effect on postharvest water storage during the fallow period; however, the influence on yield of NT depended on the amount of precipitation. TC lowered the winter wheat yield mainly due to the unfavorable soil moisture conditions after growing peanut in summer; however, the harvested peanut gained an extra profit for the local farmer. No matter which kind of soil management practices was adapted, PSE never exceeded 41.6%, which was primarily attributed to high evapotranspiration. From data of five consecutive agricultural years between 2000 and 2005, it could be concluded that SS resulted in the highest PSE, PUE and crop yield. TC also showed promising results considering the economic value of the second crop. NT performed slightly less as SS. CT gave intermediate results, whereas RT was the worst alternative.     

深耕改善砂姜黑土理化性状提高小麦产量

为探明砂姜黑土农田适宜的耕作方式,进一步挖掘砂姜黑土生产潜力,发挥地域资源优势,以周麦27为试验材料,在大田条件下设置免耕、旋耕(15 cm)、深耕(30 cm)3种耕作方式,研究了耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤容重、有机碳含量、无机氮含量以及小麦籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,在小麦苗期和成熟期,3种耕作方式处理间0~10 cm土层土壤容重差异不显著(P0.05),但深耕处理显著降低10~30 cm土层土壤容重(P0.05)。在小麦苗期、越冬期、拔节期、开花期和成熟期,3种耕作方式对0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量的影响规律不明显,但深耕处理明显增加20~40 cm土层土壤有机碳含量;20~40 cm土层土壤铵态氮含量均为深耕旋耕免耕。与免耕处理相比,深耕处理通过增加小麦穗粒数和千粒质量,最终促使籽粒产量增加16.33%。综上所述,在该试验条件下,在秸秆还田的基础上,小麦季30 cm深耕处理可以降低土壤容重,增加土壤有机碳含量,进而提高小麦籽粒产量,可作为砂姜黑土农田适宜的耕作方式。     

Fluorescence of dietary porphyrins as a basis for real-time detection of fecal contamination on meat

Digestion of green plants in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract produces degradation products from chlorophyll that cause ingesta and feces to be highly fluorescent. This property was exploited for development and construction of instruments to noninvasively detect minute quantities of feces on meat samples in real time. The presence of feces on meat products is a primary source of foodborne pathogens, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella. This new technology provides a rapid and accurate alternative to the practice of visual inspection and augments more time-consuming biological testing methods. This innovation can assist meat processors and government inspectors in their efforts to provide safe and wholesome food to consumers.     

山地农业与水土保持相关产业的地位和配置

牧草业开发的生态经济性、粮食生产的战略性和林业建设的生态性 ,决定了这些行业在山区农业经济中的地位和发展方向。山区生态环境建设应从区域生态资源实际出发 ,按照林草建设疏林化 ,粮果生产梯田化 ,刈割草场轮作化 ,森林利用畜牧化 ,水土保持产业化的战略原则和技术要求 ,镶嵌配置。达到山区生态环境建设和经济开发相结合 ,这是实现山地农业和水土保持事业健康发展的重要途径     

山地村域耕地压力与农村贫困耦合协调性分析

探索耕地压力与农村贫困的内在关系，对于基于耕地资源视角下的农村贫困治理具有重要的意义。该研究在实地调研数据的基础上，以云南省镇沅县109个行政村为研究单元，运用加权求和法、耦合度模型等研究方法，对耕地压力与农村贫困的耦合关系进行研究。结果表明：1）镇沅县村域尺度耕地压力指数与农村贫困指数均较高，利用ArcGIS10.2平台对空间分布进行刻画，呈现"中部低、东西部高、南北部次高"的特点；2）耕地压力与农村贫困耦合水平较高，耦合度值C达到0.79，空间格局特征表现为：呈现区域整体高度耦合状态，耦合程度由中部地区向东西部逐渐降低，呈现"山脊"结构特征，即中部耦合程度高，两边耦合程度低。耦合水平空间关联格局显示，高-高集聚区主要分布于恩乐镇，低-低集聚区主要分布于振太镇；3）耦合协调度结果显示，镇沅县主要以勉强协调、轻度协调和中度协调3中类型为主，空间分布呈现出整体协调、局部失调的特征，空间关联格局呈现高-高集聚区集中于振太镇，低-低集聚区集中于恩乐镇的特点。4）耕地压力与农村贫困具有双向倒逼与胁迫关系，一方面耕地压力增大会加剧农村贫困程度，另一方面农村贫困又会提高耕地压力。     

稀土镧对镉胁迫小麦遗传学防护效应的研究

以有丝分裂指数和染色体畸变率为指标,应用水培法研究了重金属Cd对小麦幼苗的毒害及稀土La的防护效应。结果表明:Cd胁迫降低根尖细胞有丝分裂指数,增加染色体畸形率,且毒害效应与剂量和处理时间正相关。Cd胁迫下小麦根外观上呈现大量褐色斑块并伴有不同程度的扭曲,生长延缓或停滞;细胞分裂过程中表现为高频率出现的微核及染色体滞留。La对小麦幼苗Cd污染具有防护效应,可使小麦细胞有丝分裂指数升高、染色体畸变率下降,且对微核的防护效应尤其显著。     

西安市雨水资源化及其利用的探索

随着城市化的发展 ,城市地表水严重污染 ,地下水超量开采 ,开发利用雨水资源已成为西安市解决水资源问题的最佳途径。雨水是宝贵资源 ,可通过多种方式实现雨水资源化 ,充分利用雨水资源以补给城市水源 ,涵养地下水 ,调节城市生态环境 ,防治雨洪灾害。对西安市区域内雨水下渗和贮存、实现雨水资源化及其利用等方面做了探索 ,并根据实际情况对西安市雨水资源化的必要性、可能性及可持续性进行了分析。     

Aerobic soil metabolism of a new herbicide,LGC-42153

To elucidate the fate of a new sulfonylurea herbicide, LGC-42153 [N-((4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)aminocarbonyl)-2-(1-methoxyacetoxy-2-fluoropropyl)-3-pyridinesulfonamide], in soil, an aerobic soil metabolism study was carried out for 120 days with [(14)C]LGC-42153 applied to a loamy soil. The material balance ranged from 90.7 to 101.5% of applied herbicide. The half-life of [(14)C]LGC-42153 was calculated to be approximately 9.0 days. The degradation products resulted from the cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge. The metabolites identified during the study were N-((4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)aminocarbonyl)-2-(1-hydroxy-2-fluoropropyl)-3-pyridinesulfonamide, 2-(1-hydroxy-2-fluoropropyl)-3-pyridinesulfonamide, and 4,6-dimethoxy-2-aminopyrimidine. No significant volatile products or [(14)C]carbon dioxide was observed during the study. Nonextractable (14)C-residue reached 14.4-30.5% of applied material at 120 days after treatment, and radioactivity was distributed mostly in the humin and fulvic acid fractions.     

自动引导车辆(AGV)定位停车的控制

建立了后轮驱动、前轮转向自动引导车辆的定位停车运动学模型，基于这一模型提出了经过两步消除定位停车误差的控制策略。根据极小值原理探讨了Ｐｉｎｇ－Ｐｉｎｇ控制算法，车辆以最佳方式消除停车误差应切换控制的状态轨迹，以及消除停车误差车辆应行驶的最短距离。还分析了车辆当前位置到预定停车位置之间的距离对实施该控制策略的影响，提出了超前给出定位停车标志的必要性。