不同副梢处理对赤霞珠葡萄生长和结果的影响

试验以3～5年生赤霞珠葡萄(CabernetSauvignon)为试材,对其进行了不同的副梢处理:只留顶端1个副梢、副梢绝后处理、花序以上反复摘心、副梢全留。2年的结果表明:副梢全留(所有副梢全留2～3片叶反复摘心)处理的叶面积指数高,果实的产量和品质高。因此,相对多留副梢叶片,改善了叶幕叶龄结构,提高了果实品质,有利于枝梢成熟。     

Effects of the severity and timing of basal leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines

The effects of the severity and timing of leaf removal(LR) on the amino acids of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines were studied during the 2017 growing season. High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to analyze the amino acids profiles of grape berries and wines. The basal leaves were removed at three time points(40, 56 and 72 days after flowering, named LR40, LR56 and LR72, respectively) at two severity levels(one at which the first, third, and fifth basal leaves of each shoot were removed(50% level); and another at which the first six basal leaves were removed(100% level)). The results showed that leaf removal had little impact on total soluble solids(°Brix), titratable acidity, pH or berry weight. The LR72-50% treated grapes had higher berry weight, titratable acidity and °Brix than those of the other treatments. The highest concentrations of total amino acids and of total amino acids except proline were detected in LR72-50% treated grapes(2 952.58 and 2 764.36 mg L~(-1), respectively); the lowest were detected in LR72-100% treated grapes(2 172.82 and 2 038.71 mg L~(-1), respectively). LR72-50% treatment significantly promoted the synthesis of aspartic acid, serine, arginine, alanine, aminobutyric acid and proline at both severity levels for grapes, the concentrations of all of these amino acids were increased relative to the control concentrations. The LR72-50%, LR40-100% and LR72-100% treated wines had higher total amino acids concentrations and higher concentrations of some individual amino acids, such as arginine, alanine and serine, than did the control wines. Of all the amino acids studied, glycine, tyrosine, cysteine, methionine and lysine were not significantly influenced by the timing or severity basal defoliation in grapes and wines. The present study reveals the effects of the timing and severity of leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of grapes and wines.     

Occurrence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaeoacremonium</Emphasis> spp. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaeomoniella chlamydospora</Emphasis> in grape propagation materials and young grapevines

During a 6-year study, grapevine propagation materials and young grapevines were analysed to evaluate the presence of internal wood discolouration and the occurrence of fungal species involved in Petri disease. The intensity of wood discolouration increased with the ageing of the plants. The maximum incidence of dark streaks was observed in the rootstock while necrosis originating from buds or nodes were notably present in the trunk and cordon of older vines. In contrast, the highest levels of brown-red halo symptoms, defined as discoloured areas around the pith, were recorded in the early growth stages. Phaeoacremonium spp. and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora were usually isolated from the rooted-grafts and the 3-year old plants, respectively. The number of infected grapevines increased with age. Most of the P. chlamydospora strains were isolated from dark streaks or dots, while Phaeoacremonium spp. were detected in brown-red halo symptoms and other symptomatic or asymptomatic wood. The greatest incidence of the two fungal taxa was recorded in the lower parts of the grapevine, including the roots and rootstock.     

厂形叶幕赤霞珠葡萄果实苹果酸的代谢规律

[目的]研究厂形叶幕形赤霞珠葡萄果实苹果酸的积累代谢规律,为葡萄有机酸代谢调控的研究提供理论依据.[方法]在厂形树形的基础上,设置对照直立形叶幕及2种高度的厂形叶幕,检测赤霞珠果实成熟过程苹果酸等有机酸的变化及苹果酸代谢相关酶的活性变化.[结果]厂形叶幕与直立形叶幕相比,降低了果域环境温度0.8℃与1.5℃.厂形叶幕在...     

疏穗对‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒类黄酮物质含量的影响

为探讨疏穗对葡萄酒类黄酮物质含量的影响,以‘赤霞珠’为试验材料,在果实豌豆粒大小时期进行疏穗处理,葡萄藤负载量分别为22（CK）、16穗·株^-1（C1）和10穗·株^-1（C2）。采收成熟葡萄果实酿造干红葡萄酒,应用高效液相色谱-质谱联用（HPLC-MS）分析酒样中类黄酮物质的种类及含量。结果表明,疏穗提高了葡萄酒中单体花色苷和黄烷醇的含量,降低了黄酮醇的含量。主成分分析可以看出3种疏穗处理下‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒品质具有差异性。表明在山西乡宁地区,适度疏穗可以提高‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒中类黄酮物质的含量。其中葡萄藤负载量为10穗·株^-1时,葡萄酒中类黄酮含量最高。     

气象条件对酿酒葡萄若干品质因子的影响

根据2004-2005年北方6省酿酒葡萄主要产区葡萄取样和宁夏芦花台园艺场田间试验资料，分析了影响酿酒葡萄主要品质因子总糖、总酸、pH值和单宁积累的气象因子和影响时段，并建立了关系模式，提出了影响酿酒葡萄品质的定量气象指标。研究结果表明：酿酒葡萄品质与气象条件密切相关，主要影响因子是降水量、积温和气温日较差等。影响酿酒葡萄品质形成的关键时期是7-8月（幼果膨大-果实着色期），其次是果实着色期-成熟期。7—8月降水量和水热系数对酿酒葡萄总糖含量的影响最大，7-8〉130mm，K7-8〉1．62时，总糖含量不能达到170g／L（酿优质酒所需最低糖度）。酿酒葡萄总酸含量与果实采收前一个月水热系数呈幂指数关系，随水热系数增加，含酸量缓慢增加。因此，要使酿酒葡萄果实中酸含量达到5～6g／L，则果实采收前一个月的水热系数应在0．12～0．63。酿酒葡萄中单宁含量与开花-成熟期积温、8月平均气温、9月l日到果实采收期日较差和采收前一个月平均最低气温呈指数关系，与8月日照时数呈二次曲线关系。酿酒葡萄果实的pH值随开花-成熟期平均最高气温和果实膨大期蒸发量的增加而增加。     

酿酒葡萄“赤霞珠”叶片和叶柄离体再生系统建立的研究

以赤霞珠叶片、叶柄为材料,研究了细胞分裂素(TDZ)、不同基本培养基、叶柄砧有无对其不定芽再生的影响。结果表明:TDZ对赤霞珠离体叶片、叶柄不定芽再生有诱导作用,对叶片、叶柄的最高诱导率分别为18.06%和28.57%;叶片再生的最佳培养基为MS+TDZ4.0mg/L,叶柄再生的最佳培养基为MS+TDZ4.0mg/L+NAA0.01mg/L,叶片不定芽生根培养基为1/2MS+IBA1.0mg/L+20g/L蔗糖。     

磷酸二氢钾对酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’果实类黄酮物质的影响

以‘赤霞珠’葡萄为试验材料，于转色前1~2周、转色末期在叶幕上喷施浓度为3 g·L^-1的磷酸二氢钾，研究其对酿酒葡萄果实类黄酮物质的影响，旨在改善果实着色及其他类黄酮物质的含量，为优质葡萄酒酿造奠定基础。结果表明，转色末期喷施磷酸二氢钾能显著地提高‘赤霞珠’花色苷和黄酮醇的含量，花色苷含量较对照提高了30%，黄酮醇含量提高了48%；但喷施磷酸二氢钾降低了黄烷醇的含量，其中，磷酸二氢钾的喷施时期对其含量影响较大，转色前1周喷施处理的葡萄果实黄烷醇含量显著低于转色末期的喷施处理。说明转色末期喷施3 g·L^-1的磷酸二氢钾有利于花色苷与黄酮醇含量的积累。     

叶幕型和植物源营养液处理对赤霞珠葡萄生长和果实品质的影响

【目的】研究叶幕形整形方式和叶片喷施营养液等对“厂”形树形赤霞珠葡萄生长和果实品质的影响,为天山北麓产区优质酿酒葡萄的生产管理提供理论依据。【方法】以7a生“厂”形树形“赤霞珠”葡萄为研究对象,设置篱壁式叶幕、篱壁式叶幕＋营养液、V形叶幕、V形叶幕＋营养液4个处理;并于果实膨大期、转色期、成熟期测定果际温度、湿度等环境指标变化,测定果实转色期叶幕不同部位光合有效辐(PAR)日变化规律及叶片质量和光合指标,果实成熟期测定粒重、籽粒数、皮果比、籽粒/果重、果穗松散度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、总黄酮、总多酚等品质指标。【结果】V形叶幕型能够有效改善叶幕群体的受光条件,提高浆果不同发育阶段果域日温差,果穗更为松散,浆果可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、酚类物质和总黄酮含量提高。【结论】喷施植物源营养液能够提高赤霞珠葡萄叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量和叶片的光合能力,改善叶片的生理活性;皮果比和种子数显著提高,可溶性固形物、酚类物质和总黄酮含量显著提高,V形叶幕型和喷施植物源营养液均能改善赤霞珠葡萄的酿酒品质。     

贺兰山东麓‘赤霞珠’品质形成气象条件与评级方法研究

葡萄品质很大程度上决定了葡萄酒品质,其与气象条件关系密切。在正常管理和农业技术水平下,衡量葡萄生长气象条件是否适宜品质形成的方法称为酿酒葡萄品质气象评价技术。研究酿酒葡萄品质形成的气象评级技术和气象指标,可为葡萄酒商业评级、年份酒鉴定和窖藏提供气候参考依据。利用贺兰山东麓2003—2011年多点采样化验的101份‘赤霞珠’总糖、总酸、糖酸比、pH和单宁资料,选取其中的51份进行相关普查,确定了有生物学意义的显著气象因子,以各因子的决定系数分别建立了5项品质指标的权重模型,通过单项品质指标对综合品质的贡献构建了综合品质气象评价模型。参照前人对葡萄酒品质、酿酒葡萄品质的研究和葡萄酒和葡萄品质标准,根据酿造葡萄酒所需的总糖、总酸、糖酸比、pH和单宁,确定‘赤霞珠’各项品质指标的阈值,利用模型反推出与葡萄酒品质相对应的气象因子阈值和‘赤霞珠’品质气象分类标准。回代检验显示5项品质指标均通过了0.001的R检验和F检验,与实测值接近且变化趋势一致。总糖、总酸、糖酸比和单宁的模拟效果较好,R≥0.59且RMSE较小,但pH误差相对较大。用50份未参与建模的样本估算了‘赤霞珠’品质等级。总糖、总酸与实测接近;个别样本的糖酸比、单宁误差相对较大,但变化趋势与实测一致;样本pH均在适宜范围内且较稳定。从综合评分和等级来看,28个样本与实况等级相同,18个样本误差在1级内,仅4个样本相差2级,准确反映出原料的质量。‘赤霞珠’品质气象评价指标和模型为评价贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄品质提供了一套可行的方法。