动物性食品中头孢氨苄残留检测研究进展

头孢氨苄属于人兽共用β-内酰胺类抗生素,在兽医临床上应用广泛。介绍了头孢氨苄的性质、危害及国内外主要的检测方法和技术,包括紫外分光光度法、高效液相色谱法、液质联用、毛细管电泳法、酶联免疫吸附法、荧光偏振免疫法、免疫层析法,并对头孢氨苄残留分析前景进行了展望。     

Short‐ and Long‐Term Cure Rates of Short‐Duration Trimethoprim‐Sulfamethoxazole Treatment in Female Dogs with Uncomplicated Bacterial Cystitis

Background

Long‐duration beta‐lactam antibiotics are used for empirical treatment in female dogs with uncomplicated bacterial cystitis. However, women with bacterial cystitis are treated with short‐duration potentiated sulfonamides because longer courses of beta‐lactams result in lower cure and higher recurrence rates.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Short‐duration potentiated sulfonamide treatment is more efficacious than long‐duration beta‐lactam treatment in achieving clinical and microbiological cures in female dogs with uncomplicated bacterial cystitis.

Animals

Thirty‐eight client‐owned female dogs.

Methods

Randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Dogs were treated with TMP‐SMX (15 mg/kg PO q12h for 3 days followed by a placebo capsule PO q12h for 7 days; Group SDS; n = 20) or cephalexin (20 mg/kg PO q12h for 10 days; Group LDBL; n = 18). Dogs were monitored for clinical and microbiological cure during treatment and at short‐ and long‐term follow‐up.

Results

No statistically significant differences were found between treatment groups in clinical cure rates after 3 days of treatment (89% SDS, 94% LDBL; P = 1.00) and 4 days (85% SDS, 72% LDBL; P = .44) or >30 days (50% SDS, 65% LDBL; P = .50) after conclusion of treatment or in microbiological cure rates 4 days (59% SDS, 36% LDBL; P = .44) or >30 days (44% SDS, 20% LDBL; P = .40) after conclusion of treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

We did not identify a difference in cure rates between short‐duration sulfonamide and long‐duration beta‐lactam treatments in female dogs with uncomplicated cystitis. Long‐term cure rates in both treatment groups were low. In some female dogs, “uncomplicated” bacterial cystitis may be more complicated than previously recognized.     

头孢氨苄不稳定性对建立相应复方制剂质量标准的影响

在兽用复方化学制剂头孢氨苄单硫酸卡那霉素乳房注入剂的注册检验过程中发现:当萃取所用的乙醚为国产分析纯试剂时,头孢氨苄会降解从而影响相应含量测定与降解物检查;在卡那霉素降解物检查项中,供试品溶液制备过程中的加热步骤会导致头孢氨苄降解从而干扰该项测定。针对上述两个问题进行研究后认为,申报方在标准中应对试剂纯度及卡那霉素降解物检查项中空白的配制方法作出详细规定。本实验在为完善该质量标准提供参考的同时,也可为同业人员制定含有不稳定主成分的兽用复方化学制剂的质量标准提供借鉴。     

头孢氨苄的紫外分光光度法测定

本研究应用紫外分光光度计法测定了头孢氨苄注射液中头孢氨苄的含量，以建立一种准确、简单的测定方法，用于头孢氨苄注射液的含量测定。头孢氨苄在紫外光区有最大吸收值，且最大吸收波长为261nm。以261nm为测定波长做标准曲线，得到回归方程为：y=0．0224x，R2=0．9996。此法快捷简便，适用于兽药及动物性食品中药物残留分析。     

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of a long-acting formulation of cephalexin after intramuscular administration to cats

The pharmacokinetic profile and bioavailability of a long-acting formulation of cephalexin after intramuscular administration to cats was investigated. Single intravenous (cephalexin lysine salt) and intramuscular (20% cephalexin monohydrate suspension) were administered to five cats at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg. Serum disposition curves were analyzed by noncompartmental approaches. After intravenous administration, volume of distribution (V_z), total body clearance (Cl_t), elimination constant (λ_z), elimination half-life (t_½λ) and mean residence time (MRT) were: 0.33 ± 0.03 L/kg; 0.14 ± 0.02 L/h kg, 0.42 ± 0.05 h⁻¹, 1.68 ± 0.20 h and 2.11 ± 0.25 h, respectively. Peak serum concentration (C_max), time to peak serum concentration (T_max) and bioavailability after intramuscular administration were 15.67 ± 1.95 μg/mL, 2.00 ± 0.61 h and 83.33 ± 8.74%, respectively.     

Comparative pharmacokinetics of an injectable cephalexin suspension in beef cattle

This study describes and compares the pharmacokinetics of a single 7.5 mg/kg dose of cephalexin monohydrate oil-based 20% suspension after its administrations to six cows by the intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes, and to five calves by the i.m. route. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher peak plasma concentrations (5.6 ± 0.79 μg/ml versus 3.93 ± 1.24 μg/ml) and lower half-life (1.81 ± 0.56 h versus 4.21 ± 0.82 h) and mean residence time (4.12 ± 1.07 h versus 6.63 ± 0.85 h) were obtained after i.m. administration when compared to the s.c. administration to cows. No differences were found between pharmacokinetic parameters calculated for cows and calves. Cephalexin plasma concentrations remained above 0.5–0.75 μg/ml for 11–14 h and 8–9 h after the s.c. and i.m. administrations, respectively. Thus, route of administration may be an important issue to be considered when calculating dosage schedules for successful treatments and safe withdrawal times for veterinary medicines.