三江源区高寒草原土壤湿度变化特征及与气候因子的关系

利用青海省三江源区兴海县牧业气象站1999-2016年高寒草原土壤湿度、牧草生育期资料,分析了高寒草原土壤湿度的年、季变化特征以及牧草生长季不同生育期土壤湿度的变化特征及与气候因子的关系。结果表明:高寒草原0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40和40-50 cm土壤湿度均随年际延长呈增加趋势,春季除40-50 cm土层外,其他各层土壤湿度均随年际延长呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05)。高寒草原牧草生长季的土壤相对湿度随年际延长呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),且与生长季降水量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。随着气候变化,牧草抽穗、开花、成熟和枯黄期的土壤相对湿度随年际延长呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05)。牧草抽穗期、枯黄和全生育期的土壤湿度与气温呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。高寒草原牧草生长季土壤湿度的增加有利于草地植被生长。     

Overload of ferric ammonium citrate triggers MAPK pathways by producing high level of reactive oxygen species and induces apoptosis of human hFOB1.19 osteoblast cells

AIM：To investigate the role of reative oxygen species (ROS) generated by iron overload in activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and apoptosis. METHODS：Cultured human osteoblast cell line hFOB1.19 was treated with ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) at concentrations of 0~500 μmoL/L. The proliferation of hFOB1.19 cells was analyzed by MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI staining. The expression levels of p-ERK, p-JNK and p-p38 were determined by Western blotting 24 h after treatment with FAC. RESULTS：After treated with FAC, the cell proliferation was inhibited. The early apoptosis and total cell death were significantly increased. The levels of ROS were increased to (35.73±2.52)%, (62.89±4.24)% and (76.06±3.55)% with the increasing doses of FAC treatmen,respectively. The expression levels of p-ERK, p-JNK and p-p38 were also remarkably elevated in FAC groups. CONCLUSION：Iron overload increases intracellular ROS level, thus triggering the MAPK pathways and inducing apoptosis of human hFOB1.19 osteoblast cells.     

Differentially expressed genes identified through RNA‐seq with extreme values of principal components for beef fatty acid in Nelore cattle

The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes (DEG) in the Longissimus thoracis muscle of Nelore cattle related to fatty acid (FA) profile through RNA sequencing and principal component analysis (PCA). Two groups of 10 animals each were selected containing PC1 and PC2 extreme DEG values (HIGH × LOW) for each FA group. The intramuscular fat (IMF) was compared between cluster groups by ANOVA, and only the sum of monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and ω3 showed significant differences (p < .05). Interestingly, the highest percentage (95%) of phenotypic variation explained by the sum of the first two PC was observed for ω3, which also displayed the lowest number of DEG (n = 1). The lowest percentage (59%) was observed for MUFA, which also revealed the largest number of DEG (n = 66). Since only MUFA and ω3 exhibited significant differences between cluster groups, we can conclude that the differences observed for the remaining groups are not due to the percentage of IMF. Several genes that have been previously associated with meat quality and FA traits were identified as DEG in this study. The functional analysis revealed one KEGG pathway and eight GO terms as significant (p < .05), in which we highlighted the purine metabolism, glycolytic process, adenosine triphosphate binding and bone development. These results strongly contribute to the knowledge of the biological mechanisms involved in meat FA profile of Nelore cattle.     

动物食欲调节的中枢信号通路

下丘脑是动物食欲调节的中枢，外周食欲信号在下丘脑中经食欲调节网络整合，产生饱感或饥饿。其中，以 ５′－磷酸腺苷激活的蛋白激酶（ＡＭＰＫ）调控位点上的 ＡＭＰＫ-ＡＣＣ-ＣＰＴ１和 ＵＣＰ２-ＦＯＸＯ１-ｐＣＲＥＢ信号通路以及雷帕霉素靶蛋白（ｍＴＯＲ）调控位点上的 ＰＩ３Ｋ-Ａｋｔ-ｍＴＯＲ和 ｍＴＯＲ-４ＥＢＰ１／ｐ７０Ｓ６Ｋ-ＮＰＹ／ＡｇＲＰ信号通路尤为重要。ＡＭＰＫ和 ｍＴＯＲ在 ＡＭＰＫ-ＴＳＣ ｍＴＯＲ通路、固醇类调节因子绑定蛋白（ＳＲＥＢＰ）基因表达和吞噬启动激酶（Ｕｌｋ１）活性通路上存在互作。外周营养和能量信号传输到下丘脑后，经过这些网络的传输和分析，作用于下丘脑中的食欲相关肽，最终调控动物的采食行为。     

小麦白粉病菌越夏,越冬和春季菌源毒性结构比较

 分析了1992年和1993年不同时期采集的小麦白粉病菌越夏、越冬和春季菌源共238个菌株的生理小种、毒性基因结构和对9个推广品种的毒力频率。结果表明三种菌源在生理小种和毒性基因组成及出现频率是相似的,对9个推广品种的毒力频率均较高。这样在白粉病菌毒性和品种抗病性研究中,可以采集应用越夏和越冬菌株标样,避免了夏季高温季节保存菌株的工作;而且从毒性结构方面进一步证实白粉病菌主要以分生孢子在夏季侵染高海拔地区的自生麦苗而越夏,再逐渐扩展至秋播麦苗越冬后导致春季大田发病,病菌的子囊孢子在平原地区侵染循环上作用不大。     

青藏高原江河源区退化草地人工改良措施对高原鼠兔种群动态影响

通过对江河源区退化草地采取建植人工和半人工草地的措施进行改良,以影响害鼠(高原鼠兔)种群,达到防治鼠害的目的。     

Gene Expression of Enzymes for Starch and Sucrose Metabolism and Transport in Leaf Sheaths of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) during the Heading Period in Relation to the Sink to Source Transition

Abstract

Leaf sheaths of rice plants are known to temporarily accumulate starch prior to heading, which is subsequently remobilized and transported into the panicle after heading. We investigated the time course for both carbohydrate content and steady state mRNA levels of enzymes related to starch and sucrose metabolism in the rice leaf sheath (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare). Leaf sheaths from the second leaf below the flag leaf accumulated high levels of starch before heading but they rapidly decreased after heading. In contrast, the flag leaf sheath did not accumulate as much starch. In the second leaf sheath, the mRNA levels of enzymes involved in starch synthesis, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2. 7. 7. 27), soluble starch synthase (EC 2. 4. 1.21) and branching enzyme (EC 2. 4. 1. 18) were high before heading, which coincided with rapid accumulation of starch. The mRNA levels of sucrose synthesis enzymes, cytosolic FBPase (EC 3. 1. 3. 11) and sucrose phosphate synthase (EC 2. 4. 1. 14), and the sucrose transporter (OsSUTI) increased at the time of heading, which was largely coincident with a decrease in the mRNA levels of starch synthesis enzymes. In the flag leaf sheaths, changes in mRNA levels of starch synthesis enzymes were not pronounced, however mRNA levels of sucrose synthesis enzymes and the sucrose transporter showed a clear increase throughout the heading period. The different characteristics observed between the two leaf sheaths will be discussed in relation to the sink to source transition.     

肝脏与胰腺发育的分子调控

肝脏和胰腺均由内胚层发育而来的消化器官,它们广泛地参与糖代谢、脂类代谢和蛋白质代谢.肝脏和胰腺的发育是一个动态连续的过程,并受到多种信号途径及转录因子的调控.基于上述特点和显著的医用价值,笔者对肝脏和胰腺发育过程中的分子作用机理作了系统地阐述,这将不仅有助于理解与肝脏和胰腺相关疾病的发病机理.同时也为有效地指导相关疾病的预防及治疗工作提供分子理论基础.     

冷藏过程中原料乳脂质代谢变化的靶向脂质组学分析

为探究原料乳在4 ℃冷藏过程中的脂质变化，从而指导乳及乳制品的后期加工，该研究采用超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆复合线性离子阱质谱技术分别对冷藏第0、2、3、4、6天的原料乳脂质进行绝对定性定量分析。结果表明，原料乳共检出20种脂质亚类、880种脂质分子，其中甘油三脂、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰胆碱亚类含量最高；以P值 <0.05，变量重要性投影（variable importance projection，VIP）>1为标准共筛选出420种显著性差异脂质代谢物，以P值 <0.01，VIP >1为标准共筛选出98种极显著性差异脂质代谢物。整个冷藏过程中，极显著性差异脂质分子含量呈下降趋势，其中第3天与第4天对比组（D3 vs D4）脂质变化最为明显，冷藏3～4 d是原料乳脂质变化的关键阶段。对D3 vs D4组的极显著差异脂质进行京都基因与基因组百科全书（kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes，KEGG）通路分析，10种脂质分子被注释到6条代谢途径中，其中磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰基丝氨酸被注释到甘油磷脂代谢及神经酰胺、鞘磷脂被注释到鞘脂代谢是该阶段的主要代谢途径。研究结果为探明原料乳冷藏过程中的脂质变化、划定脂肪水解的关键期提供理论依据，进而为后期乳制品的加工提供数据参考。     

基于转录组数据分析环形泰勒虫对诱导宿主细胞转化相关基因的影响

本试验主要通过研究布帕伐醌(BW720)处理前后,环形泰勒虫转化牛单核细胞(TaNM Ⅰ)转录组数据的变化情况,为进一步研究环形泰勒虫诱导宿主细胞转化的分子机制奠定基础。以环形泰勒虫感染的牛单核细胞为试验材料,设置对照组(二甲基亚砜,DMSO)和试验组(BW720),利用Illumina HiSeq4000测序平台进行高通量测序,将测序得到的原始数据(Raw reads)与GenBank和Rfam数据库进行比对过滤,通过质控获得最终数据(Clean read)。利用Venn分析软件筛选出DMSO组和BW720组中差异表达明显的基因,进行功能注释(GO)以及信号通路(KEGG)分析。随机选择10个基因,利用荧光定量PCR (qPCR)检测基因在不同处理条件下细胞中的表达量。在验证测序结果的准确性后,选出差异表达明显的基因,分析其在TaNM Ⅰ细胞的凋亡、增殖等信号通路方面的作用。结果显示：BW720组和DMSO组中分别得到6 854 019 704和6 627 265 854条Raw reads,过滤、质控后分别得到22 925 606和22 171 427条Clean reads。BW720组和DMSO组中筛选出差异表达明显的基因共计4 054个(P＜0.05),其中,2 146个基因显著上调,1 908个基因显著下调;进一步筛选出共同差异表达的基因367个,其中,显著上调的196个,显著下调的171个。同时,qPCR验证随机选择10个基因的表达趋势与转录组测序结果一致,表明测序结果可靠。然后对差异表达基因进行GO功能注释,筛选到与细胞增殖相关的20个生物学过程、15个细胞组分以及11个分子功能条目。KEGG富集分析结果显示,在Top20的信号通路中筛选出与环形泰勒虫转化细胞有关的一些信号通路,如：癌症信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号通路、MAPK信号通路等。对这些信号通路进一步分析发现：PI3KR3、FOXO1、IL23A、FZD3、AKT、MMP9等基因在环形泰勒虫转化细胞的研究中也有相关文献的报道。本研究表明,在TaNM Ⅰ细胞中DAPK1、FZD3、FOXO3、PI3KR3等可能在感染细胞无限增殖的过程中发挥作用,为后续研究TaNM Ⅰ细胞无限增殖机制奠定了基础。