Construction of recombinant capripoxviruses as vaccine vectors for delivering foreign antigens: Methodology and application

Goatpox (GTP), sheeppox (SPP) and lumpy skin disease (LSD) are three severe diseases of goat, sheep and cattle. Their typical clinical symptoms are characterized by vesicles, papules, nodules, pustules and scabs on animal skins. The GTP, SPP and LSD are caused by goatpox virus (GTPV), sheeppox virus (SPPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), respectively, all of which belong to the genus Capripoxvirus in the family Poxviridae. Several capripoxvirus (CaPV) isolates have been virulently attenuated through serial passaging in vitro for production of live vaccines. CaPV-based vector systems have been broadly used to construct recombinant vaccines for delivering foreign antigens, many of which have been demonstrated to induce effective immune protections. Homologous recombination is the most commonly used method for constructing recombinant CaPVs. Here, we described a methodology for generation of recombinant CaPVs by the homologous recombination, and further reviewed CaPV-vectored vaccines for delivering foreign antigens.     

论农学研究的发展

较为详细地论述了中国传统农学和西方近代农学的哲学基础、方法论及它们各自的不足。中国传统农学思想的阐释借鉴了中国古代哲学的概念和范畴，以朴素的系统、整体观察为特征。西方近代农学则以还原论为基础，以实验、分析方法为特征。系统科学是20世纪兴起的联系社会科学与自然科学的一门横断性学科，是探索整体、演化及其复杂性的科学。现代农学研究应引入系统科学的哲理观和方法论，对于融合中国传统农学与西方近代农学、发展现代农学有重要意义。     

高职《动物性食品卫生检验》课程教学方式的改革

《动物性食品卫生检验》作为一门畜牧兽医、动物防疫与检疫专业的主干课程,具有专业性和实践性强的特点,为了提高学生对食品卫生检验的基础理论、实践技能和食品安全系统控制理念,从教学效果着手提出改革的思路,利用现有的资源充分发掘学生的学习积极性和实践动手能力,重视强化基本技能的训练,取得了一定的效果。     

网络时代图书馆学方法论的创新

本文回顾了图书馆学方法论的研究脉络，对网络时代下图书馆学方法论的创新做出了论述。     

中国农业支持服务项目可行性研究方法论

系统地论述了世界银行贷款“中国农业支持服务项目”可行性研究的方法论。这类项目就其类型和复杂性,在我国农业建设项目中属首次,与农业生产性项目比较,其可行性研究有许多特点,如项目准备期长、项目设计涉及面广、项目评价和风险分析相对复杂等,作者在这方面的研究总结,为开拓中国农业项目可行性研究提供了新的方法论内容。     

Sampling design and its effect on population monitoring: How much monitoring do turtles really need?

Marine turtles are a taxon of world-wide conservation concern. Effective long-term monitoring is hampered by the fact that populations are widely dispersed except during the breeding season. Thus most monitoring programmes focus on nesting beaches, necessitating resource intensive studies, often over months, that could conceivably, be less comprehensive and focus on more parsimonious sampling. We analyse 11 years of exhaustive monitoring data for two species of Mediterranean marine turtles (Chelonia mydas and Caretta caretta). We resample using a variety of plausible sub-sampling regimens to estimate the total annual nesting population. We project our dataset into the future applying a range of population change rates to explore how adopting a monitoring programme based on sub-sampling would, for example, affect our ability to detect population decline. We show that accurate annual population estimates can be achieved with as few as 14 days of survey effort providing monitoring spans the peak of nesting. Furthermore, the modelled impact of sampling-based monitoring suggests that the duration to detect population change is not increased greatly. Our findings have implications for all marine turtle monitoring and have applicability to other animal groups. It is often considered desirable to perform exhaustive monitoring, with aversion of basing policy recommendations on partial data. However, comprehensive long-term monitoring programmes, particularly in developing nations, although presenting a number of advantages, are often impossible. Accurate total annual censuses can be achieved through a variety of sub-sampling regimens without sacrificing the ability to detect changes in the population trends over time. In this example, a solid block of at least 3 weeks sampling that encompasses the peak of the nesting season is advised.     

发酵蜈蚣粉中总黄酮类含量测定的方法学研究

[目的]建立紫外可见分光光度法测定发酵蜈蚣粉中总黄酮类化合物含量的方法。[方法]通过醇水提取发酵蜈蚣粉中总黄酮类化合物,在510 nm下测定其吸光度并计算其含量。[结果]黄酮类化合物浓度在0.02~0.10 mg/m L时,其浓度与对应的吸光度呈良好的线性关系;在精密度试验中,发酵蜈蚣粉中总黄酮类化合物的平均吸光度为0.420 5,RSD=0.740 7%;在重现性试验中,发酵蜈蚣粉中总黄酮类化合物的平均质量比为9.091 mg/g,RSD=2.007%;在加样回收率试验中,其平均回收率为97.92%,RSD=1.568%。[结论]采用紫外可见分光光度法对发酵蜈蚣粉中总黄酮类化合物含量进行测定,其精密度、重现性、回收率均良好,可用来测定发酵蜈蚣粉中总黄酮类化合物的含量。     

基于响应面分析法优化腌鱼工艺研究

以鲤鱼为原料,以食盐、水分、蛋白质、氨基酸态氮含量及硫代巴比妥酸值（TBA）变化为指标,采用响应面设计和Design-Expert软件分析,考察腌制温度、浓度、时间对腌制品质的影响。结果表明,腌制温度16℃,食盐浓度10%,腌制时间6 h腌制的腌鱼具有较好的品质。     

响应面分析法优化花生壳黄酮类化合物提取工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

[目的]探讨采用超声-微波辅助技术提取花生壳黄酮类化合物的最佳工艺条件及其抗氧化活性。[方法]以乙醇作为提取溶剂,用超声-微波辅助法提取花生壳黄酮类化合物,考察乙醇体积分数、提取时间和料液比对花生壳黄酮类化合物提取率的影响,通过响应面分析法优化超声-微波辅助提取花生壳黄酮类化合物的工艺参数,并研究花生壳黄酮类化合物对猪油的抗氧化性。[结果]采用超声-微波辅助技术提取花生壳黄酮类化合物的最佳工艺条件为：乙醇体积分数60%,提取时间120 s,料液比1∶20,在最优工艺参数条件下花生壳黄酮得率为6.11%;花生壳黄酮类化合物对猪油的自氧化有明显的抑制作用,且随着加入量的增多,抗氧化能力增强。[结论]超声-微波辅助提取法是一种较好的花生壳黄酮类化合物提取方法,花生壳黄酮类化合物对猪油有较强的抗氧化能力。     

绿色木霉降解木薯秆产糖及其工艺优化研究

[目的]对绿色木霉降解木薯秆产糖的工艺条件进行研究。[方法]先用绿色木霉初步降解经预处理的木薯秆,再用纤维素酶水解木薯秆,接着采用响应曲面（RSM）结合单因素试验法优化绿色木霉糖化木薯秆的摇瓶发酵条件。[结果]绿色木霉糖化木薯秆最佳工艺为：接种量11 ml孢子悬浮液,装液量100 ml,初始pH 4.6,发酵时间84 h,发酵温度30℃,摇床转速150 r/min,摇瓶瓶口包裹12层纱布。在此条件下,得到最佳产糖量3.06 mg/g木薯秆,比优化前提高了76%。[结论]虽然目前绿色木霉发酵产糖量与纤维素酶水解相比仍有一定差距,但微生物发酵糖化法成本更低廉,操作更简便,具有工业化生产的应用潜力。