Effects of mass and position of artificial fouling added to the upper valve of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae on its growth and survival

We ran an experiment on mangrove oysters Crassostrea rhizophorae to evaluate the effects of adding different masses of artificial fouling to the upper valve, either to the umbo region or the ventral edge of the shell. Growth and survival were quantified after a 30 d period in suspended culture in the La Restinga Lagoon, Venezuela. The artificial fouling was cement weighing 0.5, 1, 2 or 3 fold the mass of the upper valve. No fouling was added to a control group. Fouling mass, but not the position of the artificial fouling, affected growth in shell length. However, only the heaviest fouling (3 times the mass of the upper valve) had a significant effect. In contrast, there was no affect of either fouling mass or position on tissue growth. Finally, our data indicated that mortality could be affected by the position where we added artificial fouling (greater mortality when fouling was added to the ventral edge of the shell), but not by fouling mass. Our study indicates it is unlikely that the levels of natural fouling that develop on oysters in suspended culture would be sufficient to affect either growth or survival.     

Fouling and predation; how do they affect growth and survival of the blacklip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, during nursery culture?

This paper reports on 5 experiments conducted to assess the effect of cleaning regime and predation on growth and survival of blacklip pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera) juveniles in north Queensland, Australia. P. margaritifera juveniles with a mean (±SE) dorso-ventral shell height (DVH) of 4.5 ± 0.1 mm were placed into plastic mesh trays and cleaned either every 4 or 8 weeks or left uncleaned for 16 weeks. Cleaning regime had a significant effect on growth and survival (P < 0.005). Lowest DVH (16.2 ± 1.0) was shown by oysters in uncleaned trays during 16 weeks compared to oysters in cleaned trays; however, there was no significant difference in DVH between oysters held in trays cleaned every 4 (19.4 ± 1.2) or 8 weeks (21.2 ± 0.8). In contrast lowest survival was shown by oysters held in trays that were cleaned every 4 weeks (30 ± 5%), but no differences were noted between oysters cleaned every 8 weeks (63 ± 4%) and oysters that were left uncleaned for 16 weeks (75 ± 8%). Predators of P. margaritifera in northern Australia included crabs, stomatopods, flatworms, gastropods and fish. The stomatopod, Gonodactylus falcatus, was the most destructive predator with individuals consuming in excess of 20 juvenile pearl oysters per week. The leather jacket, Paramonocanthus japonicus, did not kill pearl oysters, but trimmed the margin of oysters shells significantly reducing DVH when compared to control groups cultured without fish. Removing predators monthly had a significant effect on growth of pearl oysters compared to oysters in non-inspected trays; however monthly inspection of culture trays did not significantly improve oyster survival. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

烟台开发区近海不同海底管道材料附着污损生物的比较

2010年5～7月在烟台开发区近海针对5种材料(环氧板、高密度聚乙烯管、玻璃钢管、碳钢管、水泥砖)进行了污损生物挂板试验。共鉴定出污损生物16种,其中优势种为海筒螅、阔口隐槽苔虫、紫贻贝和东方缝栖蛤。4种海底管道材料中(不含环氧板),水泥砖的污损生物覆盖面积率最大,玻璃钢管和高密度聚乙烯管次之,碳钢管最小,7月初～7月中旬为污损生物附着盛期。建议取排水管道材料选用玻璃钢管或高密度聚乙烯管。     

渤海石油平台污损生物生态研究

2013年9月-2014年9月在渤海海域进行了污损生物挂板试验,共记录污损生物24种,以温带种和广温种为主,优势种是多棘麦秆虫(Caprella acanthogaster)、日本大螯蜚(Grandidierellajaponica)、理石叶钩虾(Jassa marmorata)、拟钩虾(Gammaropsis sp.)等.季板分析结果显示,表层季板的平均生物量为1764.23 g/m2,中层季板的平均生物量为2322.31 g/m2.试验海域全年均有污损生物附着,但种类和附着量季节性差异明显,污损生物附着盛期为夏季和秋季.污损生物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')和Margalef丰富度指数(d)秋季最高.多元统计分析表明,污损生物群落按时间可分为3个群落类型,反映出渤海海域污损生物群落的季节变化明显.相关性分析显示,表层和中层试板污损生物的生物量与水温具有显著的相关性,相关系数分别为0.959和0.986(P＜0.01).     

莱州湾金城海湾扇贝养殖海区防牡蛎附着的研究

１９９９年６￣８月,在莱州湾莱州市金城镇海湾扇贝养殖区,研究了牡蛎幼虫对海湾扇贝的附着规律。在养殖海区,离岸１５００ｍ以外纵向设立了３个定点站,近岸１５００ｍ海区作为一个观察点。结果表明,牡蛎主要为长牡蛎和褶牡蛎,６月下旬水温达到２２￣２３℃时,海水中出现牡蛎幼虫密度最高峰期（９５０个／ｍ＾２）,主要为长牡蛎;８月中旬水温降到２７￣２６℃时出现次高峰（３７０个／ｍ＾２）,主要为褶牡蛎。水温是监视牡     

花生壳成型燃料结渣特性分析

[目的]研究花生壳成型燃料的结渣特性。[方法]根据灰熔融特征温度和灰渣成分,评价花生壳成型燃料的结渣特性;利用沾污指数和灰分中Na2O含量和当量Na2O,分析花生壳成型燃料的沾污特性。[结果]花生壳成型燃料具有中等结渣倾向和低沾污倾向。[结论]该研究为生物质成型燃料燃烧设备的设计和燃烧效率的提高提供了理论依据。     

Survival and growth of hatchery-reared individuals of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.), in field-based nursery cages on the Irish west coat

At present, one of two strategies is employed by fisheries managers for enhancing wild stocks of homarid lobsters using hatchery-reared individuals. The first is repeated releases of large numbers (>5000 at a time) of postlarvae (stage IV and V; carapace length [CL]=5–7 mm) to selected bottom locations. This option exists primarily because these programs lack space, time, and/or the finances to rear animals to larger sizes that would most likely have initially higher survival rates. The second is to rear animals in the laboratory for 5–8 months to stage XII+ (CL=12–16 mm) and then release small numbers (<1000) of these relatively large juveniles. To date there has been no attempt to release large numbers of relatively large juveniles because the costs are too prohibitive.

We have developed a low-cost, low-maintenance, field-based nursery caging system for rearing cultured lobsters, Homarus gammarus (L). Individuals (780 and ranging in CL from 5.2 to 7.2 mm) were reared in pre-fouled and unfouled containers (360 cm³) fabricated from an extruded plastic netting (3.2 mm aperture) and in pre-fouled plastic petri dishes (200 cm³) that were deployed in five near-bottom cages for 10 months (September 2000 to June 2001) at two subtidal sites located in a shallow, relatively exposed embayment on the west coast of Ireland. Animals apparently were able to survive and grow by suspension feeding on the plankton and/or foraging on the fouling community that settled on and within individual containers. Mean recovery rate (±95% CI) was independent of a priori fouling treatments, but was site-specific (42.1±7.9% and 27.8±13.7%; n=5). These rates are minimal estimates of survival because we found that at least 20% of the animals were capable of escaping from the mesh containers. Mean recovery in petri dishes that prohibited emigration was 53.3±37.02% at one site and 75.0±23.1% (n=5) at the other. These recovery rates compare favorably with survival rates of fed conspecifics held in the laboratory over the same time (54/81=66.7%). At the end of the experiment, animals in field cages had mean CLs that were significantly smaller than the fed controls. Because of costs incurred with maintaining small lobsters under laboratory conditions, results of this short-term, manipulative field experiment indicate that field-based nurseries represent an economically viable, third option for managers of lobster stock enhancement programs.     

Biodeposit production and benthic loading by farmed mussels and associated tunicate epifauna in Prince Edward Island

An experimental study was done to evaluate the biodeposition dynamics associated with mussels and two fouling tunicates, Ciona intestinalis and Styela clava, in mussel aquaculture in Prince Edward Island (PEI), eastern Canada. The presence of C. intestinalis on small constructed mussel socks increased biodeposition by a factor of about 2 relative to mussel socks without tunicates. S. clava were small and had a negligible effect on total biodeposition from mussel socks although they increased sedimentation rates relative to that of abiotic control socks. Sinking rates of faecal pellets from large C. intestinalis varied between 1.39 and 6.54 cm s^− 1 (LSMean = 2.35 cm s^− 1). Using biodeposit production and sinking rates and hydrological data obtained in the present study, footprints of benthic loading due to mussel and tunicate biodeposition for a typical mussel farm in PEI were modelled using Shellfish-DEPOMOD. The results show benthic loading below longlines with C. intestinalis to be ca. 2 times greater than those from lines with only mussels with rates of up to 15.2 g m^− 2 d^− 1. However, given the greater settling rate of C. intestinalis biodeposits relative to mussel biodeposits, the extent of the footprint (≥ 1 g m^− 2 d^− 1) is similar or even more restrained.     

贝壳上污损生物的重量对栉孔扇贝生长和存活的影响

对网笼养殖的栉孔扇贝壳上污损生物的数量进行了研究,发现9～11月贝壳上污损生物的湿重分别为1．47、0．49和2．09g,与上壳重的比值分别为28．16％、10．24％和31．29％。通过在栉孔扇贝上壳添加上壳干重0．5、1、2和3倍重的水泥,用以模拟附着在扇贝壳上的污损生物,设不添加水泥的对照组,对贝壳上污损生物的重量对栉孔扇贝生长和存活的影响进行了研究。结果表明,实验组扇贝壳长、闭壳肌和剩余软体组织的特定增长率及存活率与对照组均没有显著差异（P〉0．05）,说明贝壳上的污损生物的重量没有影响扇贝的生长和存活。     

流清河湾扇贝养殖区夏季附着生物特征研究

2007年6~9月,利用悬挂不同网目的试网方法,对夏季青岛流清河湾栉孔扇贝筏式养殖区附着生物的种类、数量及其垂直分布特征进行了研究。结果显示,流清河湾附着生物群落的优势种在6月份为麦秆虫和钩虾,7月份以后贻贝成为优势种。附着生物湿重随挂网时间延长而增加,8月份增长最快,特定增长率最高可达8.77%/d,主要是由于优势种贻贝的快速生长。玻璃海鞘等海鞘类在流清河湾较少出现。附着生物的数量受网目和水深的影响,总体上随水深的增加而下降,较小网目上附着生物量较大。贻贝为群落优势种是流清河湾夏季附着生物数量较高的主要原因。