Quantitative trait loci responsible for the difference in γ-oryzanol content in brown rice between japonica-type and indica-type rice cultivars

γ-Oryzanol is a main oleophilic component in rice bran oil and has been well recognized as a good dietary supplement for human health, as well as having uses in industrial materials. japonica-type rice cultivars generally showed significantly higher contents of total γ-oryzanol in brown rice compared with indica-type cultivars, although within-group variation was significant. The objective of this study was to explore quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for the difference in the γ-oryzanol content between japonica-type and indica-type rice cultivars, using recombinant inbred lines (RILs), backcross inbred lines (BILs), and corresponding chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) derived from crosses between japonica-type and indica-type. Results from RILs and BILs showed that eight QTLs were detected with R² from .09 to .16. Nine candidate regions for QTL were also suggested from corresponding CSSLs. These QTLs from RILs and BILs and the candidate regions from CSSLs were not overlapped, although one QTLs was mapped near the boundaries of the respective candidate region. At four QTLs and three candidate regions, alleles or segments from japonica-type caused higher contents than those from indica-type. On the other hand, at the other four QTLs and six candidate regions, alleles or segments from indica-type caused higher contents than those from japonica-type, which is a reverse result to the parental differences. This result strongly suggested that alleles with increasing effects on γ-oryzanol content could be accumulated not only from japonica-type but also from indica-type, leading to a potential for increase in γ-oryzanol content in future breeding programs.     

Bulk pollen pollination in maize for efficient construction of introgression populations with high genome coverage

Introgression populations consist of a set of introgression lines or families, constructed by continuous backcrossing to the recurrent parent, while carrying a limited number of chromosome segments from a donor parent in their genomes. Increasing the genome coverage is an important aim when constructing introgression population. In this study, we proposed bulk pollen pollination (BPP) method and used it to increase the genome coverage of a maize introgression population. The results showed that the genome coverage of the introgression population constructed using BPP method reached 100% at BC₃ generation, which accorded with the simulation result. The BPP‐based BC₃F_1:2 population could identify most quantitative trait loci (QTL) detected using the F_2:3 population, especially major QTL. Simulation analysis showed that the genome coverage of introgression population increased with the increase of population size and the number of bulked plants, and decreased with the increase of backcross generation. Our results proved the reliability of the BPP‐based introgression population in increasing genome coverage and detecting QTL, and provided references for constructing high‐coverage introgression populations.     

东北三省大豆种质品质性状鉴评与综合分析

根据目标性状有的放矢的选配杂交亲本是提高优异品质组成品种的选择效率的基本前提。本研究对东北三省102份大豆种质资源的蛋白、氨基酸组分、油份及脂肪酸组分进行测定,通过遗传多样性、主成分和聚类分析,对其进行表型鉴定及基因型分类以综合评价种质品质特性。结果表明:东北三省大豆种质油份及脂肪酸组分变异较丰富,遗传多样性程度较高。根据主成分分析筛选到9个主成分进行聚类分析,通过聚类分析将供试种质资源分为5类。第I类群蛋白含量较高、油份含量偏低,第II类群蛋白、油份含量均居中,第III类群油份含量较高、蛋白含量偏低,第IV类群高油,第V类群高蛋白,类群间的氨基酸、脂肪酸组分各有差异。需根据育种目标在群体间选配亲本,以提高品质育种的效率。     

山东境内五个山羊种群生化遗传多态性研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法(PAGE),对山东省境内山羊种群的血液生化遗传标记多态性进行分析。结果表明,所测5个山羊品种中,Tf、Akp及EsⅠ基因座均表现出多态性,Hb和EsⅡ基因座仅分别在崂山奶山羊和莱芜黑山羊品种中表现出多态性,Amy未表现出多态性;平均杂合度为0.2876,基因纯合系数在0.6以上,群体的遗传分化系数为0.02614,说明这些山羊群体的遗传变异较低,其97.386%来自群体内遗传多态现象。基于3个多态位点基因频率的系统发育分析证明,带有共同遗传基础的济宁青山羊、鲁北白山羊和崂山奶山羊遗传距离较近,引进的南非波尔山羊与4个地方山羊品种遗传距离最远。     

大白菜耐热性遗传效应研究

以两组耐热和热敏感的大白菜对应亲本（１７７与２７６；１７６与２７９）及其杂交、回交世代（Ｆ１、Ｆ２、Ｂ１、Ｂ２）为材料进行耐热性遗传模型分析和遗传参数估算，得到一致的结果：大白菜的耐热性符合加性－显性－上位性模型，以加性遗传效应为主，兼有上位性效应，显性效应不显著。广义遗传力和狭义遗传力均较高。以耐热和热敏感的５个代表性亲本材料采用Ｇｒｉｆｉｎｇ的双列杂交方法Ⅱ配制杂交组合进行配合力分析，结果表明：加性遗传方差组分很高，而显性遗传方差组分很小，与上述结果一致。同时，耐热亲本材料１７６和１７７均有较高的一般配合力效应值，是耐热性选育的较好亲本材料。     

杏种质资源评价及遗传育种研究进展

在简要介绍杏的起源、分布及种质资源收集保存的基础上，着重对杏品种资源的分类、授粉生物学、孢粉学及分子生物学评价以及杏杂种后代遗传变异特点、育种目标及育种技术进行了综述，并提出了今后的研究方向。     

大豆杂种后代蛋白质含量的遗传研究：Ⅱ.杂种后代的遗传分析

利用蛋白质含量不同的６个亲本的不完全双列杂交的Ｆ１，Ｆ２代资料，分析了蛋白质含量的遗传变异趋势及与其他性状间的相互关系。结果表明，双亲的蛋白质含量差异大，Ｆ２变异程度也大。蛋白质含量的遗传力较高，可在Ｆ２代选择并能获得一定的遗传进度，Ｆ１，Ｆ２代的蛋白地岑与母本的含量及双亲中亲值呈极显著的正相关。Ｆ２代的蛋白质含量与百粒重呈极显著的正相关，与脂肪含量呈极著的负相关。     

分离群体中常染色体上标记基因的数量遗传方差——Ⅰ.含有一个数量性状位点(QTL)时的计算方法

应用常染色体上的标记基因研究能够加快数量性状的遗传进展。亲代由标记基因遗传给后代的加性遗传方差值可以用来测定标记基因这种效益。分别在个体水平上以及在复合连续平衡的分离群体水平上建立了标记基因加性遗传方差值的理论方程。这些方程包括与标记基因连锁的数量性状位点数、这些数量性状位点的效应值以及与标记基因有关的重组率。并就分离群体中标记基因加性遗传方差的期望值进行了推导。在分离群体的系谱选择方案中,常染色体上遗传方差中绝大部分与位于该染色体上的标记基因相关。对于牛的一个平均长度染色体来讲,这部分值大约是该染色体孟德尔分离方差值的40% 。标记基因的位置效应和干扰因素对这一期望值的影响是很小的,而染色体的长度对期望方差值影响很大。如果标记基因缺乏多态型以及染色体替代效应估计偏差会大大降低MAS的选择效果。常染色体上标记基因遗传方差期望值的大小表明:即使当标记基因处在一个非活动位点,在分离群体中,仍有较大的染色体替代效应存在。     

中国矮马运铁蛋白遗传多态性的初步研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对中国矮马运铁蛋白多态性进行了测定。在运铁蛋白位点共发现5种表型，即F2F2，DF2，F2H2，F2O和F2R，由Tf^D,Tf^F2,Tf^F2,Tf^H2,Tf^O和Tf^R等5个等位基因控制，其基因频率分别为0.0312,0.7188,0.0625,0.0312和0.1563；基因的杂合度（H），个体鉴别概率（Dp)和亲仔关系排除概率（PE）分别为0.4530,0.6875和0.2586。