蛭石与人造沸石氨氮等温吸附理论式与判别式

为比较在高起始氨氮浓度C0点和介质用量W0点上,吸附理论通式Qe=W0qmC0/[qmKw W0(qm-qe) C0]与其简化方程Qe=W0qmC0/[qm(Kw W0) C0]的适用性,测定了给定pH值和温度条件下反应平衡时NH4Cl溶液中蛭石和人造沸石的氨氮吸附量(Qe).在该试验条件下确定的蛭石单位介质吸附容量qm和介质系数Kw值分别为22 mg/g和15.5 g/L,人造沸石的qm和Kw的值分别为45 mg/g和8 g/L.在整个试验氨氮浓度C0和介质用量W0范围内,用该通式描述两介质刘氨氮的等温吸附过程具有很高的精确度.而简化方程仅在有限范围内即C0相对小或W0相对大时才适用.若给定预测相对误差(RD),则C0/qm(Kw W0)≤RD可作为简化方程应用的判别式.     

蛭石压盖粮面安全储粮研究

粮面压盖储粮技术能有效地降低储粮温度的上升幅度,我库在13号仓采用蛭石进行粮面压盖试验,试验仓的表层粮温和最高温度比对照仓低5~7℃,能使粮堆长期保持低温状态,取得了很好的效果。粮堆的自身呼吸作用降氧,使粮堆处于低氧状态。采用膜下磷化氢低剂量(3 g/m)投药,使粮堆内长期保持有效磷化氢浓度,达到了“三低”储粮环境,起到了隔热保冷,防止害虫繁衍,减少对粮食的污染和延缓粮食品质陈化的作用。     

Composition and transformation of 1.4 nm minerals in cutan and matrix of alfisols in central China

Background, Aims, and Scope  Hydroxy interlayered vermiculite (HIV) and vermiculite are commonly referred to as 1.4 nm minerals. In the subtropical soils of central China, the concentration of vermiculites decreased while that of HIVs increased gradually from north to south as the intensity of soil formation or eluviation increases in the same direction. The cutans in these soils closely interact with air, roots, microbes, water and dissolved ions in soils. Cutans may therefore be expected to exert an important influence on the formation of 1.4 nm minerals relative to the matrix soils. However, little is known about the transformation of 1.4 nm minerals in Alfisols in central China. Here, we investigate the compositional differences of 1.4 nm minerals in cutans and matrix soils, and the probable transformation of vermiculite to HIV or vice versa when sodium citrate and sodium acetate are added to matrix Alfisols. Methods  Cutans and matrix soils were separated from three soils in the northern subtropical zone in China. The samples were analyzed for Fe, Mn, exchangeable cations, organic matter(O.M.), pH, and clay minerals. To 10 mL of matrix soil, suspensions containing about 250 mg (oven-dry weight) of clay was added with 5 mL of 0.4 mol/dm³ or 2 mol/dm³ of sodium citrate or sodium acetate solution and 5 mL of 0.2 mol/dm³ mixed solutions of CaCl₂, Mg(NO₃)₂ and KCl. After its pH was adjusted to 6.0, the mixture was ‘incubated’ for 120 or 210 days (more than one season or half a year) during which period it was shaken for 1 hour every day. The clay mineral composition of the samples was determined after incubation. Results  Both vermiculites and HIVs were present in matrix soils, but only vermiculties were detected in cutans. The addition of organic ligands (citrate and acetate) promoted the transformation of HIV to vermiculite. This transformation was obvious for the matrix soils that had been incubated with 0.5 mol/dm³ sodium citrate for 210 days while sodium acetate was less effective in this regard. The promoting effect of organic ligands is dependent on type and concentration as well as incubation time. This would suggest the reverse transformation occurred in the formation of cutans compared with a vermiculite-to-HIV transformation in the subtropical soils of central China from north to south. Discussion  The position and environment of cutans in the B horizon together with the pH, organic matter and exchangeable base status in cutans seem conducive to the co-existence of vermiculite and HIV in the soils, but only vermiculite is found in cutans. The transformation of HIV to vermiculite in incubation experiments could be divided into two steps: 1) Cheluviation of organic matter to the interlayer hydroxy-aluminums from HIVs. 2) Rebasification of hydrated cations into the interlayers of vermiculites. Conclusions  The clay minerals in cutans can interact with organic ligands and nutrient elements excreted by roots. Under conditions of frequent wetting and drying and high pH, and when the concentrations of exchangeable bases, iron-manganese oxides, clays, and organic matter are high, the exchangeable cations can be incorporated into the interlayers of HIV, thereby promoting the partial transformation of HIV to vermiculite in rhizosphere soils. Recommendations and Perspectives  Cutan is at the interface of material and energy exchange involved in physical, chemical and biochemical reactions in the rhizosphere. These factors strongly affect the compositions of cutans. HIVs in (upper or adjacent) matrix soils may transform to vermiculites during cutan formation in these special soil environments. ESS-Submission Editor: Jizheng (Jim) He (jzhe@rcees.ac.cn)     

马铃薯试管薯诱导影响因子的研究

以马铃薯品种大西洋脱毒试管苗为材料,研究了切段年龄、温度、激素、光照对马铃薯试管薯诱导的影响,在此基础上,进一步研究了蛭石覆盖茎节代替黑暗条件的不同培养方式对马铃薯试管薯诱导的影响。结果表明,结薯与切段的年龄有关,用培养100 d左右的苗即老的切段、白天25℃,夜间18℃的变温、培养基中添加激素6-BA浓度为2.5~5.0 mg/L时,试管薯诱导率高;在上述条件下,将蛭石灭菌后按每瓶30 ml直接倒入原来的培养瓶覆盖试管苗下部茎节2~4节,能够使覆盖茎节处快速生出匍匐茎,最终形成块茎,平均单株结薯1.9个,大大提高了试管薯诱导率。     

天然蛭石和沸石吸附铜和锌的特性研究

采用等温吸附方法,研究了天然蛭石和天然沸石对Cu2 和Zn2 两种重金属离子的吸附特性,结果表明这两种矿物对Cu2 和Zn2 有较好的吸附作用。天然蛭石和沸石对Cu2 和Zn2 的吸附量随培养时间的增加而增大。在本试验条件下,当培养时间达到120min时,天然蛭石对Cu2 和Zn2 的吸附量分别达到3945.9 mg.kg-1和3498.3mg.kg-1;天然沸石的吸附量分别达到3641.8mg.kg-1和2865.3mg.kg-1。pH值和重金属初始浓度是影响吸附量的重要因素,两种矿物对Cu2 和Zn2 的吸附量具有随pH值增高而增大的趋势,且随着初始浓度的增加而增大。蛭石和沸石对Cu2 和Zn2 的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,天然蛭石对Cu2 和Zn2 的饱和吸附量分别为8795.1mg.kg-1和7657.0 mg.kg-1,沸石对Cu2 和Zn2 的饱和吸附量为7117.4mg.kg-1和6988.1mg.kg-1,天然蛭石对两种重金属的吸附能力要强于天然沸石。     

不同灌水和蛭石处理对一品红生长和灌溉水利用效率的影响

为探讨不同灌水和蛭石处理对盆栽一品红生长和灌溉水利用效率的影响,试验设计两个灌水处理(W1,总灌水量3.6L;W2,总灌水量7.2L);3个蛭石铺设方式(Z0,无蛭石;Z1,蛭石铺在花盆底部;Z2,蛭石铺在花盆表面)。结果表明:在相同蛭石处理时,与W1处理对比,除一品红根、茎干重外,W2处理显著(P0.05)提高了一品红叶数,极显著(P0.01)提高了干物质质量和蒸腾量。在相同灌水处理时,与Z2(Z0)处理对比,Z1处理下一品红红叶、总叶数、蒸腾量、干物质质量和灌溉水利用效率分别提高了13.11%、5.00%、59.91%、5.50%和12.87%(4.76%、25.24%、103.95%、3.10%和26.01%)。因此,W2Z1处理为本试验最佳组合模式。     

Potassium behavior and clay mineral composition in the soil with low effectiveness of potassium application

ABSTRACT

Increasing exchangeable potassium (ExK) content in soil to an appropriate level is important to mitigate the transfer of radioactive cesium to crops. We focused on a buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) field with a low ExK content, despite the application of K, in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan (Field A), following the Tokyo Electric Power Company Fukushima Dai-ichi (No. 1) Nuclear Power Plant accident in March 2011. We examined the relationship between K concentration and clay mineral composition in the soil of Field A and compared the findings with another field in Fukushima Prefecture (Field B) to clarify whether K applied to the soil was leached or remaining fixed. Pot experiments showed that K concentration in water seepage from pots following irrigation was significantly lower in pots from Field A than in those from Field B. Soil ExK content after soybean cultivation was lower in soils of Field A than those of Field B. These results indicate that K applied to Field A was fixed in the soil. Analysis of clay mineral composition confirmed the distinctive vermiculitic nature of Field A soils. This clay mineralogy would be associated with the higher K fixation ability of Field A than Field B soils. This study demonstrated that K fixation in vermiculite was a factor preventing the increase in ExK content from K application to Field A.     

珊瑚树腋芽人工种子研究

以珊瑚树腋芽节段为繁殖体，以４％海藻酸钠和２％ＣａＣｌ＿２为凝胶系统，采用不同包裹基质制备人工种子，并于不同基质上萌发。结果表明，较佳繁殖体为腋芽长２～４ｍｍ的芽段。人工种子萌发率，用ＭＳ培养基浸泡５ｍｉｎ比对照提高１０．４６％，在包裹基质中加入０．５％活性炭其萌发率提高１５．４９％，于包裹基质及萌发基质中加入０．２％多菌灵，萌发率提高１４．６％，插入蛭石中比置于ＭＳ琼脂培养基上的萌发率高１３．２９％。     

几种扦插措施对红豆杉扦插生根的效应

采取几种不同的措施对太行山野生红豆杉进行扦插试验。结果表明：扦插基质以蛭石为好；生根粉1号对红豆杉的生根效果比吲哚乙酸的要好；基质中添加花宝对红豆杉插条的生根有明显的促进作用；扦插时拌种小麦也很有利于红豆杉插条的生根。