Correlated responses to neonicotinoid insecticides in clones of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

BACKGROUND: Although there are still no confirmed reports of strong resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in aphids, the peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) shows variation in response, with some clones exhibiting up to tenfold resistance to imidacloprid. Five clones varying in response to imidacloprid were tested with four other neonicotinoid molecules to investigate the extent of cross-resistance.RESULTS: All four compounds-thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, clothianidin and dinotefuran-were cross-resisted, with ED(50) values ranked in the same order as for imidacloprid. Resistance factors ranged up to 11 for imidacloprid, 18 for thiamethoxam, 13 for thiacloprid, 100 for clothianidin and 6 for dinotefuran.CONCLUSION: This variation in response does not appear to be sufficient to compromise the field performance of neonicotinoids aimed at controlling aphids. However, it highlights the need for careful vigilance and stewardship in all M. persicae populations, and a need to consider neonicotinoids as a single cross-resisted group for management purposes.     

Pyrethroid resistance and thiacloprid baseline susceptibility of European populations of Meligethes aeneus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) collected in winter oilseed rape

BACKGROUND: Pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus F. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), is a major pest in European winter oilseed rape. Recently, control failures with pyrethroid insecticides commonly used to control this pest have been reported in many European countries. For resistance management purposes, the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid was widely introduced as a new mode of action for pollen beetle control. RESULTS: A number of pollen beetle populations collected in Germany, France, Austria, Great Britain, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Poland, Czech Republic and Ukraine were tested for pyrethroid resistance using lambda‐cyhalothrin‐coated glass vials (adult vial test). Most of the populations tested exhibited substantial levels of resistance to lambda‐cyhalothrin, and resistance ratios ranged from < 10 to > 2000. A similar resistance monitoring bioassay for the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid was developed and validated by assessing baseline susceptibility data for 88 European pollen beetle populations. A variation of less than fivefold in response to thiacloprid was detected. The thiacloprid adult vial bioassay is based on glass vials coated with an oil‐dispersion‐based formulation of thiacloprid, resulting in a much better bioavailability compared with technical material. Analytical measurements revealed a > 56 and 28 day stability of thiacloprid and lambda‐cyhalothrin in coated glass vials at room temperature, respectively. No cross‐resistance between thiacloprid and lambda‐cyhalothrin based on log‐dose probit–mortality data was detected. CONCLUSION: Pyrethroid resistance in many European populations of M. aeneus was confirmed, whereas all populations are susceptible to thiacloprid when tested in a newly designed and validated monitoring bioassay based on glass vials coated with oil‐dispersion‐formulated thiacloprid. Based on the homogeneous results, it is concluded that thiacloprid could be an important chemical tool for pollen beetle resistance management strategies in European winter oilseed rape. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

噻虫啉微胶囊粉剂防治松褐天牛药效试验

通过不同浓度的噻虫啉微胶囊粉剂防治松褐天牛药效试验,结果表明,噻虫啉微胶囊粉剂对松褐天牛有很好的防治效果.0.5％、1％、2％噻虫啉微胶囊粉剂（7.5 kg/hm^2）防治松褐天牛,药后35 d效果分别为64.26％、86.60％、86.94％,1％噻虫啉微胶囊粉剂对松褐天牛防效远高于0.5％噻虫啉微胶囊粉剂的防治效果,与2％噻虫啉微胶囊粉剂的防治效果差异不显著,建议用1％噻虫啉微胶囊粉剂7.5 kg/hm2防治松褐天牛.     

噻虫啉、高效氯氰菊脂防治竹卵圆蝽试验

对2.0％噻虫啉触破式微胶囊和2.5％高效氯氟氰菊酯对竹卵圆蝽的毒杀效果进行试验,结果表明:2.0％噻虫啉触破式微胶囊水悬剂200倍液和2.5％高效氯氟氰菊酯触破式微胶囊水悬剂200倍液对竹卵圆蝽的毒杀活性均较高,校正死亡率分别达到88.9％和92.8％;施药2、7、30d后虫口密度最高分别下降了94.3％和93.0％;大田试验结果表明,施药30d后虫口密度显著下降,下降率分别达90.0％和91.9％.     

Astaxanthin Mitigates Thiacloprid-Induced Liver Injury and Immunotoxicity in Male Rats

Thiacloprid (TCP) is a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide with a probable toxic hazard to animals and human beings. This hazard has intensified the demand for natural compounds to alleviate the expected toxic insults. This study aimed at determining whether astaxanthin (ASX) could mitigate the hepatotoxic effect of TCP and diminish its suppressive effect on immune responses in rats. Animals received TCP by gavage at 62.1 mg/kg (1/10th LD₅₀) with or without ASX at 40 mg/kg for 60 days. Intoxicated rats showed modulation of serum transaminases and protein profiles. The hemagglutination antibody titer to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and the number of plaque-forming cells in the spleen were reduced. The cell-mediated immunity and phagocytosis were suppressed, while serum interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 were elevated. Additionally, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine levels were increased in the liver, spleen, and thymus, with depletion of glutathione and suppression of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. The expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the high mobility group box protein 1 genes were upregulated with histomorphological alterations in the aforementioned organs. Cotreatment with ASX markedly ameliorated the toxic effects of TCP, and all markers showed a regression trend towards control values. Collectively, our data suggest that the protective effects of ASX on the liver and immune system of TCP-treated animals depend upon improving the antioxidant status and relieving the inflammatory response, and thus it may be used as a promising therapeutic agent to provide superior hepato- and immunoprotection.     

36%噻虫啉水分散粒剂对番茄幼苗根系活力及生理生化指标的影响

为明确土壤中施用噻虫啉对番茄植株生长的影响,分别用36%噻虫啉水分散粒剂有效成分1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0和5.0 mg/株处理盆栽番茄植株,测定处理后30 d番茄幼苗的生长量、叶片保护酶活性及根系活力。结果表明:1.0~2.5 mg/株噻虫啉处理均可提高番茄幼苗展开叶片数、株高、主根长和鲜重等生理指标,3.0 mg/株处理与对照相比无显著差异,而5.0 mg/株处理则对番茄幼苗生长有显著的抑制作用。不同剂量的噻虫啉处理均可提高番茄幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性及根系活力。PPO和SOD活性在2.0 mg/株噻虫啉处理时达到最大值,分别为47.9和14.2 U/(min·g FW),比对照高29.6%和49.5%;POD、CAT和PAL活性在2.5 mg/株剂量时达到最大值,分别为46.0、62.4和26.0 U/(min·g FW),比对照高47.0%、36.7%和35.3%。1.0~5.0 mg/株噻虫啉处理后番茄幼苗根系活力比对照提高2.7%~33.1%。研究表明,土壤施用适量的噻虫啉可显著促进番茄幼苗植株的生长。     

噻虫啉拌种对玉米幼苗生理生化指标的影响

[目的]为明确噻虫啉悬浮种衣剂拌种对玉米幼苗生长的影响,以及对玉米幼苗叶片保护酶和根系活力的影响。[方法]通过室内盆栽法,以噻虫啉浓度为2 g/kg、4 g/kg、5 g/kg、6 g/kg、8 g/kg(种子)拌种,测定玉米幼苗三叶一心期的生物学性状、根系活力和叶片保护酶。[结果]结果表明:噻虫啉拌种能显著提高玉米幼苗的各生长指标、叶片保护酶活性和根系活力,随着噻虫啉浓度的增加呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,且浓度为4-5 g/kg(种子)拌种处理大于吡虫啉处理, 8g/kg(种子)处理对玉米植株的生长有轻微的抑制作用,但叶片保护酶和根系活力仍高于对照。[结论]研究表明：适宜剂量的噻虫啉拌种处理可以显著促进玉米幼苗的生长。