The value of sea urchin,Lytechinus variegatus,egesta consumed by shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

Sea urchins produce high‐energy, membrane‐bound fecal pellets that contain residual nutrients and large quantities of microbiota. These egesta are readily consumed by the shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Egesta of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus, were evaluated as a feed supplement or total replacement for a commercial shrimp diet. Shrimp were stocked at 0.49 g ± 0.06 g initial body weight and housed individually in 2.8‐L tanks in a commercial recirculating zebrafish system. Shrimp were assigned to one of six diets: commercial shrimp feed, reference sea urchin feed, collected dried sea urchin egesta, collected wet sea urchin egesta, half ration of shrimp feed and half collected wet sea urchin egesta, and egesta naturally produced by two sea urchins in polyculture. Equivalent dry matter amounts of each diet were proffered to shrimp in each treatment twice daily, except for those that had complete access to natural egesta excreted by sea urchins in polyculture. Sea urchins were proffered a reference sea urchin feed at 2% body weight daily. After 27 days, shrimp proffered collected dried or wet egesta did not differ significantly in percent weight gain and showed the lowest weight gain. The percent weight gain of shrimp fed the commercial shrimp diet did not differ significantly from that of the shrimp fed half commercial shrimp diet and half egesta. The highest weight gain was recorded for those shrimp that consumed the untouched egesta produced by sea urchins in polyculture. These data suggest that consumed egesta have noteworthy nutritional value and therefore would be beneficial to the culture of extractive species in an integrated multitrophic aquaculture system.     

The effects of density and artificial substrate on intensive shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei nursery production

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) can be installed indoors, allowing year-round production of tropical animals in nearly any climate. A nursery phase is commonly used in Litopenaeus vannamei production since it allows for enhanced biosecurity and better quantification of animals while reducing space requirements. However, it is unclear whether animal density and inclusion of artificial substrate may improve shrimp performance during the nursery phase. In this experiment, we compared shrimp production parameters in two stocking densities with or without the use of an artificial substrate by creating four treatments: low-density LD; 1500 PL/m⁻³, low-density with substrate LDS, high-density HD; 3000 PL/m⁻³), and high-density with substrate (HDS). The LDS and HDS treatments included 0.46-m² of high-density polyethylene 2.5-cm mesh as a substrate, which increased the tank surface area by 21 %. Each treatment was randomly assigned to four 160-l culture tanks, each with a biofilter. The shrimp had an initial weight of 4 mg and were grown for 50 days. The low-density treatments had significantly higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH than the high-density treatments (P ≤ 0.001). Specifically, LDS had the highest DO and pH followed by the LD, HD, and HDS treatments, respectively. High-density treatments had significantly higher NO₂-N levels than low-density treatments during week 2 of the experiment when an unusually high concentration of nitrite was observed. FCR was significantly lower in both low-density treatments than in high-density treatments. At harvest, the total biomass (kg m⁻³) was significantly higher in high-density treatments than in low-density treatments (P ≤ 0.001), and the HDS treatment had a significantly greater biomass output than HD. Producers should consider artificial substrate and higher densities during nursery production to maximize shrimp production; however, the effects on water quality should also be taken into account.     

Reproductive biology of the female Japanese mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria (Stomatopoda) in relation to changes in the seasonal pattern of larval occurrence in Tokyo Bay, Japan

ABSTRACT:   The reproductive traits and the monthly larval abundance of the mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria were investigated in Tokyo Bay, Japan, in 2002. The goal of the study was to elucidate the cause of changes in the monthly pattern of larval abundance from the 1980s to the 1990s as these changes relate to variation in the stock size of the adult shrimp. Oogenesis was divided into 10 stages by histological observation. The developmental stage of oocytes in an individual's ovary was synchronous, suggesting that almost all the oocytes in an ovary are spawned at the same time. The size at first maturity was estimated to be 7 ≤ body length ( BL ) < 8 cm. Fecundity was expressed as a function of BL , ranging from 19 300 eggs for 8 cm BL to 92 100 eggs for 14 cm BL . Small female shrimps (<10 cm BL ) spawned around August. Most large female shrimps (≥10 cm BL ) spawned around May, and some large female shrimps also spawned until September. Although most large female shrimps spawned in spring, the larval abundance was low before July and high from August onwards. The results suggest that a substantial decrease in the stock size of large individuals causes the low larval abundance before July.     

对虾的免疫机制及其疾病预防策略的研究

在对虾的细胞免疫中血细胞是主要的作用因素,而体液免疫是血淋巴中的一些酶和调节因子,机体还可以被诱导产生特殊的免疫保护反应.应用免疫增强剂、疫苗和基因工程技术为预防对虾病害提供了有效的途径.本文根据国内外的有关资料,就对虾的免疫机制和疾病预防策略进行了综述.     

Use of Porcine Meal in Plant‐based Practical Diets for Pacific White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

Two growth trials were conducted to evaluate and confirm the efficacy of a porcine meal (PM) with high protein content (>90%) as an alternative feed ingredient in commercial‐type feed formulation for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Six experimental diets were formulated for the two growth trials. The first five diets contained increasing levels (0, 1, 2, 4, and 6%) of PM as a replacement for soybean meal in a plant‐based diet with low inclusion level (6%) of fish meal (FM). The last experimental diet was produced utilizing 4.2% PM to completely replace FM. In Trial 1, shrimp (1.5 g initial mean weight, 20 shrimp/tank, n = 4) were offered test diets for 6 wk in a semirecirculation system. At the end of Trial 1, shrimp fed with the diet containing 6% PM exhibited significantly enhanced weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival compared to those fed with the diet devoid of FM. As survival was poor across all treatments and different densities could mask growth results the trial was repeated. In Trial 2, shrimp (0.85 g, 15 shrimp/tank, n = 4) were offered diets for 6 wk. Dietary supplementation of PM at 6% significantly improved WG, FCR, and apparent net protein retention in contrast with the treatment devoid of FM, confirming the same trends in Trial 1. No significant difference was detected in protein, lipid, moisture, and mineral profiles of whole‐body shrimp as well as survival across all the treatments. Results of this study indicate that PM is a good high protein source in shrimp feeds, which can be included up to 6% in the low FM‐based diet without compromising the growth of shrimp.     

Feed preference and growth response of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei to supplementation of marine chemoattractants in a fishmeal‐challenged diet

This study compared the feed preference and growth response of Litopenaeus vannamei to chemoattractants. A diet with 3% fishmeal was supplemented with either 3% salmon meal (POS), 3% soy protein concentrate (NEG), 3% krill meal (KRM), 3% squid meal (SQM), 3% shrimp head meal (SHM), 3% shrimp meal (SM), 3% squid liver meal (SLM), or 5% liquid sardine hydrolysate (SAH). Shrimp with a body weight (BW) of 0.99 ± 0.08 g were stocked at 100 animals/m² in 56 tanks of 1 m³ and fed 10 times daily for 74 days. Feed preference was evaluated by feeding shrimp of 10.87 ± 1.82 g in excess twice a day for 10 days in two separate feeding trays allocated in 50 tanks of 0.5 m³. Survival reached 93.3 ± 5.80% and was unaffected by supplementation. Final BW was the highest for shrimp fed the KRM‐supplemented diet (11.97 ± 0.93 g), followed by POS (11.11 ± 0.77 g) and SQM (11.01 ± 1.17 g). Diets SHM, SM, SLM, and NEG showed a lower shrimp BW than POS, but were not statistically different among them. Shrimp fed the SAH diet achieved the lowest BW (10.06 ± 1.02 g). The highest gained yield was obtained with diets KRM and POS. No statistical difference was observed in shrimp yield among other diets. The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was achieved with shrimp fed KRM (1.31 ± 0.05) when compared to diets SHM (1.47 ± 0.05), SAH (1.47 ± 0.07), and SLM (1.45 ± 0.17). Two‐by‐two comparisons indicated that shrimp preferred SHM and KRM, except when these were compared to SQM and SLM. No difference in feed preference was found between diets with SQM and SLM. SAH was the least preferred raw material in all comparisons. Results indicated that KRM acts as a powerful feeding effector and growth enhancer in fishmeal‐challenged diets for whiteleg shrimp. A dietary supplementation with 3% KRM is more effective than the same dose of any other chemoattractant evaluated.     

基于GEE的广西北部湾沿海水产养殖池塘遥感提取

沿海水产养殖池塘带来经济效益的同时,也会引起诸多环境问题,了解其空间分布对于海岸带的科学管理和渔业可持续发展具有重要意义。广西北部湾海岸带地形错综复杂,养殖池塘沿岸线散乱分布,导致传统遥感识别方法难以实现高精度提取。针对此问题,该研究提出一种基于Google Earth Engine（GEE）平台和全年Sentinel-1和Sentinel-2时序遥感数据的水产养殖池塘识别方法,结合多阈值分割和面向对象分类提取2019年广西北部湾海岸带的水产养殖池塘。结果表明：1）广西北部湾海岸带养殖池塘面积总计199.3 km2,遍布整个沿岸地区;识别结果总体精度达到0.921,Kappa系数为0.842;2）选取4个典型区域,对比该研究方法提取结果与Google高清影像目视解译结果,在规模化集聚型养殖区域中,识别结果占目视解译的面积比例达到90%以上,在排布密集的小型池塘区域面积占比也能达到80%以上;3）以时序遥感数据作为分类特征值,能够有效排除废弃池塘、水稻田和季节性水域。该方法在大范围复杂环境中仍具有良好性能,显著提高了水产养殖池塘遥感识别的精度,能够为海岸带生态环境的智能监控、养殖区域空间优化提供技术支持。     

垂直流-水平潜流一体化人工湿地对菜地废水的净化效果

广州市番禺区东升农场菜地废水未经处理直接排入水生植物塘,最终流入附近河流,由于菜地废水水质较差,对其造成了严重的污染,严重威胁了附近居民的饮水安全。为了提高菜地出水水质,减轻对河流的污染,通过构建垂直流-水平潜流一体化人工湿地,对菜地废水进行净化处理。湿地经过9个月的运行,结果显示,湿地对COD、NH4＋-N和TP的平均去除率分别达56.40%、79.09%和79.79%以上,COD、NH4＋-N和TP出水平均浓度分别为9.45、0.47mg.L-1和0.06mg.L-1,均达到《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）Ⅱ类水质标准。湿地对TN的平均去除率较低,仅为35.08%,通过补充甘蔗叶作为碳源,湿地对TN的平均去除率显著提高,但随着碳源投加量的增加,去除率逐渐降低。本实验碳源投加量以1.62kg.m-3为宜,TN的平均去除率最高,达80.85%,出水TN平均浓度从3.06mg.L-1降低至0.90mg.L-1。     

转盘式对虾开背工艺分析与参数优化

针对目前对虾开背环节工艺不完善、实际应用装备缺乏等问题,以中型南美白对虾为研究对象,探究了对虾开背关键工艺方法,建立了对虾开背过程力学模型,获得影响开背效果主要因素为刀具角度、加工中心盘转速和刀具安置距离;采用单因素试验研究和分析了各因素对开背成功率、虾仁损伤率、虾线裸露成功率和感官评分值的影响,确定影响因素最佳区间为：刀具角度20°~60°、加工中心盘转速10~40r/min和刀具安置距离9~11mm;利用Design-Expert软件进行多因素响应面试验研究分析,并采用多目标优化方法,得到最优参数组合为：刀具角度43.838°、加工中心盘转速28.391r/min、刀具安置距离9.801mm时,开背成功率为99.161%、虾仁损伤率为2.825%、虾线裸露成功率为90.727%、感官评分值为86.944。验证试验结果表明：针对中型南美白对虾,当刀具角度45°、加工中心盘转速28r/min、刀具安置距离9.8mm时,开背成功率为98.89%、虾仁损伤率为3.33%、虾线裸露成功率为87.78%、感官评分值为85.33,与理论优化值的绝对误差均较小,优化后的对虾开背装置性能满足作业要求。研究可为对虾开背工序装置设计和参数选择提供理论基础和科学依据。