Silage and total mixed ration hygienic quality on commercial farms: implications for animal production

Implications of silage hygienic quality for animal production were investigated on forty‐five dairy farms in South West England. Samples of grass and maize silages and of total mixed rations (TMR) were obtained together with information on silage technology, herd size and animal production. Samples were analysed for mycotoxins, bacteria, yeasts, moulds and chemical composition. Thirteen mycotoxins were assayed, but none were detected in the samples of grass silage. However, mycotoxins were found in 0·9 of all maize and other silage samples, with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone predominating. There was no relationship between total mycotoxin concentration and mean lactation milk yield per cow. Enterobacteria counts tended to be higher in maize silage than in grass silage and higher still in TMR – a cause for concern. There were no relationships between mould counts and mycotoxin concentrations in silages, implying that mycotoxins may have been produced in the field pre‐ensiling.     

Sensitivity of four Yeasts to Fungicides and CO2 Concentrations and Their Antagonistic Ability in Combination with Fungicide to pathogenic Fungi in vitro

The yeasts Cryptococcus laurentii,Trichosporon pullulans,Rhodotorula glutinis and Trichosporon sp.were used to investigate their sensitivity to four fungicides and different concentrations of CO2,as well as their antagonistic ability to Penicilliumexpansum and Alternaria alternata in vitro when applied with fungicide.There were significant differences in sensitivity to the fungicides among the different yeasts(P = 0.05).R.glutinis was more sensitive to Deccocil,Iprodione and Stroby as compared to other yeasts.Combination antagonistic yeasts with fungicide could more significantly enhance biocontrol ability of the yeasts against the pathogenic fungi in vitro(P = 0.05).C.laurentii was the most effective antagonist among the four yeasts and could completely control spore germination of P.expansum and A.alternata when combined with Stroby at the concentration of 100 μL L-1.The yeasts,except R.glutinis,could grow well on nutrient yeast dextrose agar (NYDA) after 8 d incubation even at 20% CO2 concentration at 25℃.Particularly Trichosporon sp.showeda better adaptability to low temperature as compared to other antagonists.     

Microbiota of 'airag', 'tarag' and other kinds of fermented dairy products from nomad in Mongolia

The traditional fermented dairy products were collected from three nomadic families in Donto‐Govi prefecture in Mongolia (central Mongolia), and those microbiota were analyzed. These samples consist three of ‘airag’, two of ‘tarag’, two of ‘isgelen tarag’ and ‘qoormog’, and some cheeses. In airag, Lactobacillus (L.) helveticus, L. kefiri, and Saccharomyces (S.) dairensis were common, and L. paracasei, L. plantarum, L. farciminis, S. cerevisiae, Issachenkia (I.) orientalis, Kluyveromyces (K.) wickerhamii were also found. In tarag, isgelen tarag and qoormog, L. helveticus, L. kefiri, L. fermentum, L. paracasei and L. acetotolerance were found. L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus was also found in one tarag and one qoormog samples. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis showed that there were diversity in each L. helveticus family and products, and there were common strains found in airag and tarag in the same family.     

蜂蜜酒酿造酵母的筛选

蜂蜜酒是通过酵母菌在稀释的蜂蜜液中发酵而成的一种传统酒。对4种活性干酵母EC1118、安琪、DV10、D254的发酵特性进行研究,比较4种干酵母在蜂蜜稀释液中的产气能力、产酒精能力、产香能力,并对其酒精耐受性、酸耐受性、SO2耐受性等3个方面进行综合比较,筛选出酿造蜂蜜酒的优良菌种。结果表明,EC1118发酵能力、产香能力强,耐受性强,适合用于蜂蜜发酵。     

Biocontrol Efficacy of Two Antagonistic Yeasts Against Postharvest Diseases in Peach Fruits During Storage Periods

Two antagonistic yeasts, Thichosporon pullulans and Cryptococcus laurentii, were investigated for their biocontrol potential to blue mold rot and rhizopus rot on harvested peach fruits (Prunus persica L. Batsch, cv. Okubao), alone or in combination with a Iow dose of iprodione (50 μg mi-1 ). The results indicated that T. pullulans and C. laurentii were effective at reducing disease incidence and severity of blue mold rot and rhizopus rot in peach fruits. Biocontrol efficacy of C. laurentii and T. pullulans were significantly enhanced by combination with a Iow dose of iprodione (50 μg mi-1) against blue mold and rhizopus rot in peach fruits. T. pullulans and C. laurentii combined with a low dose of iprodione (50 μg mi-1 ) resulted in better disease control than either iprodione or the yeasts used alone. Dipping fruits in suspensions of antagonist cells showed the similar control effect as the treatment with iprodione (500 μg ml-1 ).     

两种拮抗酵母菌对桃果实贮藏期间主要病害的防治效果

 观测和比较了两种拮抗酵母菌丝孢酵母 (Thichosporonpullulans)和罗伦隐球酵母 (Cryptococcuslauren tii)单独使用和与化学杀菌剂配合使用 ,对大久保桃果实采后软腐病和青霉病的防治效果。试验采取刺伤接种或直接浸泡桃果实两种方式 ,果实处理后分别贮藏于常温 (2 5℃ )和低温 (5℃ )条件下。结果表明 ,在两种贮藏温度下 ,刺伤后接种酵母菌的桃果实 ,其青霉病和软腐病的发病率都比对照果实低 ,病斑直径小。拮抗菌和低剂量的扑海因 (50 μg·ml- 1)配合使用比单独使用拮抗菌或扑海因的效果更佳。不接种病原菌的桃果实 ,采后的病害主要是软腐病和青霉病。用拮抗菌直接浸泡桃果实的试验结果表明 ,两种拮抗酵母菌均可达到与扑海因 (50 0 μg·ml- 1)相当的防治效果 ,都能显著地抑制桃果实采后病害的发生     

乳酸菌—生香酵母菌发酵饮料营养成分分析及质量检测

阐述了乳酸菌—生香酵母菌发酵饮料的研制过程，并分析了原料、发酵汁和产品的营养成分及其保健功能．     

嗜盐紫色硫细菌283-1的耐盐机制

菌株283-1是一株中度嗜盐紫色硫细菌,对其耐盐特性和机理进行了初步研究。结果表明,菌株283-1在改良的Pfennig紫色硫细菌培养基中最大能耐受2.3mol·L-1 NaCl,其生长对Na+有专一依赖性,对Cl-依赖性较弱;它主要通过在胞内积累相容性溶质甜菜碱来对抗胞外渗透压力,胞内甜菜碱的含量随培养基中NaCl浓度增加而增加,2.0mol·L-1 NaCl时浓度可达到156.4mg·g-1干重。外源添加甜菜碱可以明显提高该菌株耐盐生长的能力。     

拮抗酵母菌对果蔬病害防治的研究进展

在阐述应用于果蔬生物防治的拮抗酵母菌的特点与种类的基础上,综述了酵母菌对果蔬病害的拮抗机理与提高拮抗酵母菌生物防治效果方法的研究进展,分析了生物抑菌剂商业化应用的局限性与拮抗酵母菌研究与应用的发展前景。     

Swim bladder mycosis in pretty tetra (Hemigrammus pulcher) caused by Exophiala pisciphila and Phaeophleospora hymenocallidicola,and experimental verification of pathogenicity

Spontaneous invasive and chronic disseminated mycosis affected Hemigrammus pulcher kept in a public aquarium, and infection was manifested by inappetence, exophthalmia, erratic swimming, eroded scales, anaemia of the gills and abdominal distension. Internally, there was a grossly swollen swim bladder with a thickened wall filled with a dark mass. The body cavities contained a clear, light amber fluid and a swollen intestine which was full of a watery fluid containing small gas bubbles. Histopathology revealed a granulomatous inflammatory response with fungal hyphae in the lumen and wall of the swim bladder, hepatopancreas, spleen and kidneys with signs of nephrohydrosis. Exophiala pisciphila and Phaeophleospora hymenocallidicola were isolated from the swim bladder, abdominal cavity and gastrointestinal tract. The exogenous source of infection was probably the ample wooden decoration and plants inside the aquarium. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by re‐isolation of both fungal species from fish artificially infected under laboratory conditions. As P. hymenocallidicola is less capable of defence against phagocytosis, E. pisciphila probably played a major role. Severe clinical manifestations with 100% mortality developed in two fish species infected by E. pisciphila. A significant increase in the plasma levels of amino acids was observed as a result of the activation of proteolysis.