分子标记在兰花遗传育种中的研究进展

综述了RFLP、RAPD、SCAR、ISSR、SRAP、AFLP、SSR等分子标记的基本原理和主要特点,从遗传多样性分析、亲缘关系研究、种质资源鉴定、遗传图谱构建与辅助选择育种等方面介绍了分子标记在兰花遗传育种工作中的现状及其研究进展,并提出展望。     

Pollination-induced oxidative stress in floral organs of Cymbidium pendulum (Roxb.) Sw. and Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. (Orchidaceae): A biochemical investigation

A perusal of literature showed that a little is known about the metabolic changes related to senescence in orchid flowers. It was observed that unpollinated flowers of Cymbidium pendulum (Roxb.) Sw. remained fresh for 20 days and senesced within 8 days after pollination (DAP), while that of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. took 18 days when unpollinated but showed senescence in 7 DAP. A higher level of electrolyte leakage was recorded in all the floral organs of pollinated flowers in both the species. There was a concomitant increase in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂); indicators of oxidative damage, in all the organs for both the species. Ascorbic acid, on the other hand, decreased significantly. Higher amount of electrolyte leakage, MDA and H₂O₂ content were recorded in C. pendulum as compared of the other species while the ascorbic acid, on the other hand, was observed to be decreased and this decrease was more in C. pendulum than C. aloifolium suggesting a higher oxidative damage to the floral organs in the former species than the latter. TIBA, i.e. tri-iodobenzoic acid (an auxin inhibitor; 0.25 μM) and silver nitrate (ethylene inhibitor; 0.25 μM) application to pollinated flowers partially prevented the elevation of oxidative damage and consequently senescence suggesting the involvement of these hormones in governing these changes in orchid flowers. Comparatively, AgNO₃ was more effective than TIBA in delaying senescence.     

Rapid in vitro propagation of Dendrobium hybrids through direct shoot formation from foliar explants,and protocorm-like bodies

In vitro propagation protocol for Dendrobium hybrids Sonia 17 and 28, two highly priced commercial cut flower cultivars through direct organogenesis from in vitro derived foliar explants was established. Rapid clonal propagation was achieved by subsequent induction of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) and its conversion to shoots. No significant differences were observed in the induction of direct shoots, shoot multiplication, PLBs formation and subsequent shoot development and rooting of shoots between the two cultivars. Leaf explants from flower stalk node derived shoots cultured on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 44.4 μM N⁶-benzyladenine (BA) developed more than seven shoots per explant. The isolated shoots transferred onto the same medium induced more than eight PLBs from the base within 60 days, which upon transferral to fresh medium having the same level of BA facilitated rapid proliferation. More than 200 PLBs were yielded from fifth subculture. Half-strength MS medium containing 6.97 μM kinetin (Kn) facilitated conversion of more than 90% PLBs to shoots. PLBs exhibited proliferation without decline up to the 15th subculture. Half-strength MS medium with 2 g l⁻¹ activated charcoal was the best for in vitro rooting. Plantlets of the hybrids exhibited more than 80% ex vitro establishment.     

广西雅长自然保护区兰科植物区系分析

在调查与统计广西雅长兰科植物自然保护区野生兰科植物区系的属、种组成及地理成分的基础上,分析其区系特点,该保护区兰科植物区系的特点是:(1)兰科植物种类丰富,居群数量大,迄今已知有113种(含5变种),隶属于44属,是广西兰科植物种类最丰富的保护区;(2)兰科植物地理成分复杂,热带性质明显,属的热带属(R)与温带属(T)数的比值(即R/T比值)达5.00;(3)兰科植物分布广泛,垂直分布以中海拔为多;(4)兰科植物生态类型丰富多样,特有性较强,并表现一定岩溶特有性。并提出应加强保护区兰科植物的科研、保护与管理工作的建议。     

Species diversity versus phylogenetic diversity: A practical study in the taxonomically difficult genus Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae)

Setting conservation priorities in taxonomically complex groups such as the orchid genus Dactylorhiza is a difficult task. As an alternative to taxonomic diversity, we used here a molecular phylogenetic analysis and the results of a genetic investigation using plastid microsatellites with an extensive geographic sampling to assess in a more objective way the patterns of diversity within this genus. Although western Europe is thought to be the main diversity centre for the genus due to the large number of species found there, we found higher phylogenetic and genetic diversity as well as higher endemicity in the Caucasus and the Mediterranean Basin, two biodiversity hotspots. Species number seems to be correlated with taxonomic effort, tentatively estimated here by the number of herbaria, and is thus biased and not an appropriate measure of diversity. Our results show that phylogenetic analyses and genetic data obtained with molecular tools can offer an alternative measure of biodiversity that is not sensitive to taxonomic inflation. Conservation of allotetraploid taxa is also discussed, and it is recommended that sites in which polyploids are formed should be conserved rather than any specific allotetraploid taxon.     

Effects of selective logging on vascular epiphyte diversity in a moist lowland forest of Eastern Himalaya, India

Effect of selective logging on vascular epiphyte diversity was investigated in a moist lowland forest of Eastern Himalaya. Three epiphytic groups viz. orchids, pteridophytes and non-orchid angiosperm epiphytes were specifically studied in closed, selectively logged and in unlogged forests with treefall gaps. Logging reduced the structural complexity of the forests and altered their microclimate. With logging, there was a general decline in richness and abundance of epiphytes except orchids. The abundance and species composition of pteridophytes and non-orchid angiosperm epiphytes were related to microclimate and substrate features while their richness were correlated only with canopy cover. In contrast, orchid species composition was related to forest structure. A combination of management strategies is required for conservation of all epiphyte groups. A mosaic of logged and unlogged forest patches with undisturbed forests in proximity would maintain the diversity of pteridophytes and other angiosperms. However, for full representation of orchids, it is necessary to maintain the structural diversity of the tree forms.     

沉香虎头兰、大雪兰正反交及种子无菌萌发研究

 以沉香虎头兰（Cymbidium tracyanum）（黄色素花）与大雪兰（C. mastersii）为父、母本进行正反交，用杂交种子进行无菌萌发研究和种胚发育观察。结果表明：这两种杂交兰花的结实率为60～100%；大雪兰和沉香虎头兰（黄素）杂交种子在1/2MS＋6-BA 1.0～3.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.5～2.0 mg/L无菌条件下的萌发率约为70%；正反交对种子的萌发率没有明显影响；在沉香虎头兰×大雪兰、大雪兰×沉香虎头兰的种子萌发过程中，种胚的发育有两种方式：一是在胚还未转绿时就突破种皮，另一种是胚转绿后再突破种皮，形成原球茎。     

贵州兰科野生植物资源及其保护

兰科植物是植物保护中的"旗舰"类群。贵州地貌复杂、气候多样,孕育了丰富兰科植物资源。该文介绍了贵州兰科植物资源及保护现状,并提出了兰科野生植物资源保护对策。     

国外野生兰科植物种群动态评估及对我国野生兰科植物保护的启迪

由于受到来自生境破坏和土地利用地改变以及过度采集等方面的威胁,世界上野生兰科植物的数量正在日益减少。为了使野生兰科植物得到有效保护,应建立野生兰科植物种群动态监测点,对野生兰科植物进行长期的监测。评估野生兰科植物受威胁的程度可采用标本材料法和种群动态的研究方法。基于生活史阶段模型的种群动态研究方法,不仅能够揭示种群当前所处的状态,还能揭示对种群增长率影响最大的生活史阶段以及对该阶段产生影响的环境因素,可为制订野生兰科植物合理保护政策提供可靠的依据。     

福建省兰科植物新纪录

报道了福建省兰科植物一新记录属——毛鞘兰属(Trichotosia),即瓜子毛鞘兰T.dasyphylla(E.C.ParishH.G.Reichenbach)Kraenzlin和一新纪录种——密花石斛Dendrobium densiflorum Wallich,并提供了照片.