TCD燃烧系统对柴油机燃烧和排放性能改善效果的试验研究

为探究道依茨TCD2015柴油机上配备的导流燃烧系统(简称TCD燃烧系统,T表示涡轮增压器,Turbocharger,C表示进气中冷,Charge air cooling,D为柴油颗粒捕集器,Diesel particle filter)对改善柴油机燃烧性能和降低污染物排放的效果,采用单缸机试验对TCD燃烧系统在不同转速、负荷和过量空气系数下的燃烧和排放性能进行研究。试验结果表明不同工况下TCD燃烧系统燃油消耗率和Soot排放量均低于传统ω燃烧系统,燃油消耗率最大降幅为7.01%,Soot排放量最大降幅为86.67%,且低过量空气系数(1.2～1.6)下TCD燃烧系统仍具有较好的性能。为揭示TCD燃烧系统改善油气混合促进燃烧的机理,采用AVL Fire软件建立了柴油机性能仿真模型。计算结果表明,TCD燃烧系统的环状凸起结构将燃油导向内外两室,从而促进了缸内燃油发展过程,燃油当量比大于4的浓混合气区域燃油质量比例相比ω燃烧系统降幅最大为9.75%,活塞下移时TCD燃烧系统内油束撞击浅盘侧壁形成撞壁射流扩大了燃油扩散面积,从而改善了缸内油气混合质量,燃油当量比小于1的均匀混合气区域燃油质量比例相比ω燃烧系统降幅最大为7.45%,因此TCD燃烧系统能够有效改善柴油机的燃烧和排放性能,可应用于柴油机高负荷和低过量空气系数工况综合性能提升。研究结果可为柴油机燃烧系统开发和改进提供参考。     

农村互联网发展对中国玉米全要素生产率的影响

采用DEA-mamlquist指数测算2004—2019年中国17个玉米主产省(区)的全要素生产率,运用联立方程组模型实证检验农村互联网发展对玉米全要素生产率的影响及其作用机理,并分区域探讨其差异性。结果显示:2004—2019年中国玉米全要素生产率年均增长0.2%,主要依靠技术进步的单轨模式驱动。农村互联网的发展显著(P<0.01)提升玉米全要素生产率,主要依靠技术进步和技术效率的协同作用驱动。分区域来看,农村互联网发展对玉米全要素生产率均具有显著(P<0.01)的促进作用,其影响程度由高到低依次为北方春播玉米区>黄淮海平原夏播玉米区>西北灌溉玉米区>西南山地玉米区。建议进一步提高农村互联网的配套设施建设,发挥互联网“连接经济”的优势,应用多元化互联网技术,促进不同生态类型区玉米生产效率的提升。     

“一带一路”背景下陕西茶叶跨境电商发展路径研究

陕西作为丝绸之路的发源地，以其有利的自然生态条件和区域产业结构，形成了以茶叶为主导的产业发展格局。目前，陕西省茶叶出口规模不大，市场占有率较低。在“一带一路”倡议的推动下，陕西省茶叶出口至沿线国家的潜力较大，未来将逐步呈上升态势。研究了“一带一路”背景下陕西茶叶跨境电商市场发展现状和存在的问题，提出陕西茶叶跨境电商发展路径，通过借力跨境电商平台、开拓国际市场、稳固绿茶品牌、布局海外仓解决出口难的问题，以及完善跨境电商法律秩序，拓展陕西茶叶跨境电商发展路径。      

食用向日葵产量性状的遗传研究

以食葵不育系17-A26为母本、恢复系17-C19为父本,构建P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、B₁和B₂ 6个世代群体,研究了产量相关性状盘径、单株总粒数、结实率、百粒重、粒长和粒宽的后代变异及遗传率。结果表明,6个性状均为数量性状,变异幅度排序为单株总粒数>粒长>盘径>结实率>百粒重>粒宽,狭义遗传率排序为百粒重>粒长>单株总粒数>粒宽>盘径>结实率。根据遗传进度结果,百粒重、粒长、单株总粒数和粒宽宜早代根据表型选择,盘径宜晚代选择,结实率宜晚代结合多环境联合选择。     

光照对箭筈豌豆及其子代生长和繁殖特性的影响

光照不仅会影响植物自身的生长,也可能会对其子代的生长具有潜在作用。以箭筈豌豆品种兰箭1号和兰箭3号为材料,分析遮荫和自然光照下箭筈豌豆及其子代的生长特性。结果表明:光照对箭筈豌豆生长和繁殖特性的影响因基因型而异。与光照条件相比,遮荫显著降低兰箭1号生物量及茎叶比,但对繁殖分配的比例影响不显著。与此相反,遮荫对兰箭3号的生长与繁殖无显著影响;母本光照环境对箭筈豌豆子代生长特性具有一定程度的影响,且这种影响因子代植株生长的光照环境而异。当子代在遮荫环境下,母本环境显著影响兰箭1号分枝数、地上生物量、总生物量、地上/地下生物量以及兰箭3号的分枝数。但当子代在光照环境下生长时,除兰箭3号分枝数外,其他生长特性均不受母本环境影响。     

茶毫氨基酸组成及矿质元素分析

成茶白毫的多少及隐显是评定茶叶品质优劣的重要标志之一。为了明确茶毫中的化学组成,以富含茶毫的碧螺春、滇红、白毫银针及白牡丹4个茶样为研究对象,将茶毫与茶身进行分离,利用碳氮元素分析仪对其总碳、总氮及碳氮比进行分析,氨基酸自动分析仪分析其氨基酸组分,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)用来测定其主要矿质元素含量。茶毫中的C、N含量分别为2.96%~4.74%和42.87%~45.58%,其中N含量显著低于茶身(P0.01),C含量差异不显著,C/N茶毫显著高于茶身;茶毫中水解氨基酸、游离氨基酸含量分别为10.78%~12.46%和20.78~34.65 mg·g~(-1),其中水解氨基酸主要组分及总量均显著低于茶身(P0.01),游离氨基酸总量低于茶身(P0.05),而茶氨酸、天冬酰胺、甘氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸等游离氨基酸组分差异不显著,茶毫中茶氨酸所占游离氨基酸的比例显著高于茶身(P0.05);茶毫中的矿质元素普遍低于茶身,其中P、S含量极显著低于茶身(P0.01),其他元素差异不显著。由此可见,茶毫中的氨基酸和矿质元素含量并不比茶身高,但品质成分组成比例的差异赋予了富含茶毫茶叶特有的品质特征。     

橡胶树种质的分子量与分布差异及年度变化研究

[目的]对橡胶树种质的分子量与分布差异及其年度变化进行研究,为橡胶树优异种质挖掘、优良新品种选育和天然橡胶加工提供参考依据.[方法]以18份橡胶树的野生种质和栽培种质为研究对象,采取非刺激割制,在割胶期间的上中下旬采割胶乳,应用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)进行分子量测定,分析分子量大小及其年度变化情况.[结果]18份橡胶树种质的数均分子量(Mn)、重均分子量(Mw)在种质间和年度内达极显著差异(P<0.01,下同),Mn年平均值为272414~764161,变异系数为0.09~0.37,Mw年平均值为2769600~3561437,变异系数为0.06~0.15;Z均分子量(Mz)在种质间差异不显著(P>0.05),但年度内差异达极显著水平,年平均值为7220414~7697966,变异系数为0.07~0.11;多分散系数(PDI)为4.7~8.8,栽培种质较野生种质具有更宽的分布.在年度变化上,大部分种质的Mn在开割前2个月较高,7月下降后并保持平稳,PDI则相反;Mw和Mz全年呈规律性波动态势,且均在7月中旬有明显的上升趋势.对测试月份分析发现,Mn、Mw和PDI年平均值与每月的上中下旬、代表性月份(5、7和10月或6、8和10月)测定平均值的相关系数均在0.950以上;Mn和PDI在代表性月份各测定1次,与年平均值的相关系数也在0.950以上(除6月上旬外),Mw则是5月下旬和7月、10月任一旬,以及6月下旬和8月、10月任一旬的平均值与年平均值的相关性更好,分别达0.927和0.913.18份橡胶树种质的GPC曲线各自呈现出一定特征,根据低峰情况可初步分为单峰和高低双峰分布2种类型,高峰大多出现在logMw为6.5处,低峰大多出现在logMw为5.4处.[结论]Mn、Mw和PDI可作为橡胶树种质胶乳特性的遗传指标,Mz不适合作为遗传指标.Mn、Mw和PDI年度内存在一定变化,可采取代表性月份测定或每月测定.     

Leaf carbohydrates assimilation and metabolism affect seed yield of rapeseed with different waterlogging tolerance under the interactive effects of nitrogen and waterlogging

Waterlogging is a main factor causing rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) yield loss, and reasonable nitrogen (N) applications can compensate for this loss. To investigate the effects of N rates on seed yield of waterlogged rapeseed, the waterlogging-tolerant rapeseed variety ZS 9 and sensitive variety GH01 were waterlogged for 0 and 10 days with five leaves at the seedling stage under four N rates (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg/ha). Waterlogging significantly decreased seed yield, while N application can alleviate the yield loss. The yield decrease rate of waterlogged GH01 was greater than that of ZS 9 under the same N rate. During the seedling and bolting stage, the leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity increased, while activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), sucrose synthase (SuSy) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) decreased with more N under the same watering conditions. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the leaf Pn and Rubisco activity, starch and sucrose contents of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the two stages; activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the seedling while increased at the bolting stage for both the two varieties. At the flowering stage, the Pn, the activities of Rubisco, AGPase, SuSy, SPS and contents of sucrose, starch increased with more N application for both ZS 9 and GH01. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the Pn and Rubisco activity for waterlogged plants of the two varieties increased; the waterlogged plants of tolerant variety had higher activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS, while those of sensitive variety was significantly lower. However, the decreased starch and sucrose content were found in both tolerant and sensitive varieties. The activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS at flowering were highly positively correlated with yield under the interactive effects of N and waterlogging. These results suggested that the flowering stage is the most important stage that N had the positive regulation on waterlogged rapeseed growth. The carbohydrates translocation from leaves to seeds of the tolerant variety were enhanced after waterlogging, while that of the sensitive variety was still inhibited. This was the main reason for the difference in yield between the two waterlogged varieties.     

Protective efficacy of an H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine produced from Re-11, Re-12, and H7-Re2 strains against challenge with different H5 and H7 viruses in chickens

We developed an H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine by using Re-11, Re-12, and H7-Re2 vaccine seed viruses, which were generated by reverse genetics and derived their HA genes from A/duck/Guizhou/S4184/2017(H5 N6)(DK/GZ/S4184/17)(a clade 2.3.4.4 d virus), A/chicken/Liaoning/SD007/2017(H5 N1)(CK/LN/SD007/17)(a clade 2.3.2.1 d virus), and A/chicken/Guangxi/SD098/2017(H7 N9)(CK/GX/SD098/17), respectively. The protective efficacy of this novel vaccine and that of the recently used H5/H7 bivalent inactivated vaccine against different H5 and H7 N9 viruses was evaluated in chickens. We found that the H5/H7 bivalent vaccine provided solid protection against the H7 N9 virus CK/GX/SD098/17, but only 50–60% protection against different H5 viruses. In contrast, the novel H5/H7 trivalent vaccine provided complete protection against the H5 and H7 viruses tested. Our study underscores the importance of timely updating of vaccines for avian influenza control.