基于非洲猪瘟防控的生猪日粮安全探析

非洲猪瘟暴发给中国养猪业造成了严重的经济损失。在非洲猪瘟疫情防控常态化的背景下,确保生猪生产安全成为提高猪场生产力的根本。本文阐释了妊娠母猪、哺乳母猪和断奶仔猪的营养需求,依据非洲猪瘟防控的要求提出了生猪日粮饲喂安全策略,以期对提高猪的生产力、稳定生猪消费市场提供借鉴。     

生猪生产形势分析及后市展望

<正>受非洲猪瘟疫情影响,6月末,生猪存栏及能繁母猪存栏同比降幅均超过25.0%,产能去化速度较快;猪肉消费量受疫情及价格上涨双重制约,降幅达到12.1%;上半年进口猪肉81.9万吨,同比增长26.3%。综合供需分析,春节后猪肉市场供应偏紧,猪价上涨较快,上半年生猪养殖头均盈利136元。一、上半年生猪生产形势1.生猪存栏明显下降。据400个生猪定点监测县数据显示,非洲猪瘟疫情发生以来,生猪存栏及能繁母猪存栏同比降幅呈不断加大态势,今     

瓮安县猪瘟监测情况分析与对策

对瓮安县2012年上半年存栏生猪猪瘟普免情况进行抗体监测.随机抽查36个规模猪场和256户散养户的2 650头生猪,共采集血清2 650份(母猪血清1 325份、仔猪血清834份、育肥猪血清491份),规模猪场、散养户免疫抗体合格血清分别为2 100份和550份,抗体合格率分别为94.0％、84.9％.从监测结果看,规模猪场和散养户的猪瘟免疫抗体合格率均达到了农业部规定的要求(≥70％).     

中国非洲猪瘟最先在母猪群和育肥猪群发生的原因探讨

<正>随着非洲猪瘟疫情的愈演愈烈,养猪人已陷入极度恐慌。从刚开始的以小规模猪场为主要发病群体,到存栏几万头的大规模猪场也无法幸免。在各地的非洲猪瘟疫情中,无论发病猪场的规模大小,都呈现出一种中国特色的发病规律,即发生非洲猪瘟疫情的猪场,多数是先从母猪群或育肥猪群发生,而产房仔猪和保育猪要么发病延后,要么有些仔猪根本没有发病。究竟是什么原因导致这种情况发生?由于国家对非洲猪瘟病毒相关研究有极其     

对非洲猪瘟防控的几点思考

正一、关于非洲猪瘟2018年8月3日,我国确诊首例非洲猪瘟疫情在辽宁沈阳沈北新区发生。截止目前,9个月内在31个省区共发生129起非洲猪瘟疫情,其中家猪126起、野猪3起。从散养户到大型养殖场,不同规模养殖场(户)均有发生,从出栏来看,占比最高的是100～500头规模的猪场。目前行业最大的问题是能繁母猪存栏下降。2019年3月生猪存栏同比下降18.8%,能繁母猪存栏同比下降21%。     

江苏多措并举 综合施策 加快生猪生产恢复发展

正受"猪周期"和非洲猪瘟疫情叠加影响,2019年以来生猪稳产保供形势严峻。江苏省作为全国生猪生产、消费大省,在扎实有效抓好非洲猪瘟疫情防控工作的同时,积极落实稳产保供各项政策措施,加快生猪生产恢复,全力保障市场供应。一、生猪生产止跌企稳回升,回归良性发展通道据江苏省设计年出栏500头以上规模猪场全覆盖监测数据显示,2019年10月末生猪存栏环比增加1.8%(9月末为下降4.95%),能繁母猪存栏环比增加14.4%(9月末为增加12.3%);据全省8家大型养猪企业调研数据显示,10月末生猪存栏环比增加1.1%,能繁母猪存栏环比增加8.2%。以上数据表明:2019年10月全省规模猪场积极补栏,     

2019年中国猪场主要猪病检测分析与防控建议

自2018年8月3日中国猪场发生了第一例非洲猪瘟以来,给中国养猪业带来了空前的灾难,生猪存栏、生猪出栏大幅下降。2020年1月17日,国家统计局发布数据显示,2019年生猪存栏31041万头,同比下跌27.5%;生猪出栏54419万头,同比下跌21.6%。因此整个行业几乎所有人的精力都放在防控非洲猪瘟上了,有人戏称中国养猪业只有2种病:非洲猪瘟和其他病。基于这种现状,尤其是2019年上半年,几乎只要猪群稍有些异常,直接淘汰,也是很多猪场止损降风险的第一选择,因此很多猪只被冤杀,这也是造成生猪存栏大幅下降的重要原因。也正是因为非洲猪瘟的存在,整个2019年病料以及血清检测数量大幅下降。     

非洲猪瘟对我国生猪养殖的影响

在当前非洲猪瘟疫情形势趋缓和大力恢复生猪产业背景下,为了解我国生猪养殖现状及遇到的问题,以便更好地防控非洲猪瘟,加快恢复生产,2019年8—9月,自行设计调查问卷,结合现场座谈交流,对湖南、河南、重庆、辽宁、安徽等5个省(直辖市)的15个县市196个生猪养殖场(户)开展了调查。结果显示:至2019年9月,调查县市生猪养猪场(户)数较疫情发生前年份减少了50%～80%,生猪饲养模式转变为以自繁自养为主;整体生物安全措施实施率为83.2%,但年出栏500头以下中小规模养殖场(户)的实施率不足70%;被调查生猪养猪场(户)对非洲猪瘟主要传播途径和主要临床症状全部知晓的比例分别为75.0%和73.3%;非洲猪瘟疫情发生以来,88.5%的被调查养猪场(户)防治投入增加,平均每头增加约40元(20～100元);育肥猪、母猪死亡率中值分别为3.0%、5.9%。结果表明:非洲猪瘟疫情对我国各地养殖场(户)的生猪饲养模式产生了较大影响,单纯育肥模式相对减少;养殖场(户)生物安全防护意识、防控知识知晓率明显提高,但小规模养殖场(户)仍存在不足。调查提示,应强化推进规范化养殖场建设,进一步加强对非洲猪瘟防控的宣传与培训。     

市场

正生猪产能恢复迎来拐点据农业农村部监测,7月全国生猪存栏环比增长4.8%,连续6个月增长,同比增长13.1%。这是自2018年4月以来生猪存栏首次实现同比增长,也是继6月能繁母猪存栏同比增长后,生猪产能恢复的又一个重要拐点。同时,7月能繁母猪存栏环比增长4.0%,连续10个月增长,同比增长20.3%。据农业农村部对全国规模猪场全覆盖监测,7月有2916个新建规模猪场投产,2020年以来新建规模猪场投产累计     

郑州市猪瘟抗体监测及效果分析

为了分析郑州市猪瘟免疫效果,2012年从我市50家规模猪场和13家猪散养户采集1148份血清,应用酶联免疫吸附试验进行猪瘟抗体检测,结果显示,全市猪瘟抗体群体合格率为75.5%,相比而言,大中型规模猪场免疫效果较好,部分小规模场和猪散养户免疫效果较差;经产母猪和哺乳仔猪免疫效果相对较好,断奶仔猪和育肥猪免疫效果较差。     

桑树的遗传变异特点及在品种选育中的应用

我国具有悠久的桑树栽培历史,拥有3 000余份桑树种质资源,分属15个桑种和4个变种,并逐渐形成适应不同生长环境的8个生态类型。依据已有的研究结果,综述桑树遗传变异的特点包括:广泛分布、自然有性杂交和异花授粉以及缺乏稳定性选择等,促进了桑树的突变发生,形成遗传变异的多样性;无性繁殖方式产生了丰富的无性系变异;性状遗传值中非加性效应占有较大比例;无性系品种间杂种一代存在复杂的多样性分离和经济性状的普遍退化;存在丰富的多倍体系列和普遍的混倍现象等。对桑树品种选育研究提出建议:基于桑树的高度杂合习性,不仅要重视研究不同品种中加性效应在遗传值中所占比率,更要研究非加性效应所占比率及充分利用的方法;基于桑树遗传变异的多样性和丰富的无性系变异,加强无性系和田间选优育种;利用桑树混倍现象,将培育多倍体特别是三倍体品种作为一条有效的多倍体育种途径。     

Housing of dogs and cats in shelters and kennels in Switzerland

The study deals with the situation regarding housing of dogs and cats in Swiss shelters and kennels. In shelters, dogs were mainly held inside a cubicle with a small outside yard. In kennels, housing of dogs took place mainly in inside rooms. Usually two or three dogs were kept together. Cats were held in rooms, with or without outside yards, mainly in groups; no establishment preferred exclusively the housing in cubicles. Shelters received on average 183 dogs and 262 cats each year. Among them, about a third were lost animals while the remaining ones were relinquished. The study highlights some possibilities for improvements and the great diversity of the establishments regarding their size, infrastructure, housing conditions and aims.     

Evaluation of lysozyme and lactoferrin in lacrimal and other ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lactoferrin and lysozyme content in various ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues of ocular glands obtained from 15 bison and 15 cattle and tears collected from 38 bison. PROCEDURE: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect lysozyme and lactoferrin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the ocular glands. Protein gel electrophoresis was used to analyze ocular glands and pooled bison tears by use of a tris-glycine gel and SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was used to detect lactoferrin and lysozyme. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle. Equivocal staining for lactoferrin was seen for the Harder's gland in bison. An 80-kd band (lactoferrin) was detected via electrophoresis and western blots in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison, Harder's glands of cattle, and bison tears. An inconsistent band was seen in Harder's glands of bison. Lysozyme was not detected in the lacrimal gland of cattle or bison with the use of immunohistochemical analysis or western blots. Western blots of bison tears did not reveal lysozyme. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Distribution of lactoferrin and a lack of lysozyme are similar in the lacrimal gland of cattle and bison. Differences in other tear components may be responsible for variability in the susceptibility to infectious corneal diseases that exists between bison and cattle.     

Ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in cattle and humans in Zambia

Anthrax is endemic in Western and North-western Provinces of Zambia. The disease occurs throughout the year and impacts negatively on the economy of the livestock industry and public health in Zambia. During 1989-1995, there were 1626 suspected cases of anthrax in cattle in Western province and of these 51 were confirmed. There were 220 cases of human anthrax cases in 1990 alone and 248 cases during 1991-1998 with 19.1% and 7.7% case fatality rates, respectively. Interplay of the ecology of affected areas and anthropogenic factors seem to trigger anthrax epidemics. Anthrax has drawn considerable attention in recent years due to its potential use as a biological weapon. In this paper, the history, current status and approaches towards the control of the disease in Zambia are discussed. Quarantine measures restrict trade of livestock and exchange of animals for draught power resulting in poor food security at household levels. Challenges of anthrax control are complex and comprise of socio-political, economical, environmental and cultural factors. Inadequate funding, lack of innovative disease control strategies and lack of cooperation from stakeholders are the major constraints to the control of the disease. It is hoped that the information provided here will stimulate continued awareness for the veterinary and medical authorities to maintain their surveillance and capabilities against the disease. This may lead to a culminating positive impact on livestock and human health in the southern African region.     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Variation in quantity and quality of native forages and grazing behavior of cattle and goats in Tanzania

The study was conducted to assess the effects of seasonal variation in the quality and quantity of pasture and management of livestock exclosures (ngitili) on the grazing behavior of cattle and goats. The study was 2×2×2 factorial design with three independent variables: season (Dry or Rainy), ngitili management (Private or Communal) and animal species (Cattle or Goats). Focal and scan observation methods were used to record different behavioral activities. Vegetation attributes from the study areas were measured in two consecutive seasons. Most key forage species had significant higher crude protein (CP) content and in vitro organic matter digestibility (INVOMD) in rainy than in dry season (P<0.05), but Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) did not vary significantly with season (P>0.05). ADF and NDF were significantly higher in species from communal ngitili than those from private ngitili (P<0.05). Above-ground herbaceous biomass and bulk density (BD) were significantly higher in the rainy season and in the private ngitili than in the dry season and in the communal ngitili respectively. Cattle and goats spent considerably more time grazing and browsing respectively in the rainy season than in the dry season (P<0.05). Cattle foraging activities did not vary significantly (P>0.05) with ngitili management, but goats found to spend considerably more time browsing in the communal ngitili and more time grazing in the private ngitili (P<0.05). Despite the merits of stocking cattle and goats together in the heterogeneous pasture, seasonal variation in forage resources requires investigation of other strategies such as use of multipurpose trees and treatment of crop residues to improve livestock production.     

兰州地区苜蓿和红豆草根际溶磷菌筛选及菌株部分特性研究

利用溶磷圈法对苜蓿和红豆草根际不同部位溶磷细菌进行了分离,共获得分离物386个,其中137个具有溶磷能力.苜蓿和红豆草根际不同部位溶磷菌数量分布有差异.其数量为RS>RP>NRS>HP.对筛选获得的12株溶磷圈较大的菌株进行菌落形态特征观察发现,大多数菌落呈灰白色或乳白色、不规则、半透明、边缘不整齐、突起、无光泽、无色素.进一步利用钼蓝比色法对菌株分解磷矿粉能力测定显示,各菌株分解磷矿粉能力差异较大,溶磷量最大为338.4mg/ml,最小为25.9mg/ml,这与其自身溶磷机制有关.溶磷量与菌株培养液pH值之间存在显著相关性.12株菌株大部分具有分泌IAA的能力,其中LM6和LH9分泌IAA能力较强.     

精氨酸在畜禽营养生理中的应用进展

精氨酸在动物体内参不仅参与多种营养物质的合成分解代谢,同时通过精氨酸酶、一氧化氮两条代谢途径,参与机体内的免疫调节。由于断奶仔猪与哺乳母猪自身不能合成足量的精氨酸以满足代谢需要,因此需要从外源摄取以满足需求;另外,家禽体内也缺乏可以合成精氨酸的氨甲酰磷酸酶,其整个生长阶段更是需要补充外源性精氨酸。