镇江地区规模化奶牛场引起隐性乳腺炎的病原菌的耐药谱调查

奶牛隐性乳腺炎是危害奶牛业最常见的疾病之一,是困扰养殖业的一大难题。目前最常规的方法是使用抗生素进行治疗,但耐药现象较严重。本文从镇江地区某规模化奶牛场随机抽取60头奶牛、150个乳区取样,对疑似隐性乳腺炎的样本分离病原菌,通过药敏试验分析耐药谱。结果发现本地区引起奶牛隐性感染的主要病原菌是链球菌和葡萄球菌,未发现大肠杆菌,对临床常用的青霉素类、红霉素、先锋霉素VI、四环素等常用抗生素已有广泛的耐药性。     

链球菌的危害及天然化合物抗链球菌作用的研究进展

链球菌种类众多，对人类危害严重的三种链球菌为肺炎链球菌、变异链球菌与猪链球菌。目前，肺炎链球菌是导致儿童、老人死亡的重要病原菌，变异链球菌是龋齿的主要病因，而猪链球菌是人畜共患病原菌，上述三种链球菌对畜牧业和人类健康造成重大危害。然而，随着抗生素的不合理使用，这三种链球菌的耐药性逐年升高。天然化合物有毒副作用较小、不易产生耐药性的特点，是开发抗链球菌药物的重要资源宝库。文章综述了不同种类天然化合物(茶多酚类、生物碱类、黄酮类、抗菌肽类、精油类等)抗链球菌的作用(结合溶血素、作用于ATP酶、抑制拓扑异构酶、影响细菌生长分裂等),以期为研发抗链球菌的天然化合物提供参考。     

多杀性巴氏杆菌耐药机制研究进展

多杀性巴氏杆菌属于革兰氏阴性杆菌,能感染多种宿主,可引起禽霍乱、猪萎缩性鼻炎、猪肺疫、牛羊及兔的出血性败血症。随着抗生素的广泛使用,该病原菌的耐药性也在逐年增加。近几年的研究中更是经常发现部分病原菌会对β-内酰胺类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、四环素类、氯霉素类、磺胺类抗生素产生较强的耐药性。本文就多杀性巴氏杆菌对6类抗生素的药物敏感性及耐药机制进行了总结,为新药的研究以及新型疗法的建立提供理论依据。     

宁夏吴忠地区奶牛临床型乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解宁夏吴忠地区奶牛乳房炎的主要病原菌及其耐药情况,采集56份罹患乳房炎的奶牛乳样进行病原菌分离,并对分离菌进行了生化鉴定、16S rRNA基因序列分析、药敏试验以及耐药基因检测。结果表明,该地区的主要病原菌为大肠埃希氏菌和无乳链球菌,检出率分别为23.2%和14.3%。药敏试验结果表明,大肠埃希氏菌主要对头孢他啶、环丙沙星敏感,无乳链球菌主要对阿米卡星敏感。耐药基因检测结果表明大肠埃希氏菌和无乳链球菌主要对氨基糖胺类、氟喹诺酮类、四环素类药物敏感,大肠埃希氏菌对磺胺类药物耐药,对β-内酰胺类药物部分药物敏感,部分药物耐药;无乳链球菌主要对磺胺类药物和β-内酰胺类药物耐药。     

奶牛乳房炎病原菌抗生素耐药性研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是影响世界奶牛养殖业发展的最重要疾病之一,病原菌感染,尤其是葡萄球菌、链球菌和肠道菌感染是其最主要的病因。目前,抗生素治疗奶牛乳房炎仍然是最常用及最有效的方法,然而,由于抗生素不合理及大量滥用,导致奶牛乳房炎病原菌产生耐药性,且耐药菌株呈不断增多趋势,甚至出现超级耐药菌株,为奶牛乳房炎的临床治疗带来了很大的挑战。因此,文章从奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌耐药现状、耐药变化规律、产生耐药性的原因及如何减少耐药性等方面进行了综述,以期为规范临床使用抗生素和进一步提高奶牛乳房炎治疗效果提供帮助。     

动物源性链球菌红霉素耐药基因的分布

致病性链球菌可导致人和动物的各种化脓性疾病、肺炎、乳腺炎、败血症等，且部分致病性链球菌是重要的人畜共患病病原，对人畜健康均造成极大危害，已引起高度重视。大环内酯类抗生素作为青霉素药物的替代药物是治疗致病性链球菌感染的有效药物。国内外对人医重要的链球菌诸如肺炎球菌、化脓性链球菌的研究表明，临床分离株对大环内酯类抗生素的耐药率较高，     

山东荣成地区貂源铜绿假单胞菌的分离鉴定及抗药性分析

铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA),为革兰阴性菌,是医院内感染的主要条件病原菌之一。β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类抗菌药物是医院临床治疗PA感染的常用药,近年来随着新的抗药基因的不断出现,PA对这3类抗菌药物的抗药性普遍增加,甚至出现多药耐药(MDR)和泛耐药(PDR)菌株。除了对人类健康直接影响的医院及社区感染PA以外,该菌对毛皮动物如貂、狐狸和貉等危害严重,成为貂肠炎和出血性肺炎的主要病原菌,造成很大的经济损失。     

8株奶牛乳房炎链球菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

对湖南地区某奶牛场隐性乳房炎发病牛病原菌感染和耐药情况进行分析.对该牛场连续5次送检的乳样进行分离纯化培养、16sRNA PCR测序、药敏试验以及耐药基因检测.结果显示:共分离出链球菌8株.基因测序鉴定显示乳房链球菌4株、停乳链球菌2株、A群链球菌2株;药敏试验显示8株链球菌对氨苄西林、头孢拉定、万古霉素高度敏感,对阿奇霉素、四环素中度敏感,对诺氟沙星、庆大霉素、链霉素不敏感;耐药基因检测显示大环内酯类耐药基因ermB、喹诺酮类耐药基因gyrA、ParC检出率最高,与细菌耐药谱相关性不强.     

奶牛临床型乳房炎的细菌分离鉴定与耐药性分析

2011年山西省多个奶牛场发生了较严重的乳房炎,对76份采集的奶样进行细菌分离鉴定并采用药敏纸片法检测主要分离菌的抗生素耐药情况。所分离细菌以革兰氏阳性菌为主,革兰氏阳性球菌和其他革兰氏阳性菌分别占60.67%和23.59%。分离出多种病原菌和机会致病菌,主要的病原菌有链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌等,检出率为2.24%~11.24%,其中无乳链球菌的检出率最高;机会致病菌有粪链球菌、微球菌、克雷伯菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌等,检出率为1.12%~11.24%,其中粪链球菌和微球菌的检出率较大,分别为11.24%和6.74%。药敏试验检测结果显示,在所选的15种药物中,主要分离菌均对丁胺卡那霉素、氟哌酸和恩诺沙星3种药物敏感;大肠杆菌、克雷伯菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对青霉素类和β-内酰胺/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂类药物产生了极强的耐药性,耐药率均为100%;乳房链球菌对该类药物也产生不同程度的耐药,耐药率为20%~100%;对链霉素产生100%耐药的细菌有大肠杆菌、克雷伯菌、无乳链球菌、乳房链球菌、停乳链球菌等细菌;部分分离菌对卡那霉素、庆大霉素、链霉素、四环素、红霉素、先锋霉素Ⅴ、复方新诺明等药物产生不同程度耐药。被检奶牛场混合感染较为严重,应进一步加强环境卫生管理,临床治疗应合理有效用药。     

整合子与沙门菌多重耐药的关系

沙门菌是重要的人畜共患病原菌.由于在食用动物中使用抗生素造成沙门菌多重耐药性增加,耐药菌可通过被污染的食品或直接与动物接触而使人感染.细菌多重耐药机制十分复杂,目前认为主要方式是通过细菌之间的基因水平传播从环境中获得耐药基因,并已证实整合子是耐药基因储存和转移的重要结构.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。