促性腺释放激素（GnRH）在畜牧业上的应用

哺乳动物的生殖过程受脑下垂体内分泌器官的控制。丘脑下部神经元分泌的肽类激素LH—RH和FSH—RH调节着垂体前叶两种促性腺激素LH(促黄体素又称促间质细胞激素)和FSH(促卵泡素,又称精子生成素)的合成和分泌。 1.GnRH的作用和研究简况 LH、FSH存在于生物体是1920年Zondek和Aschhein首先提出,1931年Feoold从垂体中分离出它们的混合体,1938年Hartman和Beng确定LH为糖蛋白。此后,经过大量的工作,到1972年,几个实验室分别报告了人、猪、牛、羊的LH和FSH的结构及其特性。研究表明:LH对雌性具有促进黄体发育、成熟及合成和分泌孕酮及雌二醇的作用;对雄性作用于间质细胞,促进睾酮的生     

促性腺激素释放激素及其类似物的功能与应用

促性腺激素释放激素（gonadotropin releasing hormone，GnRH）是主要由下丘脑合成的直链十肽激素，以脉冲形式分泌进入丘脑下部垂体门脉系统到达垂体前叶，或进入神经分泌轴突末端，调控垂体促卵泡激素（follicle-stimulating hormone，FSH）、促黄体素（1uteinizing hormone，LH）的合成与分泌。它是神经、免疫和内分泌调节系统相互联系的重要信号分子，与性腺和胎盘及生殖功能密切相关。     

哺乳动物下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的研究进展

哺乳动物的下丘脑、垂体和卵巢分泌的激素在功能上相互作用,构成一个完整的神经内分泌生殖调节体系,即下丘脑垂体卵巢轴,它在生殖活动中起着主要的调节作用。下丘脑中分布的GnRH神经元可以分泌GnRH,GnRH调节垂体中促性腺激素细胞分泌促性腺激素FSH和LH,促性腺激素作用于卵巢受体,引起雌激素和孕酮分泌并影响生殖活动。从组织学角度上研究,下丘脑垂体卵巢轴中的结构,如GnRH神经元、促性腺激素细胞、卵泡随周期性变化而呈现出不同的形态结构和分泌特点。因此,对以上各种细胞的研究是探讨其所分泌激素的基础,而下丘脑垂体卵巢轴中的各种激素的研究则是了解和控制动物繁殖机能的关键。     

禽类下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的内分泌调节

动物生殖系统的发育和功能维持受到下丘脑-垂体-性腺（HPG）轴的调控。下丘脑、垂体、性腺在中枢神经的调控下形成一个封闭的自动反馈系统，三者相互协调、相互制约使动物的生殖内分泌系统保持相对稳定。下丘脑接受经中枢神经系统分析与整合后的各种信息，以间歇性脉冲形式分泌促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH），刺激垂体前叶分泌促性腺激素（GTH），即卵泡刺激素（FSH）和黄体生成素（LH），然后促进睾丸或卵巢的发育并分泌睾酮或雌二醇。性腺、垂体、下丘脑释放的调控因子又可以作用于上级中枢或其自身，形成长轴、短轴和超短轴反馈调节通路。     

2HRH—A在珍稀及经济动物上应用的调查

2HRH为动物下丘脑所分泌的促性腺激素释放激素.它通过神经传递到垂体前叶,调节促性腺激素FSH(促卵泡素)和LH(促黄体素)的分泌.所分泌的FSH和LH直接到达性腺,促进雌或雄性激素的合成,以达到促进生精、排卵和黄体生成的目的.LHRH一1一A则是在LHRH基础上进行结构改造,人工合成的功效与LHRH一样,作用却增强的类似物.1 珍稀及经济动物上的应用小熊猫、黑熊等都是国家重点保护的一、二级珍稀野生动物.狐、犬类又是近年来发展起来的经济、观赏动物.     

褪黑素调控动物生殖内分泌的研究进展

褪黑素(MLT)是松果体分泌的一种神经内分泌激素,具有参与免疫反应、调节生命活动的节律性等多种生物学功能,并与生殖内分泌息息相关。目前对于褪黑素的研究主要集中在人类的癌症和植物等方面,而关于动物生殖内分泌的研究较少,深度较浅。研究表明,褪黑素可以调控动物下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴生殖相关激素的内分泌作用,抑制或促进促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)、促卵泡素(FSH)、促黄体素(LH)、性腺激素的分泌。而在不同物种间,褪黑素作用效果却不同。论文综述了褪黑素对促性腺激素释放激素、促卵泡素、促黄体素、性腺激素以及其他与生殖相关激素的调控,为褪黑素调控动物生殖内分泌的的研究提供参考,以期对褪黑素在动物生殖调控中的作用更深入了解。     

GnRH脉冲对体外原代培养大鼠GTH细胞中FSHβ mRNA表达水平的影响

为了从分子水平阐述不同脉冲频率促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)对促性腺激素(GTH)分泌促卵泡素(FSH)的影响,采用细胞体外培养技术结合荧光定量PCR技术,研究体外培养大鼠原代垂体细胞在不同脉冲频率GnRH刺激下,细胞FSHβ mRNA的变化.在相同振幅条件下,低频刺激(120 min间隔)时,FSHβ mRNA表达水...     

生殖激素在畜牧生产中的应用（综述）

实践中一般把直接作用于生殖活动，与生殖机能关系密切的激素统称为生殖激素。这些激素有的来源于生殖器官之外的组织或器官，有的则是生殖器官本身所产生的。例如，下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素，来自垂体或胎盘的促性腺激素（促卵泡素、促黄体素、孕马血清促性腹激素、绒毛膜促性腺激素等）及两性性腺所产生的激素等。基于这些生殖激素在生产中有重要应用价值，我们根据这些生殖激素的来源和生理功能以及生产实践应用实例略谈几点。1神经激素（如下丘脑分泌的释放激素、催产素等）1．1促性腺激素释放激素（CnRH）。这种激素可以引起垂体促…     

非繁殖季节羊诱导发情排卵的研究进展

处于乏情状态的绵山羊,不管是泌乳性乏情还是季节性乏情,卵巢上都无发育成熟至可以排出的卵泡,也无功能黄体存在.这显然是由于垂体促性腺激素活动低下,FSH与LH的水平低,这种情况下,如果用外源的生殖激素(神经生殖激素、促性腺激素、性腺激素)或创造人工气候环境或公羊效应等其它方法引起内源促性腺激素分泌与释放,可使卵巢恢复活动,引起卵泡发育成熟至排卵.     

促性腺激素释放激素及其在母牛繁殖上的应用

<正> 促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)主要由下丘脑神经内分泌小细胞分泌,能刺激垂体前叶分泌促黄体素(LH)和促卵泡素(FSH)。在70年代以前,由于GnRH的分子结构不清楚,故根据其生理效应将GnRH分别命名为促黄体素释放因子(LH-RF或L-RF)和促卵泡素释放因子(FSH-RF)。1971年,Sc-hally和Guillemin等从数十万头猪和羊的下丘脑中     

国内生态恢复研究进展

本文介绍了生态恢复的研究进展,从生态恢复的定义、退化生态系统的指标等方面进行阐述,重点对国内在恢复生态学方面的进展做了介绍.对当前的人工草地、草地农业的研究情况做了一些概述.     

国内生态恢复研究进展

本文介绍了生态恢复的研究进展,从生态恢复的定义、退化生态系统的指标等方面进行阐述,重点对国内在恢复生态学方面的进展做了介绍。对当前的人工草地、草地农业的研究情况做了一些概述。     

Veterinary pathology in Europe in the light of the congresses of the European Society of Veterinary Pathology in the last decade

This paper presents the main trends in the activity of European veterinary pathologists in the context of their oral presentations (plenary lectures and short presentations) and posters provided during annual meetings of the European Society of Veterinary Pathology (ESVP), in the decade 1997-2006. It was found that the issue that was most often brought up in the meetings was organ pathology (566 presentations). Infectious and parasitical diseases were only slightly less frequent (548 presentations). Oncology was another common issue (404 presentations). During this decade, 52 plenary lectures were presented, 765 oral presentations and 1 072 posters. Altogether, 1 889 presentations were made, which is between 127 and 238 per year. Research by Polish scientists accounted for 3.16% of all presentations. Additionally, the subject matter discussed at the annual meetings is analysed, and the trends in the development of veterinary diagnostic pathology and broad pathology education are indicated. It is shown that veterinary pathology enhances knowledge in the field of veterinary medicine by fulfilling a cognitive and diagnostic role.     

Application of the log-linear model in the prediction of the antinuclear antibody test in the dog

To find possible associations between antinuclear antibody (ANA) pattern, ANA titer, and certain clinical changes and clinical laboratory test results in dogs, the veterinary medical records of 111 ANA-positive and 126 ANA-negative dogs were examined. Variables could not be found that had significant associations with ANA pattern (unlike the results in persons), because of the predominance of 2 patterns. A log-linear model for ANA titer adequately fit the observed frequency and included 2-way interactions between titer and polyarthritis, titer and hematologic disorders, and polyarthritis and lymphadenopathy.     

Disturbance in the growth of the radius in dogs

In a 4-year period nine dogs have been met in which there was incomplete growth of the radius. The condition was unilateral in eight dogs and bilateral in one. Two were littermates. The defect is due to premature cessation of growth of the distal growth plate of the radius but the cause of this is not precisely known. It is recognized by characteristic radiographic changes in radius length, elbow joint space and premature closure of the distal growth plate of the radius. A method of surgical treatment has been devised and has proved beneficial in five dogs. Zusammenfassung. In einer Vierjahresperiode wurden neun Hunde beobachtet, bei denen ein unvollständiges Wachstum des Radius vorlag. Bei acht Hunden war der Zustand nur auf einer Seite zu finden, bei einem Hund auf beiden Seiten. Zwei der Hunde gehörten zum gleichen Wurf. Der Mangel ist auf verfrühte Wachstumseinstellung der distalen Wachstumsplatte des Radius zurückzuführen, jedoch ist die Ursache davon nicht genau bekannt. Er wird an charakteristischen radiographischen Veränderungen der Radiuslänge, des Ellbogengelenkzwischenraums und vorzeitigem Abschluss der distalen Wachstumsplatte des Radius erkannt. Es wurde eine chirurgische Behandlungsmethode entwickelt, die sich bei fünf Hunden als nutzlich erwies. Résumé. Au cows d'une période de 4 ans on a observé 9 cas de croissance incomplète du radius chez des chiens; l'anomalie était unilatérale dans 8 cas et bilatérale dans un cas; deux chiens appartenaient à la même portée. L'anomalie est due à l'arrêt prématuré de croissance de la plaque de croissance distale du radius, mais la cause n'en est pas encore connue d'une manière précise. Le diagnostic se fait par les signes radiologiques caractéristiques, modifications de la longueur du radius, de l'articulation du coude et soudure prématurée de la plaque de croissance du radius. On a élaboré une méthode de traitement chirurgical, qui s'est montrée favorable chez 5 chiens.     

Evidence for the non-involvement of the uterus in the lifespan of the corpus luteum in the cyclic dog

Progesterone levels in peripheral blood of dogs were analysed during the cycle in which hysterectomy (n = 5) or sham surgery (n = 3) was performed as well as during the cycle of dogs (n = 5) hysterectomized at least one year prior to this study; the data were compared with the findings in control dogs (n = 3). The averages of the duration of the luteal period observed in the three experimental groups were not significantly different from those of control dogs. Immediately after surgery, the progesterone level decreased from 25 to 50% of the presurgical level, but returned to presurgical level in about four days. Prolactin levels were elevated for about 30 h after surgery. Nevertheless, the averages of the mean prolactin levels for each animal during the luteal period of the experimental groups were not significantly different from those of control dogs. It is concluded that in the dog, the uterus is not involved in the lifespan of the cyclic corpus luteum.     

Modelling the transmission of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs in the northwest and in the southwest of Morocco

Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) infection was studied in 151 dogs in two regions of Morocco: 68 dogs in the northwest (Loukkos) and 83 dogs in the southwest (Tiznit). The mean prevalence rates of echinococcosis in dogs were 58.82% (46.23-70.63%) in Loukkos and 55.42% (44.10-66.34%) in Tiznit and the mean abundances of E. granulosus per dog were 75 (59-93) and 547 (504-595), respectively. The mean abundance of E. granulosus in dogs was fitted to a negative binomial distribution by the maximum likelihood techniques to define parameters. E. granulosus was aggregated in dogs in the two regions. The prevalence of infection and the abundance of E. granulosus in dogs were fitted to mathematical models in order to determine if the parasite population is partly regulated by definitive host immunity. The best fit was obtained with the models assuming the presence of immunity. The mean time of exposure to infection was similar in the two regions and ranged from 8 months to about 2 years. The infection pressures (number of E. granulosus) obtained per dog each year were 65 (8-294) in Loukkos and 476 (316-886) in Tiznit. The proportion of dogs susceptible to infection was still high along the life of the dogs in Loukkos, while it was not different from zero in old dogs of Tiznit.