胚胎及胚后发育期鸭腔上囊淋巴细胞增殖与凋亡的研究

采用PCNA免疫组化法和TUNEL染色法,并结合光、电镜技术研究天府肉鸭胚胎及胚后发育期腔上囊淋巴细胞增殖与凋亡的动态变化规律。结果显示胚胎期腔上囊淋巴细胞增殖明显,其滤泡淋巴细胞增殖指数（PIF）随胚龄增加而逐渐增高,26d胚龄达峰值。胚后期各组滤泡皮质淋巴细胞增殖指数（PIC）和髓质淋巴细胞增殖指数（PIM）均呈下降趋势;各组PIM均明显高于PIC。胚胎期腔上囊滤泡淋巴细胞凋亡指数（AIF）随胚龄增大而逐渐增高。胚后期O～3周龄滤泡髓质淋巴细胞凋亡指数（AIM）继续增高,滤泡皮质淋巴细胞凋亡指数（AIC）则无明显变化;AIC和AIM在5周龄下降,17周龄明显升高,29周龄达峰值。胚后0～14周龄,各组AIM均明显高、于AIC,而17～29周龄AIM则明显低于AIC。凋亡淋巴细胞核呈现多种形态,线粒体肿胀,嵴断裂。结果提示淋巴细胞增殖与凋亡在鸭腔上囊胚胎及胚后发育的整个过程中普遍存在,具有明显增龄变化特性,二者协同参与腔上囊发育和退化过程。     

神经肽Y及其Y1受体阳性细胞在鸭腔上囊中的分布及发育变化(英文)

神经肽Y及其Y1受体在神经-免疫-网路中发挥着重要作用。二者在许多脊椎动物胸腺和脾脏中的表达已有研究,但它们在腔上囊中的表达及发育变化特征还未见报道。本试验应用免疫组化技术研究神经肽Y及其Y1受体阳性细胞在鸭腔上囊胚胎及胚后发育中的分布及变化特征。结果显示,在鸭腔上囊中神经肽Y及其Y1受体分别最早表达于26和22d胚龄。神经肽Y阳性细胞分布于黏膜上皮、滤泡、肌层和小动脉平滑肌。Y1受体阳性细胞分布于黏膜上皮、滤泡淋巴细胞。各部位神经肽Y及其Y1受体阳性细胞数量表现出明显增龄变化特征。结果说明鸭腔上囊中存在神经肽Y及其Y1受体,二者可能存在的相互作用主要表现在胚后发育阶段,这与B淋巴细胞的发育与分化以及腔上囊的退化密切相关。     

鸭腔上囊胚胎及胚后发育期凋亡相关蛋白的免疫组化分析

研究天府肉鸭腔上囊胚胎及胚后发育期Bcl-2、Bax、Fas、FasL蛋白的表达。将20只天府肉鸭分为4组,即24天胚龄(E24),胚后3、8、29周龄(P3、P8、P29),采用免疫组化技术。结果显示,Bcl-2、Bax、Fas、FasL在各组滤泡淋巴细胞中均有表达,FasL还表达于滤泡间上皮。滤泡皮质和髓质淋巴细胞Bcl-2阳性率呈递减的变化趋势(髓质P3～8除外);皮质和髓质淋巴细胞Bax阳性率在E24～P8恒定,P29上升;皮质和髓质淋巴细胞Bcl-2/Bax值呈下降趋势,但皮质在P3～8恒定,髓质在P3～8上升;滤泡皮质和髓质淋巴细胞Fas阳性率在E24～P3上升,P3～8下降,P8～29上升;皮质和髓质淋巴细胞FasL阳性率变化规律与Fas相似,但皮质在P3～8恒定。滤泡皮质淋巴细胞Bcl-2阳性率及Bcl-2/Bax值在E24～P8明显高于髓质,在P29则显著低于髓质;皮质淋巴细胞Bax阳性率在E24～P8与髓质无显著差异,在P29则明显高于髓质;皮质淋巴细胞Fas和FasL阳性率在E24～P8明显低于髓质,在P29则显著高于髓质。结果提示,Bcl-2、Bax、Fas、FasL是鸭腔上囊胚胎及胚...     

雏鸭腔上囊的生长及组织发育

通过对1～49日龄雏鸭腔上囊绝对质量和生长指数测定以及组织学观察,探讨雏鸭腔上囊生长及组织发育规律。结果:随日龄增长,腔上囊绝对质量逐渐增高;腔上囊生长指数21日龄达最高;黏膜大皱褶高、宽度、淋巴滤泡面积、皮质宽度均不断增加;小结相关上皮向腔面形成突起,并不断增高增宽。结果表明,雏鸭腔上囊1～14日龄生长较为缓慢,14～35日龄生长较快,35～49日龄发育基本趋于稳定,其中21～28日龄是雏鸭腔上囊生长发育的高峰时期,28日龄时,雏鸭腔上囊组织结构基本发育成熟。     

5种弥散神经内分泌细胞在鸭腔上囊中的表达特征

应用免疫组化技术并结合图像分析软件研究了胃泌素、β-内啡肽、胰高血糖素、5-羟色胺、生长押素在鸭腔上囊中的表达特征.结果显示鸭腔上囊小结相关上皮细胞呈胃泌素强阳性反应;滤泡间粘膜上皮呈β-内啡肽中强度阳性反应;淋巴滤泡皮质部有少量的β-内啡肽、胃泌素、5-羟色胺阳性细胞,呈中、强度免疫反应;淋巴滤泡髓质有胃泌素强阳性细胞;生长抑素和胰高血糖素均呈阴性反应.结果说明,鸭腔上囊中存在β-内啡肤、胃泌素、5-羟色胺弥散神经内分泌细胞,它们在淋巴滤泡皮质部的表达特征有利于其通过内分泌和旁分泌方式调节B细胞的发育.     

5种弥散神经内分泌细胞在鸭腔上囊中的表达特征（英文）

应用免疫组化技术并结合图像分析软件研究了胃泌素、β-内啡肽、胰高血糖素、5-羟色胺、生长抑素在鸭腔上囊中的表达特征。结果显示：鸭腔上囊小结相关上皮细胞呈胃泌素强阳性反应;滤泡间粘膜上皮呈β-内啡肽中强度阳性反应;淋巴滤泡皮质部有少量的β-内啡肽、胃泌素、5-羟色胺阳性细胞,呈中、强度免疫反应;淋巴滤泡髓质有胃泌素强阳性细胞;生长抑素和胰高血糖素均呈阴性反应。结果说明,鸭腔上囊中存在β-内啡肽、胃泌素、5-羟色胺弥散神经内分泌细胞,它们在淋巴滤泡皮质部的表达特征有利于其通过内分泌和旁分泌方式调节B细胞的发育。     

鸡胚免疫器官组织学发育过程观察

通过对孵化至12-21日龄鸡胚的免疫器官胸腺、脾及腔上囊进行组织学连续性观察，较为详细地描述了鸡胚免疫器官的组织发育过程。观察结果显示，胸腺的组织结构发育和形成较早，自12日龄起胸腺就已形成原始的胸腺小叶；虽然脾在12日龄时就已初具轮廓，但脾直到18日龄才开始隐约形成形态可辨的红髓和白髓；腔上囊淋巴滤泡自鸡胚发育到17日龄时即渐趋明显，但完整的滤泡皮质和髓质结构在出壳前仍然处于分化成熟阶段。     

不同日龄火鸡腔上囊组织形态结构的研究

为了探讨火鸡腔上囊的组织形态结构及其发育规律,为火鸡的免疫接种和疾病研究提供理论基础。分别取不同日龄火鸡的腔上囊,常规石蜡组织制片,显微镜下进行对比观察,比较不同日龄火鸡腔上囊的组织形态结构。研究结果表明,火鸡腔上囊的基本组织结构与其它禽类基本相似,从内至外依次由黏膜、黏膜下层、肌肉和浆膜4层组成。与其它禽类腔上囊相比,火鸡腔上囊的黏膜和黏膜下层所形成的纵行皱襞和小皱襞要发达得多;黏膜上皮全部为假复层柱状上皮,黏膜的固有膜内腔上囊小结也相对发达。火鸡腔上囊随着日龄的增加而逐渐发育,母火鸡至208日龄时达最大,公火鸡则迟于母火鸡几周,以后又逐渐退化。     

白羽王鸽胚胎期胸肌肌纤维发育规律及相关基因表达分析

实验旨在研究白羽王鸽胚胎期胸肌肌纤维发育规律，并分析肌纤维发育相关基因在胸肌发育过程中的表达变化规律。采集鸽不同孵化时间胸肌组织，利用石蜡切片技术研究胸肌肌纤维发育规律，利用RT-qPCR技术检测肌纤维发育相关基因在胸肌发育过程中的表达变化规律。结果显示，鸽肌纤维在12胚龄时仍处于成肌细胞增殖和分化的混合期，14胚龄时肌细胞融合程度进一步上升，16胚龄时肌细胞增殖和分化基本完成，至出雏时肌纤维已基本发育成熟。在鸽胚胎发育过程中，胸肌肌纤维直径逐渐增加，肌纤维密度呈现先增加后降低的趋势。基因表达结果显示，Myf6表达量随着胚龄的增加不断上升，至出雏达到最大表达量；MyoD呈现先下降后上升的趋势；MyoG表达呈现持续下降的表达趋势，至出雏达到最低表达量；MSTN 12～14胚龄表达量下降，14胚龄后显著回升，至出雏达到最大表达量。综上所述，本研究结果有助于深入理解鸽骨骼肌发育规律，为进一步研究白羽王鸽骨骼肌生长发育调控机理提供理论参考。     

鸡成肌细胞及不同品种肌肉组织的FAFFAF1 mRNA表达特征分析

以矮小品系S2系鸡和隐性白羽鸡作为试验素材,采用q-PCR技术及SPSS分析软件,研究Fas相关因子1(Fas-associated factor 1,FAF1)在两个品种胚胎期至生长期骨骼肌发育中的差异性的表达模式及在成肌细胞增殖和分化期的表达特征。结果表明,FAF1在两品种胚胎期胸肌组织的表达都显著高于出雏后其他发育时期(P0.05),但FAF1在S2系鸡整个胚胎期及出雏当天的表达都显著高于隐性白羽鸡(P0.05);在腿肌组织中,隐性白羽鸡中,在10日胚龄时FAF1的表达量显著高于其他胚龄(P0.05),并随胚龄的增加表达量逐渐下降,在6周龄时表达量显著低于2、4、8、16周龄(P0.05),S2系鸡中,10日胚龄时FAF1的表达量显著高于其他发育时期(P0.05),从胚胎期至出雏后6周表达量随周龄的增加逐渐减少。除6周龄外,FAF1在S2系鸡其他发育时期的表达都显著高于隐性白羽鸡。在鸡原代成肌细胞中,FAF1 mRNA 在分化期的表达显著高于增殖期(P0.05),并随诱导分化时间的延长表达量逐渐升高。结果表明:FAF1 mRNA 表达呈现明显的品种和组织差异性,该基因可能以不同的方式参与调控胸肌、腿肌发育过程,为进一步研究该基因调控肌肉发育的分子机制提供了理论依据。     

The histological observations on the large intestine of the goose (Anser anser) during the pre- and post-hatching periods

The development of the cecum and colon in the goose was investigated during the period from the 15th to 28th day of the incubation and from 1 to 30 days of age after hatching by light microscopy. By day 15 of the incubation, in the cecum and colon, the lumen was surrounded by pseudostratified epithelium. The previllous ridges appeared at 15th and 17th days of the incubation in the colon and ceca, respectively. At the base of previllous ridges, the epithelium changed into a simple prismathic epithelium at 15th and 17th days of the incubation in the colon and cecum, respectively. The villi appeared at the 21st days of the incubation. The crypts and goblet cells appeared on the first day after hatching. In the pre-hatching period, the lamina muscularis mucosa was present only in the colon. The submucosa consisted of loosely aggregated connective tissue in the pre-hatching period. In the post-hatching period, it consisted of a very thin layer of connective tissue. Its presence was only obvious where the cells of the submucosal nerve plexus or occasional large blood vessels considerably increased its thickness. The nerve plexus corresponding to the Auerbach's plexus of the mammalian intestine and submucosal nerve plexus appeared by 15th days of the incubation. From the 15th to 28th day of incubation, the tunica muscularis consisted of circular smooth muscle cells in the ceca. On the 28th day of the incubation a thinner longitudinal muscle layer added to the circular muscle layer. In the colon there was an outer longitudinal and a thicker circular muscle layer.     

Age-related functional changes in the follicle-associated epithelium of the bursa of Fabricius in Shaver Cockerels

A study of the age-related functions of immunologically important components of the bursa of Fabricius in Shaver cockerels showed that endocytosis of carbon particles by the specialised follicle-associated epithelium was at a high level from hatching until 5 weeks of age and thereafter declined until at 18 weeks it could no longer be detected. The follicle-associated epithelium had marked non-specific esterase activity during the first 15 weeks of life as determined by a standard acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase method. The absolute weight of the bursa was at a maximum at 9 to 10 weeks. Involution began before 14 weeks and was complete by 22 weeks. The results indicate that the critical period for the bursa in regard to acquiring immunity from either local vaccination or environmental challenge is likely to be within the first five weeks of life.     

Age-related functional changes in the follicle-associated epithelium of the bursa of Fabricius in Shaver cockerels

A study of the age-related functions of immunologically important components of the bursa of Fabricius in Shaver cockerels showed that endocytosis of carbon particles by the specialised follicle-associated epithelium was at a high level from hatching until 5 weeks of age and thereafter declined until at 18 weeks it could no longer be detected. The follicle-associated epithelium had marked non-specific esterase activity during the first 15 weeks of life as determined by a standard acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase method. The absolute weight of the bursa was at a maximum at 9 to 10 weeks. Involution began before 14 weeks and was complete by 22 weeks. The results indicate that the critical period for the bursa in regard to acquiring immunity from either local vaccination or environmental challenge is likely to be within the first five weeks of life.     

Influence of recombinant duck follistatin protein on embryonic muscle development and gene expressions

Follistatin (FST) acts as a positive regulator of muscle development by inhibiting the activities and expression of myostatin. The recombinant duck FST protein was injected into hatching eggs and was also added to the medium of duck myoblast to study its role on duck embryonic muscle development and gene expressions. Duck embryo weight increased 3.49% (p > 0.05) in FST treatment group as compared with control group, but minor effects were found on leg or breast muscle weights of ducklings at 2 days post‐hatching (p > 0.05). Relative expression of Pax7 was upregulated in both leg and breast muscle tissues (p < 0.05), while MyoD was only upregulated in leg muscle (p < 0.05), and Myf5 was only upregulated in breast muscle (p < 0.05). Relative expression of myostatin was downregulated in both muscle tissues researched (p < 0.05). In vitro studies also showed some maker genes relevant to protein synthesis and degradation, cells’ proliferation and differentiation had significant changes in myoblasts after treated with FST. These results suggested that in ovo feeding of recombinant FST protein to duck hatching eggs had an effect on duck embryo development but have less roles on the duck embryonic muscle development.