四川规模化猪场仔猪黄、白痢的分子流行病学研究

在系统鉴定、药敏试验和血甭型鉴定的基础上,对52株致病性大肠杆菌和4株标准血清型大肠杆菌进行了质粒DNA分析,结果表明,菌株的质粒得率为100%,来源相同的菌株具有相同或相似的质粒图谱,来源不同的菌株具有不同的质粒图谱,质粒DNA分析为四川规模化猪场致病性E.coli的分子流行病学调查提供了科学依据。质粒图谱与血清型及耐药谱之间无明显关系。     

四川规模化鸡场鸡致病性E.coli血清型、耐药性和质粒图谱的研究

从四川10个规模化鸡场分离的经生化鉴定、动物回归试验获得46株鸡致病性E.coli。对46株鸡致病性E.coli进行了耐药性、血清型鉴定和质粒DNA分析的研究。试验结果表明：鸡致病性大杆菌易产生耐药性，且多为多重耐药；鉴定出36株大肠杆菌的O血清型共16种，占鉴定菌株的78.3%；流行的主要血清为O89、O141、O119、O127和O131，共22株，占定型菌株的61.6%，鸡致病性大肠杆菌血清型多，各地血清型各类差异大；质粒得率为100％，来源相同的菌株有相同或相似的质粒图谱和酶切图谱，来源不同的菌株质粒图谱一般不同，同一血清型可以有不同的质粒图谱。     

山西省致病性猪大肠杆菌分离及生物特性研究

研究从山西省主要养猪区80多个养猪场(户)的病死猪及疑似大肠杆菌病猪粪便、肠道、肛门等部位采集病料接种于营养琼脂平板、麦康凯琼脂平板、伊红美蓝培养基等纯化培养,将疑似菌落革兰氏染色、镜检;对初步分离菌经生化试验、致病性试验、大肠杆菌O抗原血清型鉴定等,对山西省流行的猪大肠杆菌病病原进行生物学特性研究。研究结果表明,病原菌纯化、镜检结果有123株疑似菌株符合猪大肠杆菌形态特征;生化试验中有8株病原菌产生H2S,有5株病原菌VP试验、枸橼酸盐利用试验是阳性,这13株病原菌不符合猪大肠杆菌的生化特性,其余110株病原菌符合大肠杆菌生化特性;致病性研究结果表明有97株病原菌是致病性猪大肠杆菌;大肠杆菌O抗原血清型鉴定结果:94株血清型分属于36个血清型,其中O138、O101、O9、O107、O141有35株,共占所鉴定分离菌株的37.2%,这几种血清型均为山西这80多个猪场目前流行的优势血清型,通过鉴定摸清了流行在山西省猪致病性大肠杆菌血清型特点、优势血清型菌株及分布状况。这一研究结果为山西省制定猪大肠杆菌病防治策略提供了依据。     

鸡致病性大肠杆菌生物学特性的相关性研究

对来源于河南省新郑地区的14株鸡致病性大肠杆菌进行了致病性试验、血清型鉴定、耐药性试验和质粒图谱检测,并对其相互关系进行了分析研究,结果表明:菌株的血清型与其致病性、耐药性、质粒图谱均无一定的相关性;菌株的致病性与其耐药性、质粒图谱有一定的关系,耐药种类越多的菌株其致病性越强,质粒图谱中含有相对分子量较大的质粒条带的菌株其致病性较强;并且耐药图谱的复杂性与其质粒图谱中的条带数无一定的相关性.     

用质粒DNA指纹图谱分析法研究鸡源大肠杆菌的流行病学特征

从北京市郊区数个集约化养鸡场的大肠杆菌感染鸡群的死鸡，毛蛋的心血中分离到３３株细菌，经形态、培养特性及生化反应鉴定为大肠埃希氏杆菌简称大肠杆菌。对其中１９株作本动物回归试验结果表明，全都为致病性大肠杆菌。从而证明从死鸡（毛蛋）心血中分离到的大肠杆菌与其致病性密切相关。质粒指纹图谱技术是目前医学界用于细菌性疾病流行病学调查，病原追踪的一项新技术，本试验３３株细菌的质粒指纹图谱结果表明，北京郊区数个集     

云南多重耐药猪源大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及其耐药机制初步研究

从云南省3个规模化猪场仔猪黄白痢病猪病例分离到7株革兰氏阴性小杆菌,用生理生化鉴定、药敏试验和致病性试验对分离菌株进行鉴定,并提取细菌的质粒,分析质粒与细菌耐药性之间的相关性。结果表明:7株分离株经生理生化试验鉴定为仔猪黄白痢大肠杆菌,对小白鼠有强致病性,分离株对15种抗生素表现为多重耐药,其中14耐1株、13耐2株、11耐2株、8和8耐以下2株,头孢类抗生素是治疗仔猪黄白痢的首选药物,表明云南猪大肠杆菌已经呈现出十分严重的耐药性。质粒图谱分析表明,4株分离株均携带分子量约为5000bp的一个质粒,而另外3株不携带任何质粒。质粒转化实验表明,分离株所携带的质粒为非耐药性质粒,与细菌耐药性无直接相关性。     

2012～2014年江西地区副猪嗜血杆菌分离株ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析

在对15种副猪嗜血杆菌血清型参考株鉴定获得15种不同ERIC-PCR指纹的基础上,对2012~2014年分离自江西地区41株副猪嗜血杆菌临床分离菌株进行指纹鉴定。结果表明,41株副猪嗜血杆菌产生20种不同的指纹图谱,相同血清型的菌株表现出不同的指纹图谱,无法进行血清分型的副猪嗜血杆菌应用该方法可得到充分区分。该方法证实副猪嗜血杆菌ERIC-PCR指纹图谱存在丰富的多样性,可适用于副猪嗜血杆菌的快速基因分型及分子流行病学调查。     

猪致病性大肠杆菌的质粒指纹图谱分析

在系统鉴定和药敏试验的基础上，对７０株致病性大肠杆菌进行了质粒指纹图谱分析。结果，菌株的质粒得率为１００％，可分为３２种质粒谱型。分离菌株在遗传距离０．１４０处聚成４类，在遗传距离０．２２４处聚成一大类。来源相同的菌株具有相同或非常相似的质粒图谱和质粒酶切图谱，来源不同的菌株具有不同的质粒图谱和质粒酶切图谱。来源相同菌株的质粒谱相同，而耐药谱可相同亦可不同，两者之间无明显规律。     

猪源大肠杆菌耐药性质粒的监测研究

在１１５株猪大肠杆菌耐药性监测的基础上,提取耐药类型最普遍的５株耐药菌的质粒进行质粒指纹图谱分析。结果表明：同一来源、耐药类型相同的菌株有相似的质粒图谱,来源不同者,酶切图谱有提示出它们之间的同源性,说明质粒指纹图谱可作为流行病学调查的工具。     

猪源耐药大肠杆菌质粒及酶切图谱分析

为了解河北省猪源耐药大肠杆菌的质粒携带情况,追踪耐药菌株的同源性,试验对已经过系统鉴定及药敏试验的12株猪源大肠杆菌进行质粒提取并使用限制性内切酶HindⅢ酶切,进行质粒谱型分析,探讨大肠杆菌耐药性与质粒及其酶切图谱之间的关系。结果表明:分离菌株质粒的获得率为100%;来源相同的菌株一般有相同或相似的质粒酶切图谱,来源不同的菌株酶切图谱大多不同,但亦有相同的。说明河北省不同地区的大肠杆菌也有同源性菌株存在;大肠杆菌的质粒携带与细菌的耐药性之间并没有明显的对应关系。     

鸡源大肠杆菌的耐药性监测及生物学特性研究

从山东省诸城地区6个集约化养鸡场采集50只病死鸡病料,从中分离鉴定得到32株大肠杆菌,对其进行了12种常规药敏试验,发现分离的菌株有不同程度的耐药性。对14株优势血清型菌株进行了质粒DNA提取分析,然后用Hind Ⅲ限制性内切酶对质粒进行了酶切。结果表明,质粒的得率为100%,来源相同的菌株具有相同或相似的质粒图谱,也就是说它们有共同的起源;来源不同的菌株的质粒图谱一般不同,即有不同的起源。将血清型和质粒图谱比较,结果发现,同一血清型可以有不同的质粒图谱,不同血清型可以有相似的质粒图谱,血清型与质粒图谱没有直接的联系。     

Characterization of Escherichia coli strains obtained from layer chickens affected with colibacillosis in a commercial egg-producing farm

The present study reports colibacillosis of layer chickens in a commercial egg-producing farm in western Japan. Three flocks of chicken at 18-21 weeks of age were affected during the initiation of egg lay. Postmortem examination revealed pericarditis, perihepatitis, airsacculitis, subcutaneous inguinal lesion, and injured cloaca. Escherichia coli was isolated from the lesions of the affected birds. Twenty-two of 26 E. coli isolates (84.6%) obtained from 18 birds in the 3 flocks showed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns that were considered to be closely associated to each other and arbitrarily designated as pattern A. All the 22 isolates with the PFGE pattern A harbored the putative virulence genes, astA, iss, iucD, tsh, and cva/cvi. Additional 2 PFGE patterns (B and C) were also found in E. coli isolates obtained from the affected flocks and had the putative virulence genes in combinations different from those in the pattern A strains. The results suggested that certain E. coli virulence genes and host factors, such as initiation of egg lay may be associated with occurrence of colibacillosis.     

Plasmid analysis and epidemiology of Salmonella enteritidis infection in three commercial layer flocks.

Ninety-six S. enteritidis isolates obtained from three commercial layer flocks in 1988-90 were examined following DNA extraction, restriction enzyme digestion, and gel electrophoresis for plasmid size profiles and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The S. enteritidis isolates from the three flocks had three, eight, and two different plasmid profiles, respectively. Only four isolates from one flock lacked plasmids. A 36-megadalton (mDa) (54-kilobase) plasmid was present in 73% of the isolates, either alone or in combination with other plasmids. Isolates with only the 36-mDa plasmid had identical RFLPs. The diversity of plasmid profiles was greater than that of phage-types among isolates from the three flocks: 12 unique plasmid profiles vs. four phage-types. Mixed infections with S. enteritidis strains having distinct plasmid profiles occurred in all three flocks. Reinfection of these flocks in 1990 with one or more of the strains obtained earlier was evident, because some of the original isolates and the 1990 isolates had matching plasmid profiles and were of the same phage-types. Isolates from both environmental and tissue samples, examined from one flock, were found to share the same plasmid profile and phage-type.     

Pathogenic and fecal Escherichia coil strains from turkeys in a commercial operation

The biochemical phenotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 105 clinical Escherichia coli isolates from flocks with colibacillosis in a turkey operation were compared with 1104 fecal E. coli isolates from 20 flocks in that operation. Clinical isolates and 194 fecal isolates with biochemical phenotypes or minimum inhibitory concentrations for gentamicin and sulfamethoxazole similar to clinical isolates were tested for somatic antigens and the potential virulence genes hylE, iss, tsh, and K1. The predominant biochemical phenotype of clinical isolates contained 21 isolates including 14 isolates belonging to serogroup 078 with barely detectable beta-D-glucuronidase activity. Thirty-five fecal isolates had biochemical phenotypes matching common phenotypes of clinical isolates. Sixty-six (63%) clinical isolates exhibited intermediate susceptibility or resistance to gentamicin and sulfamethoxazole compared with 265 (24%) fecal isolates (P < 0.001). Seventy-seven clinical isolates reacted with O-antisera, of which 51 (66%) belonged to the following serogroups: O1, O2, O8, O25, O78, O114, and O119. In comparison, 8 of 35 (23%) fecal isolates subtyped on the basis of biochemical phenotype belonged to these serogroups and four of 167 (2%) fecal isolates subtyped on the basis of their antimicrobial resistance patterns belonged to these serogroups. Iss, K1, and tsh genes were detected more often among clinical isolates than these fecal isolates (P < 0.05). In summary, a small subgroup of E. coli strains caused most colibacillosis infections in this operation. These strains existed at low concentration in normal fecal flora of healthy turkeys in intensively raised flocks. The data suggest that colibacillosis in turkey operations may be due to endogenous infections caused by specialized pathogens.     

Transmission of Pasteurella multocida on California turkey premises in 1988-89.

Restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) of whole-cell DNA was used to determine possible sources of Pasteurella multocida for each outbreak of fowl cholera occurring in turkey flocks in eight commercial poultry companies in California from October 1988 to September 1989. Over this period, 179 isolates of P. multocida were obtained from dead turkeys in 80 meat and breeder flocks on 43 premises. P. multocida was isolated from wildlife on five premises. Isolates were characterized by subspecies, serotype, presence of plasmid DNA, and REA type. In 52 (65%) flocks, all isolates of P. multocida had the same REA pattern as the M9 live vaccine strain following digestion of DNA with the restriction enzyme SmaI. Field strains of P. multocida were obtained from 27 (34%) flocks, and one flock (1%) yielded both M9 and a field strain of the organism. REA of field strains of P. multocida revealed 17 different SmaI REA types. Based on matching SmaI REA types, potential sources of P. multocida were identified for 15 of the 28 flocks infected with field strains of the organism, and transmission between turkey premises was a possibility in only seven flocks.     

猪、鸡致病性大肠菌不同菌株质粒DNA及某些微生物学特性比较

对河南部分地区鸡和猪的5株致病性大肠杆菌进行了血清学试验、药物敏感试验、生化试验,并提取质粒DNA进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳,以比较不同菌株之间的差异.结果表明,耐药性与质粒电泳图谱有一定关系;耐药性强的菌株的提取DNA进行电泳后未见质粒条带,耐药性差的菌株电泳后质粒条带清晰.生化反应相近的菌株其质粒电泳图谱也相似.本研究为细菌的分类及本病的防制方法提供了新思路.     

Molecular investigation of Escherichia coli strains associated with apparently persistent urinary tract infection in dogs

Persistent Escherichia coli urinary tract infection (UTI) in dogs is a frustrating clinical problem. Affected dogs often appear to fail to respond to therapy or to reacquire infection shortly after therapy is completed. Urovirulence factors (UVFs) of the infecting E. coli, antibiotic resistance, and tissue colonization may be contributory but have not been evaluated in dogs with persistent E. coli UTI. In this study, the strain types of E. coli in dogs with persistent UTI were evaluated with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to determine whether persistence was due to acquisition of new isolates or failure to eradicate existing isolates. UVFs in these isolates, assessed by polymerase chain reaction, and antibiograms were correlated with treatment outcome in these dogs. Results documented a mixed pattern: 9 dogs remained chronically infected with 1 or 2 strains, each with distinct reproducible UVFs, but 1 dog was infected with numerous unrelated E. coli strains over time. Two dogs had a mixed pattern, consisting of 1 or more episodes of persistent E. coli infection attributable to a single strain in addition to episodes caused by unrelated strains. Many isolates had no detectable UVFs, highlighting the likely importance of impaired colonization resistance in the affected dogs. Antibiotic resistance was common, often in response to previous treatments, especially with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Antibiotic resistance patterns differed significantly within PFGE strain types, suggesting lateral acquisition of resistance plasmids or integrons. These results can be used to help guide testing for and management of persistent E. coli UTI in dogs.     

An outbreak of Mycoplasma synoviae infection in North Carolina turkeys: comparison of isolates by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and restriction endonuclease analysis.

Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) isolates made in 1988-89 from turkey flocks in North Carolina, Missouri, and Ontario, Canada, were compared with each other and MS reference strains (WVU-1853, F10-2AS, Neb-3S, and K1968) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of cell proteins and restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) of DNA. SDS-PAGE and REA indicated considerable homology among MS reference strains and recent field isolates. However, sufficient differences were resolved to identify the MS reference strains as different from each other and the field isolates, and to classify seven of nine recent field isolates as a cluster of nearly identical strains. The results suggest that flocks infected with members of the cluster were epizootiologically associated, possibly by a common or point source of infection.     

Persistence of cellulitis-associated Escherichia coli DNA fingerprints in successive broiler chicken flocks

Avian cellulitis in broiler chickens is primarily caused by Escherichia coli. Previous research found that the E. coli isolates of cellulitis origin were unique to each ranch, suggesting that these E. coli were endemic within the ranch environment. To test the hypothesis that the E. coli associated with cellulitis are endemic in the litter of the broiler house, we designed a study to determine whether E. coli DNA fingerprints associated with cellulitis persist over successive flocks that are grown in the same house. In addition, we assessed the impact of different cleaning and disinfection strategies on this persistence. Two broiler houses were followed on each of five farms over 3-4 flocks. A total of 353 E. coli isolates from cellulitis lesions were analyzed in this study, and 314 of these isolates (89%) were DNA fingerprinted by PFGE. In each ranch, there were several DNA fingerprint patterns that were present over successive flocks, regardless of the cleaning and disinfection strategy utilized. Isolates persisted as long as 191 days, implying that these E. coli are capable of persisting in the broiler house environment for long periods of time. In addition, these E. coli isolates were associated with cellulitis lesions in successive flocks. Thus, the isolates of E. coli that are associated with cellulitis in broiler chickens appear to be endemic in the litter environment of the broiler house.