人工瘤胃发酵饲料对肉猪的饲养试验

本试验以工业生产的人工瘤胃发酵饲料作供试材料,经化学分析测试和用曲酒糟、三七统糠、麦麸作比较,对48头生长肉猪进行饲养试验。结果表明:人工瘤胃发酵饲料的质量,比未经发酵的稻草饲料粗蛋白质提高25.0%,并含17种氨基酸,粗脂肪提高42.1%,粗纤维降解29.8%;每1公斤消化能为1.27Mcal,比稻草饲料消化能为负值有质的差异。对肉猪适口性好,适应性强;依肉猪不同生长发育阶段日粮中配合10%～35%较为适宜;以平均日增重计,1公斤风干瘤胃饲料的营养价值分别相当于1.26公斤曲酒糟、1.05公斤三七统糠、0.75公斤麦麸(P<0.05);每1公斤增重比曲酒糟组、三七统糠组节省精料1.78公斤、0.29公斤,比麦麸组多耗精料0.58公斤;胴体瘦肉率比三七统糠组高3.2个百分点。它是一种能取代糟楂、糠类饲料,节省部分精料且营养较好的粗饲料。     

统糠在生长育肥猪日粮中的应用效果

统糠因其粗纤维含量高、价格低、来源广、作为日粮纤维来源受到养猪生产者的关注,该次试验对统糠在生长育肥猪日粮中的应用效果进行了观察。结果表明:在生长育肥猪中后期的饲料中添加统糠(5%~15%),前3周猪的生长速度和饲料报酬要受到一定的影响,而后可以提高猪的生长速度和饲料报酬,且在一定的范围(5%~15%)内随着添加量的增加而近一步改善,由于统糠价格比较低,可降低饲料成本。     

次粉掺入统糠粉末的快速鉴别方法

次粉和统糠粉末在外观上比较相对似，若在次粉中掺入一定比例统糠，难用肉眼分辩清楚。因此，不良经销商往往将廉价的统糠混入次粉中，以牟取暴利。笔者经多次探索，发现通过下列方法可鉴别次粉是否掺有统糠。 1感观检查 次粉具有特殊的香甜味及面粉味，而统糠具有尘土味，若掺入统糠较多时，可用味觉进行分别；另外统糠颗粒比较硬，手捻粗糙，有刺感。 2镜检 取 1－ 2克样品，置于小烧杯中，加入 40ml－ 50ml水 (不用搅拌 )，捞取上浮物，在体视显微镜下观察，若看到有茸毛的屑片，用小捏子翻转，观察到外表面具有横纹线，可初判样品掺…     

微生物发酵统糠与啤酒糟饲喂公牛对比试验的效果研究

本试验旨在研究饲喂肉牛微生物发酵统糠的效果。试验选择9头年龄接近,体重270kg左右生长发育正常的二元公牛,随机分为3组,每组3头,对照组饲喂"基础日粮+啤酒糟",试验1组饲喂"基础日粮+50%啤酒糟+50%微生物发酵料",试验2组饲喂"基础日粮+微生物发酵料",试验进行183天。结果显示,与对照组相比,试验1、2组的终重、全期增重、全期日增重均有所降低,3组间均差异不显著(P0.05),全期日增重分别比对照组下降5.28%、2.80%,增重1kg的总饲料成本分别比对照组增加0.18元、减少0.45元。试验结果表明,肉牛日粮中添加微生物发酵统糠,对肉牛日增重没有影响,同时增加了肉牛养殖的经济效益,微生物发酵统糠替代啤酒糟在肉牛日粮中可行。     

添加统糠和青贮宝对裹包青贮芦笋茎叶发酵品质的影响

为提高芦笋茎叶的青贮品质,研究添加统糠和青贮宝对青贮芦笋茎叶饲用品质的影响。芦笋茎叶于含29.4%干物质时收获,粉碎至2cm后分别按100g/kg鲜重、25g/鲜重添加统糠、青贮宝。结果发现,对照组汁液渗出和霉变损失较多,或因鲜芦笋茎叶含水率较高;与对照组相比,统糠和青贮宝能显著提高裹包芦笋茎叶的感官品质,降低pH(P0.05);统糠组和青贮宝组的粗蛋白含量在青贮前后变化不大(P0.05),而对照组的粗蛋白含量显著高于青贮前(P0.05);青贮宝能够显著降低青贮过程因微生物发酵引起的干物质损失和有机物损失(P0.05),而统糠组与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。综上,统糠和青贮宝均能提高裹包青贮芦笋茎叶的发酵品质,建议裹包青贮前适度降低鲜芦笋茎叶含水量。     

日粮纤维类型和酶对鹌鹑生长性能、消化酶活力及血液指标的影响

文章旨在研究日粮纤维类型和酶添加水平对鹌鹑生长性能、消化酶活力及血清生化指标的影响。试验将1080只平均体重一致的1日龄鹌鹑随分为4组，每组6个重复，每个重复45只。试验采用2×2因子设计，即2种纤维类型（麸皮和统糠），酶添加水平为0和50 mg/kg，试验期为28 d。结果：统糠组鹌鹑的末重及饲料效率较麸皮组分别显著提高0.29%和3.13%（P＜0.05），而50 mg/kg酶组鹌鹑的末重及饲料效率较0 mg/kg酶组分别显著提高0.26%和3.13%（P＜0.05）。无论日粮添加酶与否，统糠组鹌鹑十二指肠淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性及空肠相对重量均显著高于麸皮组（P＜0.05），而日粮添加50 mg/kg复合酶显著提高了十二指肠胰蛋白酶活性及十二指肠和回肠相对重量（P＜0.05）。统糠组鹌鹑血清尿酸和高密度脂蛋白浓度显著低于麸皮组（P＜0.05），无论日粮纤维类型如何，添加50 mg/kg复合酶显著降低了血清高密度脂蛋白浓度（P＜0.05）。结论：日粮添加统糠作为不溶性纤维可以提高鹌鹑的体重、饲料效率、十二指肠淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性，同时无论纤维类型如何，补充50 mg/kg复合酶均可降低鹌鹑血清高密度脂蛋白浓度。 [关键词]纤维|酶|鹌鹑|消化酶|血液指标     

腐植酸钠对酵母菌发酵特征的影响

试验通过在种子液培养基中添加腐植酸钠,探讨腐植酸钠对酵母菌发酵特性的影响。将腐植酸钠按不同比例添加到酵母菌种子液培养基中,以活菌数为指标筛选腐植酸钠的最适添加量;再将含有最适比例腐植酸钠的酵母菌种子液接种到稻壳粉、精料、豆粕和统糠4种固态培养基中,测定发酵产物中的活菌数,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和真蛋白质含量等指标。试验结果为:种子液中添加1%~4%的腐植酸钠对酵母菌的生长有明显促进作用,当腐植酸钠添加量为2%时,酵母菌活菌数最高(P0.05)。种子液中添加腐植酸钠可明显改善酵母菌在固态培养基中的发酵特性:种子液中添加腐植酸钠可显著提高4种固态发酵基质中酵母菌的活菌数,且在豆粕中提高量最大(P0.05);可显著降低精料、豆粕、统糠发酵物中的可溶性糖含量,提高稻壳粉中可溶性糖的含量,其中统糠中可溶性糖含量降低最为明显(P0.05);可显著提高精料发酵产物中可溶性蛋白质含量(P0.05),对稻壳粉、豆粕和统糠三种培养基中可溶性蛋白质含量的影响不显著(P0.05);可显著增加稻壳粉、精料、豆粕和统糠4种培养基中真蛋白质含量(P0.05),其增加率由高到低依次为:稻壳粉、精料、统糠、豆粕。结果显示,种子液中添加腐植酸钠可显著影响酵母菌固态发酵的特征,进而提高发酵效果,改善发酵饲料品质。     

怎样合理使用统糠喂猪

我们常称的统糠是指谷壳的粉碎糠。如果另加20%的米皮,叫二八统糠;加30%的米皮,就是三七统糠。也有些粮食部门全部卖谷壳粉的统糠。统糠是我区农家养猪重要的饲料资源。但是要使用合理,才能充分利用,提高经济效益。诚然,统糠喂猪由于其粗纤维不易消化,吸水量大,可以填充胃肠,使猪有饱的     

规模养牛场微生物发酵垫料的构成比例试验

为了研究减少规模养牛场粪污对环境污染的方法,利用本地盛产的老甘蔗叶、玉米秸秆、稻草及木糠、统糠为基础垫料,对用微生物菌种发酵的垫料构成比例和发酵周期进行探讨,设置3个试验组(秸秆∶木糠∶统糠比例分别为:5∶3∶2、3∶5∶2、2∶3∶5),每组重复2次。6个月后,3个组均无污水外流,且牛肢蹄类病均由原来的年平均发病率8%降低至2.5%;每10吨垫料成本:试验I组3 400元、Ⅱ组3 800元、Ⅲ组4 600元;发酵效果Ⅱ、Ⅲ组等同,I组较差。本试验综合比较看:规模养牛场可利用本地秸秆资源(老甘蔗叶、玉米秸秆、稻草)、木糠和统糠混合做垫料,通过微生物发酵,可减少粪污对环境的影响;也可降低牛肢蹄类病的发病率。垫料的构成比例以秸秆3∶木糠5∶统糠2为宜。     

阿拉伯木聚糖作为大米副产物中主要的非淀粉多糖对其消化率的影响

文章旨在研究糙米、碎米、米糠、米糠粕和统糠中碳水化合物的组成及体外干物质消化率和体外有机物消化率,同时评估大米副产品干物质和有机物体外消化率与碳水化合物成分中纤维含量的相关性。试验分析了碎米、糙米、米糠、米糠粕和统糠的总能、干物质、灰分、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤木质素、粗蛋白质以及粗脂肪含量,同时分析了5种大米副产物的淀粉含量,并以非淀粉多糖、纤维素、可溶、不溶性非纤维素多糖以及木质素为指标对其纤维浓度进行定量。结果显示:米糠总能和粗脂肪含量最高(P<0.05),碎米和糙米中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤木质素和灰分含量显著低于米糠、米糠粕和统糠(P<0.05)。统糠中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤木质素和灰分含量最高(P<0.05),而粗蛋白质含量最低(P<0.05)。碎米和糙米淀粉含量大于80%,米糠和米糠粕淀粉含量低于27%,统糠淀粉含量最低,但粗纤维含量最高。米糠粕中阿拉伯糖和糖醛酸含量高于其他大米副产物,而统糠木糖含量最高,米糠中木糖的含量只有0.01%。碎米和糙米干物质和有机物体外消化率均显著高于其他大米副产物(P<0.05),干物质和有机物体外消化率与中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤木质素、不溶性非纤维多糖、纤维素、非淀粉多糖、可溶性纤维、不溶性纤维和粗纤维含量均表现为显著负相关效应(P<0.05)。结论:除了统糠主要以纤维素为主要组分外,其他大米副产物的多糖成分主要是阿拉伯木聚糖。随着纤维含量的增加,大米副产物干物质和有机物体外消化率不断降低。     

环腺苷酸对豚鼠生长和脂代谢的影响

体重、健康状况相近的断奶豚鼠60只，均分为5组，分别以生理盐水，3种不同剂量的cAMP和CNT增重刑处理后，测定不同日龄豚鼠的体增重，血液中游离脂肪酸（FFA）、激素敏感脂酶（HSL）活性，血液、脂肪和肝组织中cAMP以及腺苷酸环化酶（CA）活性。结果表明，cAMP具有显著的促增重作用，且与剂量相关；cAMP可使血中FFA、HSL、cAMP升高，也可使脂肪和肝组织中cAMP和CA增加，而且这种增加与剂量相关。证明cAMP可改变体内能量的分配，激活HSL，增加脂肪的利用率和蛋白质在体内的沉积，从而增加生长豚鼠的体增重。CNT具有与cAMP相似的作用。     

Lectinhistochemical and cytometrical evaluation of the corpus luteum of the rat at the end of pregnancy

Most studies on the biochemistry and structure of the corpus luteum have focused on elucidating the processes of progesterone synthesis and release. In the present work, the histochemical composition of the corpus luteum of the rat was evaluated using lectinhistochemistry on rats at the end of pregnancy (days 18-23). We also analysed the morphology of the luteal cells, to characterize the changes attributable to regression in this organ. Seven biotinylated lectins were used (CON-A, WGA, DBA, SBA, PNA, RCA and UEA-I) following pre-set protocols (ABC method). The average diameter and area of the cells and their nuclei were measured. High reactivity of the luteal cells was observed with CON-A and a lower reactivity with WGA. The capillary endothelium gave positive reactivity with WGA and to a certain extent with SBA, PNA and RCA. Vesicular structures were intensely stained with DBA, and were more abundant in sections from animals with more advanced pregnancy, which could be attributable to cellular debris, on the basis of their morphologic characteristics. There were no significant differences among the cytometric variables analysed in comparisons of the values corresponding to the different days of gestation. These observations, together with previous research, suggest that, on the day of delivery, the corpus luteum of the rat is in the very early stages of structural regression, with no changes at the morphological level, but with changes at the molecular level.     

Neurotoxicologic effects of the nonionic contrast agent iopamidol on the leptomeninges of the dog

The effect of iopamidol on the leptomeninges was tested and compared with that of metrizamide and normal saline solution in 18 dogs. Pathologic and clinical effects were evaluated at 24 hours and 14 days after cisternal injection of iopamidol, metrizamide, or normal saline solution. Pathologic changes were evaluated by microscopic examination of serial CSF samples and of sections of brain and spinal cord with the leptomeninges intact. Clinical changes were subjectively evaluated. Electromyograms and EEG were performed on each dog after physical and neurologic examination. There were no changes seen in neurologic status, electromyogram, or EEG in any of the dogs immediately after subarachnoid injection nor at 24 hours or 14 days later. Pathologic changes were limited to mild, moderate, or severe patchy hemorrhagic leptomeningitis seen at 24 hours after iopamidol or metrizamide was injected. The severity of changes were judged to be similar with both these agents. The CSF analysis and histologic evaluation of brain and spinal cord sections revealed a neutrophilic response to iopamidol and a mononuclear response to metrizamide. These findings indicate that iopamidol has minimal neurotoxicologic effect on the leptomeninges and therefore has merit as a myelographic agent.     

The influence of the width of the saddle tree on the forces and the pressure distribution under the saddle

As there is no statistical evidence that saddle fit influences the load exerted on a horse's back, this study was performed to assess the hypothesis that the width of the tree significantly alters the pressure distribution on the back beneath the saddle. Nineteen sound horses were ridden at walk and trot on a treadmill with three saddles differing only in tree width. Kinetic data were recorded by a sensor mat. A minimum of 14 motion cycles were used in each trial. The saddles were classified into four groups depending on fit. For each horse, the saddle with the lowest overall force (LOF) was determined. Saddles were classified as "too-narrow" if they were one size (2 cm) narrower than the LOF saddle, and "too-wide" if they were one size (2 cm) wider than the LOF saddle. Saddles two sizes wider than LOF saddles were classified as "very-wide". In the group of narrow saddles, the pressure in the caudal third (walk 0.63 N/cm(2)+/-0.10; trot 1.08 N/cm(2)+/-0.26) was significantly higher compared to the LOF saddles (walk 0.50 N/cm(2)+/-0.09; trot 0.86 N/cm(2)+/-0.28). In the middle transversal third, the pressure of the wide saddles (walk 0.73 N/cm(2)+/-0.06; trot 1.52 N/cm(2)+/-0.19) and very-wide saddles (walk 0.77 N/cm(2)+/-0.06; trot 1.57 N/cm(2)+/-0.19) was significantly higher compared to LOF saddles (walk 0.65 N/cm(2)+/-0.10/ 0.63 N/cm(2)+/-0.11; trot 1.33 N/cm(2)+/-0.22/1.27 N/cm(2)+/-0.20). This study demonstrates that the load under poorly fitting saddles is distributed over a smaller area than under properly fitting saddles, leading to potentially harmful pressures peaks.     

The Relationships of the Avifauna of the South West Arid Area of Africa

Many white-faced whistling ducks (Dendrocygna viduata) have responded to European colonization by overwintering on irrigation and stock-watering ponds in the semi-arid interior of South Africa. I studied the body condition, diet, behaviour and moult intensity of whitefaced whistling ducks prior to departure for breeding areas during spring 1995. Other than higher protein levels in immature males than immature females, there were no sexual differences in body mass or levels of lipid, protein, or ash in adults or immatures. Adults were heavier than immatures and had higher levels of ash. There were no sex- or age-related differences in the proportion of individual food items consumed, 96.6% of which was maize. By foraging on neighbouring agricultural fields, birds were able to spend large portions (80%) of the day/night in comfort-related activities (preen, loaf, sleep) and little time foraging (8.8%) while on ponds. There were no sex- or age-related differences in overall moult intensity score or intensity of moult in 20 feather areas. With exception of primaries and secondaries, birds were moulting moderately to heavily in all feather regions. Agricultural ponds permit whitefaced whistling ducks to overwinter close to breeding areas, while the high availability and energy content of maize enables them to attain higher spring fat levels than birds that overwinter on traditional sites closer to the coast. Intensive agriculture has probably contributed to the population increase and range expansion of white-faced whistling ducks in South Africa.     

Biological activity of LH during the peripartum period and the estrous cycle of the ewe

Biological activity of luteinizing hormone (LH) is related to the degree of glycosylation of the glycoprotein hormone. The objectives of this study were to determine changes in biologically (BLH) and immunologically (ILH) active LH concentrations in plasma (in vitro bioassay and radioimmunoassay, respectively) and in the ratio of BLH to ILH (B:I) during the peripartum period and during the estrous cycle of the ewe. Blood samples were collected daily 4 days before through 4 days after parturition and during one estrous cycle. Also, samples were collected at 15-min intervals for 6 hr on Days 3 and 12 of the estrous cycle to quantify the influence of an elevated plasma concentration of progesterone (P) on the episodic secretion profiles of BLH. Progesterone concentration was determined on the 4th days pre- and post-partum, on each day of the estrous cycle and at hourly intervals on Days 3 and 12 of the cycle to investigate the hypothesis of an inverse relationship between P and BLH. The BLH and ILH concentrations were low during the peripartum period, and the B:I ratio did not increase by the 4th day postpartum. Mean ILH concentration was greater (P less than .05) in the postpartum than during the prepartum period. During the estrous cycle, mean daily B:I ratio was consistently above unity except for the day of estrus. The pre-ovulatory LH surge (BLH and ILH) was associated with a decrease (P less than .05) in the mean B:I ratio to 0.0065. Mean concentrations of BLH and ILH in plasma samples collected every 15 min on Day 12 were similar to Day 3 of the cycle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

An investigation on the influence of feline flea allergy on the fecundity of the cat flea

Survival, egg production and egg viability of fleas allowed to feed on eight flea-allergic and six flea-naive cats were compared. Fifty fleas, in feeding cages or free roaming, were allowed to feed on the cats. Flea-allergic cats removed significantly more free-roaming fleas than did flea-naive cats. Female fleas produced fewer eggs on flea-allergic cats than on flea-naive cats regardless of feeding method. There was no significant difference in egg viability between the two groups. The data suggest that flea-allergic cats efficiently removed fleas by grooming and that they also produce unknown factor(s) that affect the fecundity of fleas.     

Case-control investigation of the factors affecting the risk of horses falling during steeplechase racing in the UK

A concurrent case-control study of 12 UK racecourses was made between March 1, 2000, and August 31, 2001, to identify and quantify the factors associated with the risk of horses falling in steeplechase races. Cases were defined as a jumping effort at a steeplechase fence that resulted in a fall and controls were defined as a successful jumping effort over any steeplechase fence at any of the 12 racecourses within 14 days before or after the case fall. Information on the horse, the jockey and the race were collected and all the fences on all the courses were surveyed. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between the predictor variables and the risk of falling. There was one fall per 254 jumping efforts. The risk of a horse falling decreased the more times it had raced on a particular racecourse. The number of fences, the distance from the previous fence and the nature of the previous fence also affected the risk of falling. If the previous fence was a water jump the risk of falling increased; fences that were sited on flat or slight uphill gradients (up to approximately 1 in 25) were associated with a lower risk of horses falling than downhill fences, and higher takeoff boards were associated with a higher risk of falling.     

Effects of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pig

Effects of age and diet composition on amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and intestinal contents, pancreas weights and body weights were determined from birth to 56 d. A total of 120 pigs, five to seven pigs/litter from 18 litters, were slaughtered at birth, 14, 27, 29, 31, 42 and 56 d. Litters were allotted to dietary treatments (corn-soy, A; corn-soy + 20% dried whey, B; corn-soy + 5% lard, C) and offered these diets as creep feed at 14 d. All pigs were weaned at 28 d, placed in elevated nursery pens and fed their respective diets. Total activities of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pancreas and small intestine increased (P less than .05) with age. Both trypsin and amylase activities, measured per kilogram body weight or gram pancreas weight, were low at 29 d in the intestine and increased to 56 d. Pigs on diet B had the highest level of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents (P less than .05). Trypsin activity in the pancreas (units/kg body weight) was lowest (P less than .05) for pigs on diet B and highest (P less than .05) for those on diet C (units/g pancreas and units/kg body weight). Amylase activity (units/kg body weight) was lower (P less than .05) in the pancreas for pigs on diet B than for those on diets A and C. Pigs on diet A had lower (P less than .01) intestinal amylase activities than those on diets B and C. Enzyme activities in the intestinal contents and pancreas were low following weaning. In the pancreas, activities decreased at 31 d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Fluoroscopic study of the birth posture of the sheep fetus

Video-taped fluoroscopy was used in a research programme to review the characteristic attitudes of fetal limbs, head, neck and trunk, throughout the course of physiologically normal parturition in sheep. Nine fetuses from eight ewes were monitored during the whole process of natural birth by means of image-intensified X-ray fluoroscopy. All nine births were spontaneous and full term; with one exception they were unassisted. In all examinations the ewes were placed on their left sides on the X-ray table and lightly restrained with loose rope shackles. At parturition the ewes were fully conditioned to the examination procedure and had considerable limb mobility which allowed them to strain naturally during labour. No treatment was given to induce parturition or sedation. The consistency of observations was notable. A major finding was in the postural adaption of the forelimbs, taking the form of carpal extension with extreme flexion of the elbow and shoulder joints. This prepartum posture persisted throughout parturition in all monitored cases and is suggested as normal. The moulding effect of uterine contractions evidently acted on the hindquarters, contributing to their bunched (flexed) posture until mid-expulsion of the fetus. Full extension of all the hind limb joints occurred promptly when the fetal stifle region contacted the maternal pubis at terminal expulsion.