奶山羊饲养管理几要点

1选择优良品种饲养奶山羊,品种选择很关键,只有选择一个好的品种,才可能产生好的经济效益。目前,奶山羊的饲养品种和种群有50多个,世界上比较著名的品种有瑞士的萨能奶山羊、吐根堡奶山羊,法国的阿尔卑奶山羊、德国的改森奶山羊及我国的西农萨能奶山羊、关中奶山羊、崂山奶山羊     

奶山羊品种介绍

全世界有奶山羊品种和品种群５０多个，其中以瑞士的萨能、吐根堡，法国的阿尔卑等品种比较著名。我国自己培育的关中奶山羊、崂山奶山羊、唐山奶山羊、延边奶山羊等品种均是以萨能奶山羊为父本、当地土种奶山羊为母本进行级杂交而培育成功的。１萨能奶山羊我国的萨能奶山羊上个世纪三十年代初自美国输入，先饲养在河北定县，１９３７年秋引入西北农学院（现为西北农林科技大学）向全舍饲型奶山羊方向选育，经过西北农林科技大学６０多年严格地近亲选育和风土驯化，已形成体格高大、产奶量高、适应性广、遗传性强、改良地方品种效果十分显著…     

崇仁麻鸡mtDNA D-loop区遗传结构与遗传多样性分析

为研究崇仁麻鸡线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)D-loop区遗传多样性和遗传结构，试验采用PCR产物直接测序的方法，测定崇仁麻mtDNA D-loop区的全序列，并与其他5个红色原鸡亚种进行系统进化关系分析。结果显示：30个样本的mtDNA D-loop区序列长度范围为1 231～1 232 bp，共发现27个多态位点，单倍型多样性（Hd）、核苷酸多样性（Pi）和平均核苷酸差异（K）数值分别为0.947、0.006 89和8.476。群体中16种单倍型划分为A、B、C和E单倍型类群。研究表明，崇仁麻鸡具有较高的线粒体遗传多样性，可能来源于不同的母系。     

世界山羊业的发展概况及特点(续完)

2.3世界奶、毛用山羊品种及发展概况 　　2.3.1奶山羊品种及发展概况在50多种世界著名的奶山羊品种中,瑞士优良品种就有像萨能、吐根堡、阿彭策尔和上哈斯力等,从整体情况看,这些瑞士品种无疑是当今奶山羊业中影响力最大的,尤其是萨能羊,它是世界上最优秀的奶山羊品种之一,世界各地都有分布.现有的奶山羊品种几乎半数以上都程度不同地含有萨能奶山羊的血缘.除了瑞士莎能、吐根堡和上哈斯力外,美国奶山羊协会认可的奶山羊品种还有美国小耳拉曼查、法国阿尔卑、非洲努比等.这些品种的产奶量虽然不及萨能奶山羊和吐根堡奶山羊,但含脂率高,因而受到饲养者的欢迎.德国更森与短毛褐羊、捷克短毛白奶山羊、俄罗斯白奶山羊、巴基斯坦比陶羊及我国的崂山、关中奶山羊等品种也可生产较理想的山羊奶,具备了优良奶用品种的基本特征,部分奶山羊的产地、生态类型及主要的生产性能见表5.……     

雷琼牛mtDNA D-loop遗传多态性研究

对雷琼牛6个个体的mtDNA D-loop区910 bp进行分析,检测到2种单倍型,其核苷酸多态位点5个,约占所测核苷酸总长的0.55%,其中有2个转换,2个颠换,1个插入/缺失.雷琼牛mtDNA D-loop区核苷酸多样度（π值）为0.15%,单倍型多样度（H）为0.33,表明雷琼牛mtDNA遗传多样性贫乏.经比较分析,雷琼牛起源于瘤牛.     

广西3个地方黄牛品种mtDNA D-loop区序列多态性及起源分析

【目的】探究广西3个地方黄牛品种线粒体DNA控制区（mtDNA D-loop区）序列的多态性及其母系起源,为广西地方黄牛品种的选育、系统分类和开发利用提供科学依据。【方法】利用PCR扩增、测序和生物信息学方法对广西3个地方黄牛品种（南丹黄牛、隆林黄牛和涠洲黄牛）mtDNA D-loop序列进行多态性分析与系统发育进化树构建。【结果】从广西3个地方黄牛品种127个个体mtDNA D-loop区序列中检测到27种单倍型,其核苷酸多态位点65个,多态位点占所测核苷酸总长（908~912 bp）的7.143%,其中有61个转换、3个颠换和1个转换/颠换共存。广西3个地方黄牛品种mtDNA D-loop区单倍型多样度（H）为0.339~0.795,核苷酸多样度（π）为 0.31%~2.54%,表明广西3个地方黄牛品种mtDNA D-loop区的遗传多样性存在较大差异,其中,南丹黄牛具有更丰富的遗传多样性,隆林黄牛次之,涠洲黄牛的遗传多样性较贫乏。聚类分析结果表明,广西3个地方黄牛品种具有普通牛和瘤牛2大母系起源,受瘤牛起源影响更明显。【结论】广西3个地方黄牛品种具有瘤牛和普通牛两大母系起源,但受瘤牛影响更明显。隆林黄牛与南丹黄牛为瘤牛和普通牛的混合母系起源,而涠洲黄牛为纯正的瘤牛母系起源,因此,应加强对广西地方黄牛品种资源,尤其是对涠洲黄牛品种资源的保护力度。     

江淮水牛线粒体D-loop区和Cytb基因遗传多态性及系统发育分析

为研究安徽江淮水牛群体的分子种质特性,本试验测定了江淮水牛2个亚群共82个个体的线粒体D-loop区和细胞色素b基因完整序列,分析了序列遗传多态性及系统进化关系,并结合GenBank中已发表的141条中国水牛D-loop序列,进行了联合分析。结果在D-loop区内共发现核苷酸多态位点91个,组成104个单倍型,其中32个是在江淮水牛中新发现的单倍型。总体mtDNA D-loop区核苷酸多样性为(0.015 43±0.001 42),单倍型多样性为(0.948±0.009)。其中,江淮水牛的mtDNA D-loop区核苷酸多样性为(0.014 89±0.002 32),单倍型多样性为(0.955±0.013),表明其群体遗传多样性丰富,群体变异性水平与中国其他水牛群体接近。根据线粒体D-loop区单倍型构建系统树和进化网络,显示江淮水牛存在沼泽型水牛线粒体支系A和B,表明其具有2个线粒体母系来源,其中B支又分为b1和b2两个亚支;针对细胞色素b基因的进化分析也支持这一结论。这些研究结果为今后开展江淮水牛遗传资源的保护和利用提供了客观依据。     

山羊品种遗传资源介绍

我国山羊品种资源十分丰富,生态类型多样,分布范围广泛。2006年中国畜禽遗传资源名录（山羊）上录有西藏山羊、辽宁绒山羊、柴达木山羊等43种地方品种,关中奶山羊、崂山奶山羊等4种培育品种,萨能山羊、安格拉山羊、波尔山羊等3种引入品种,共50个山羊品种。本文介绍中国畜禽遗传资源名录中的部分山羊、各地饲养的山羊及最近录入中国畜禽遗传资源名录的山羊,仅供各地专业人员和山羊饲养爱好者了解参考并有鉴别性的饲养,以促进我国各地山羊种质资源的保护和生产可持续发展。     

基于mtDNA D-loop序列分析探究青海雪多牦牛的遗传多样性及母系遗传背景

为从分子水平上探究青海雪多牦牛的母系遗传多样性及遗传背景,对33头雪多牦牛的线粒体DNA(mt DNA)D-loop区部分序列进行了测定,统计计算了多态位点、单倍型数目、核苷酸多样度和单倍型多样度。结果表明:在获得的636 bp D-loop序列中,排除3处插入/缺失后共检测到42处多态位点,其中单一多态位点9处,简约多态位点33处;共确定了19种单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.9000±0.043,核苷酸多样度为0.01173±0.00305,表明雪多牦牛具有丰富的母系遗传多样性;系统发育分析结果表明,雪多牦牛19种单倍型可分为2个支系,推测其具有2个母系起源。     

利用线粒体D-loop区分析家鸭品种遗传多态性与系统进化

通过线粒体DNA控制区的结构和多态性来研究我国家鸭的遗传多态性与系统进化。利用DNA测序技术测定了我国9个家鸭品种106个个体线粒体DNA控制区多变序列。序列分析结果显示:A、C、T、G碱基的平均含量分别为25.6%、33.3%、15.2%和25.9%。检测到34个变异位点,约占分析位点总数的5.1%,有转换、颠换、插入/缺失4种类型的变异。确定了31种单倍型,其中单倍型A7为家鸭的主体单倍型,品种之间有9种共享单倍型。9个家鸭品种单倍型多样度(Hd)平均为0.798,核苷酸多样度(Pi)平均为0.28%,单倍型多样度在荆江麻鸭中最高,其次是攸县麻鸭和恩施麻鸭,在文登黑鸭中最低。9个品种家鸭之间双参数距离范围为0.001 3~0.004 4。31个家鸭单倍型序列的系统发生分析表明,9个家鸭品种只有1个母系起源,没有发现东亚斑嘴鸭对9个家鸭品种起源有贡献的证据。     

奶山羊AGPAT6基因多态性与生长性状的关联分析

利用限制性片段长度多态性聚合酶链反应技术对549只西农萨能和关中奶山羊群的AGPAT6基因遗传多态性与生长性状(体高、体长和胸围)的相关性进行研究.结果表明AGPAT6基因存在4个单核苷酸多态性:P1、P2、P4与P10位点分别位于5′UTR (g.152G＞C)、内含子2(g.8124G＞A)、外显子4(g.9263C＞G)和3′UTR(g.16436G＞A).经关联分析,P2、P4和P10三位点在西农萨能奶山羊和关中奶山羊品种中都属于中度多态,4个SNPs的不同基因型对两个奶山羊品种的生长性状影响均不显著(P＞0.05).     

山羊生长分化因子9基因FecTT突变检测

本研究采用PCR-RFLP方法检测生长分化因子9(growth differentiation factor 9, GDF9)基因FecTT突变在济宁青山羊、贵州白山羊、大足黑山羊、陕南白山羊、古蔺马羊、马头山羊、波尔山羊、成都麻羊、萨能奶山羊、文登奶山羊、板角山羊、金堂黑山羊、关中奶山羊、川东白山羊、安哥拉山羊、辽宁绒山羊、内蒙古绒山羊等17个山羊品种中的分布。结果表明,在17个山羊品种中都未检测到FecTT突变,提示,GDF9基因影响Thoka绵羊高繁殖力的FecTT突变对以上17个山羊品种的繁殖力均没有显著影响。     

D‐loop sequence mitochondrial DNA variability of Sarda goat and other goat breeds and populations reared in the Mediterranean area

To provide useful knowledge on goat breed origin and history, we studied the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 69 goats from five different breeds, Camosciata delle Alpi, Maltese, Nubian, Saanen and Sarda, and one population, the Tunisian. All goats analysed displayed a moderate haplotype and nucleotide diversity. The highest was in the Sarda – the autochthonous breed reared in Sardinia. On the basis of mtDNA control region sequences, animals showed a high genetic haplotype diversity, 35 haplotypes were each represented by a single sequence and only a few haplotypes were shared among the animals. New haplotypes of goats reared in the Mediterranean area were identified and the majority of Italian goats belonged to haplogroup A. This result confirmed worldwide distribution and diversity of haplogroup A.     

High prevalence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eimeria</Emphasis> infection in dairy goats in Shaanxi province,northwestern China

A survey of dairy goats for infection with Eimeria species of coccidia was conducted in the Shaanxi province, northwestern China between December and November 2010, including Saanen and Guanzhong breeds. A total of 584 fecal samples (250 and 334 from Saanen and Guanzhong dairy goats, respectively) in six farms were collected. Eimeria oocysts were seen in 568 (97.3%) fecal samples, with six species, namely Eimeria jolchijevi, Eimeria arloingi, Eimeria alijevi, Eimeria caprina, Eimeria hirci, and Eimeria christenseni. The most prevalent were E. arloingi in Saanen and Guanzhong dairy goats, with an overall prevalence of 83.3% and 84.4%, and the lowest prevalence were E. christenseni (26.9%) and E. hirci (20.7%) for Saanen and Guanzhong Dairy goats, respectively. Two or more Eimeria species were commonly presented in all the age groups; 80.0% and 81.4% of positive Saanen and Guanzhong dairy goats carried more than two species, and 1.6% and 6.5% of two breeds had six species. The results of the present survey suggested that Eimeria infection is wide and severe in the Saanen and Guanzhong dairy goats, which suggested that integrated strategies should be implemented to prevent and control coccidial infection in dairy goats in this province.     

Genetic Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Sequences in Huili Black Goat

To explore the genetic diversity and origin for genetic resource protection of Huili Black goat, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop was investigated. mtDNA D-loop sequences of 41 goats were analyzed by PCR, sequencing techniques, and biological information and the phylogenetic trees were constructed. The mtDNA sequences of the Huili Black goat ranged from 1211 to 1213 bp, and 2 sequences were 1211 bp, 29 sequences 1212 bp, and 10 sequences 1213 bp. The content of A+T (60.1%) was higher than one of G+C (39.9%). There were 9 haplotypes, and the haplotype diversity was 0.842+0.00368. The nucleotide diversity was 0.01542+0.00034. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Huili Black goat was distributed in a branch, and were closed to Jianchang Black goat, Chengdu Ma goat, Jintang Black goat, Guizhou White goat, Guizhou Black goat, but they were less related to Capra falconeri. Huili Black goats had rather abundant genetic diversity, and were greatly affected by other goat breeds in history.     

不同品种绵羊和山羊主要先天性免疫指标的比较

对4个山羊品种和4个绵羊品种的7项主要先天性免疫学指标进行了检测并比较。对动物进行颈静脉采血,制备血清,用ELISA试剂盒测定IL-1、IL-2、IL-6、IL-18、IFN-γ、NK细胞、血清溶菌酶。利用生物统计学的方法和原理,以品种和品种来源地为应变量对检测结果进行比较分析。结果表明,山羊当地品种的NK和LYS高于引进品种（P〈0.05）;绵羊引进品种的IL-1、IL-2、IL-6、IL-18、IFN-γ、NK、LYS均明显高于地方品种（P〈0.01）。在不同品种之间,莱芜黑山羊NK和LYS水平高于崂山奶山羊、波尔山羊和鲁波山羊,萨福克羊的IL-1、IL-6、IL-18、IFN-γ、LYS水平最高且差异极显著（P〈0.01）。小尾寒羊IL-18、IFN-γ水平最低且差异极显著（P〈0.01）。说明不同种群绵羊、山羊的先天性免疫水平存在显著差异,为以后抗病育种提供合理的试验数据。     

Comparison of nematode infections of the gastrointestinal tract in Angora and dairy goats in a rangeland environment: relations with the feeding behaviour

A study was conducted in order to examine the possible influence of feeding behaviour on differences in the diversity and the intensity of nematode infections of the gastrointestinal tract between two breeds of goats placed in the same rangeland environment. Within the same flock bred on rangeland conditions, 10 Saanen dairy goats and 14 Angora goats were surveyed for 5 months (from May to September) and parasitological and behavioural parameters were measured. The level of nematode infection was estimated by monthly measurements of faecal egg counts whereas the feeding behaviour was assessed every fortnight. During the whole survey, nematode egg excretion was repeatedly higher in the Angora goats compared to the Saanen ones and significant differences were observed in May and September. This difference in egg excretion was related to major difference in feeding behaviour between the two breeds. In contrast with the Saanen does, Angora goats did not show any browsing and resting activities at any date of observation. Hence, Angora goats can be considered mainly as grazers whereas Saanen goats exhibit feeding activities close to browsers. The relative influence of feeding behaviour and host immune response on the susceptibility to gastrointestinal nematode infection in goats is discussed.     

A survey of the prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in goats in New Zealand and a comparison of the latex agglutination and indirect fluorescence tests.

Anti-Toxoplasma antibody titres in 185 sera from clinically normal goats from 14 farms were assayed by both the latex agglutination and the indirect fluorescent antibody tests. The animals were of various breeds including Angora, New Zealand feral, Angora×feral, Saanen and Toggenburg. A high level of agreement between the two tests was obtained with 83.8% of titres corresponding to within one dilution and 96.8% to within two dilutions. In both tests, titres of 1:64 and above were considered positive. A total of 298 goat sera from clinically normal kids (n = 88), yearlings (n = 65) and adults (n = 145) from 17 farms were examined by the latex agglutination test. The prevalence of positive sera was 7% in kids, 23% in yearlings and 37% in adults. There was a significantly higher prevalence of positive sera in dairy than in fibre breeds.     

大足黑山羊与其他山羊品种血液生理生化指标的比较分析

为了研究大足黑山羊血液生理生化指标与其他羊种的差异,试验采用全自动血液细胞分析仪和全自动生化分析仪测定了大足黑山羊、南江黄羊和萨能奶山羊的31个血液生理生化指标,并与其他山羊进行比较分析。结果表明:不同山羊品种部分生理生化指标比较接近,但一些主要的生化指标也存在着一定差异。说明不同品种山羊在生长的地理环境、适应能力、免疫能力、营养水平、生长速度、生产性能等方面存在差异。     

Variation in the prion protein sequence in Dutch goat breeds

Scrapie is a neurodegenerative disease occurring in goats and sheep. Several haplotypes of the prion protein increase resistance to scrapie infection and may be used in selective breeding to help eradicate scrapie. In this study, frequencies of the allelic variants of the PrP gene are determined for six goat breeds in the Netherlands. Overall frequencies in Dutch goats were determined from 768 brain tissue samples in 2005, 766 in 2008 and 300 in 2012, derived from random sampling for the national scrapie surveillance without knowledge of the breed. Breed specific frequencies were determined in the winter 2013/2014 by sampling 300 breeding animals from the main breeders of the different breeds. Detailed analysis of the scrapie‐resistant K₂₂₂ haplotype was carried out in 2014 for 220 Dutch Toggenburger goats and in 2015 for 942 goats from the Saanen derived White Goat breed. Nine haplotypes were identified in the Dutch breeds. Frequencies for non‐wild type haplotypes were generally low. Exception was the K₂₂₂ haplotype in the Dutch Toggenburger (29%) and the S₁₄₆ haplotype in the Nubian and Boer breeds (respectively 7 and 31%). The frequency of the K₂₂₂ haplotype in the Toggenburger was higher than for any other breed reported in literature, while for the White Goat breed it was with 3.1% similar to frequencies of other Saanen or Saanen derived breeds. Further evidence was found for the existence of two M₁₄₂ haplotypes, M₁₄₂/S₂₄₀ and M₁₄₂/P₂₄₀. Breeds vary in haplotype frequencies but frequencies of resistant genotypes are generally low and consequently selective breeding for scrapie resistance can only be slow but will benefit from animals identified in this study. The unexpectedly high frequency of the K222 haplotype in the Dutch Toggenburger underlines the need for conservation of rare breeds in order to conserve genetic diversity rare or absent in other breeds.