蛇代谢综合征继发感染细菌的分离鉴定及致病性试验

近年来,广西人工饲养的蛇发生代谢障碍综合征后,病死率较高,为查清原因,对临床接诊的18例蛇代谢障碍综合征病例的心、肝、脾等脏器病料进行细菌分离鉴定,并测定分离菌对小鼠和蛇的致病力。结果从18例病蛇的不同组织器官中分离到10株细菌,PCR结合生化试验方法,鉴定出4种细菌,分别为粪肠球菌、克氏葡萄球菌、缓慢葡萄球菌和弗格森氏大肠埃希菌,并对其进行种系发育关系分析。所鉴定的4种细菌对昆明小鼠和蛇的致病力差异较大,克氏葡萄球菌和弗格森氏大肠埃希菌对昆明小鼠有较强致病性,粪肠球菌和缓慢葡萄球菌对昆明小鼠致病力较弱;克氏葡萄球菌对眼镜蛇有致病性,其余菌对王锦蛇、眼镜蛇、滑鼠蛇均无致病性。     

眼镜蛇腐皮病病原菌分离鉴定与药敏试验

为了研究眼镜蛇腐皮病的致病菌,试验采用细菌分离培养的方法,在无菌条件下,从患腐皮病眼镜蛇皮肤溃烂处挑取少许内容物划线接种于普通琼脂平板、兔血平板、SS琼脂平板及真菌培养基上,继而选取优势菌落进行分离、纯培养。结果表明:得到9种细菌,没有发现真菌。根据细菌形态、菌落生长特征和生化特性得出,这9种细菌分别为:黏质沙雷菌1株、奇异变形杆菌3株、铜绿假单胞菌3株、克氏耶尔森菌1株、肺炎克雷伯菌1株、雷极普鲁威登斯菌1株、嗜麦芽假单胞菌1株、金黄色葡萄球菌1株和腐生葡萄球菌3株。经致病性试验证实,奇异变形杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、克氏耶尔森菌、雷极普鲁威登斯菌、嗜麦芽假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有致病性,黏质沙雷菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和腐生葡萄球菌无致病性。药物敏感性试验证实:在15株致病菌中,除克氏耶尔森菌外,均对妥布霉素和庆大霉素高度敏感;嗜麦芽假单胞菌对妥布霉素不敏感,对庆大霉素高度敏感;除金黄色葡萄球菌外,均对阿米卡星高度敏感;15株致病菌均对头孢类抗生素不同程度敏感;哌拉西林、氨曲南和卡那霉素对大部分菌有抑制作用。说明眼镜蛇腐皮病主要由致病性细菌引起,敏感药物治疗后有良好效果。     

腹泻兔病原菌的分离鉴定及耐药性检测

为了确定娄底地区兔腹泻的病原菌、致病性及耐药性,对采集的203份患腹泻的兔肛拭子、粪便进行病原菌分离鉴定,结果分离得到了30株大肠埃希氏菌、20株铜绿假单胞菌、17株产气荚膜梭菌、15株金黄色葡萄球菌;人工接种小鼠试验、KB药敏纸片法分别检测病原菌的致病性及耐药性,结果表明分离得到20株大肠埃希氏菌、15株铜绿假单胞菌、12株产气荚膜梭菌、10株金黄色葡萄球菌对小鼠具有致病性;分离的15株致病性铜绿假单胞菌对阿莫西林、氨曲南、庆大霉素等7种药物耐药率在46.7%以上,分离的12株致病性产气荚膜梭菌对环丙沙星、磺胺嘧啶、氟苯尼考等8种药物耐药率在41.7%以上,分离的10株致病性金黄色葡萄球菌对磺胺嘧啶、氟苯尼考、庆大霉素等7种药物耐药率在80.0%以上,分离的20株大肠埃希氏菌对磺胺嘧啶、多黏菌素、强力霉素等7种药物耐药率在45.0%以上,4种病原菌对其他药物具有不同的耐药性。     

猪粪便中致病性病原菌检测与耐药性分析

为了检测猪粪便中的致病微生物并分析其耐药性,试验采用细菌分离培养、生化试验、16S rRNA PCR检测与测序、致病性试验等方法对从镇江地区不同养猪场采集的100份粪便样品进行病原菌鉴定,采用K-B药敏纸片法测定致病性病原菌的耐药性。结果表明:从100份粪便样品中分离得到大肠杆菌25株、沙门氏菌17株、金黄色葡萄球菌15株,其中致病性大肠杆菌20株,致病性沙门氏菌15株,致病性金黄色葡萄球菌10株;分离菌16S rRNA PCR扩增得到大小约为1 492 bp的目的条带;57株分离株的PCR产物测序结果与GenBank中参考株基因序列的同源性高于97.0%;致病性大肠杆菌对阿莫西林、环丙沙星、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶等12种药物的耐药率在65.0%～95.0%之间,致病性沙门氏菌对阿莫西林、氟苯尼考、庆大霉素等12种药物的耐药率在46.7%～100%之间,致病性金黄色葡萄球菌对阿莫西林、庆大霉素、氟苯尼考等9种药物的耐药率在50.0%～100%之间,且存在多重耐药性。     

猪源科氏葡萄球菌的分离与鉴定

从病死猪肺脏内分离到的1株优势菌并命名为SCI-1。根据细菌的形态特征、生化特性、并结合分离菌株的16SrDNA基因核苷酸序列测定以及系统进化树分析,确定分离菌株为科氏葡萄球菌。动物致病性试验表明,该分离株对小鼠具有较强致病性。药敏结果显示,该菌对庆大霉素、阿米卡星及磺胺间甲氧嘧啶敏感;对阿奇霉素、氯霉素、红霉素、氟苯尼考、阿莫西林及强力霉素耐药。     

致病性奇异变形杆菌和大肠杆菌混合感染致奶牛关节脓肿和腹泻的研究

试验旨在查明2012年底甘肃省某奶牛场奶牛关节脓肿和腹泻的病因并选择合适的治疗药物。经牛病毒性腹泻黏膜病毒(BVDV)和牛轮状病毒(BRV)检测、细菌分离鉴定、小鼠致病性试验、药敏试验及血清中钙磷含量测定等综合分析,确诊该病是由致病性奇异变形杆菌和大肠杆菌混合感染引起的。这2种分离菌对青霉素、阿莫西林、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、四环素、氟哌酸及复方新诺明等常用药物严重耐药,均对氟苯尼考中度敏感。经氟苯尼考治疗和加强饲养管理后该病得到有效控制。     

猪渗出性皮炎的诊治

从疑似渗出性皮炎病猪皮肤溃疡浆液和痂皮下组织中分离出2株细菌，通过对分离菌株进行形态特征、培养特性观察、生化特性鉴定，结果表明该分离菌为白色表皮葡萄球菌。通过对家兔进行致病性试验，证实表皮葡萄球菌对家兔有一定的致病性。药敏试验结果表明分离菌对庆大霉素、先锋V、丁胺卡那霉素和万古霉素高度敏感。应用庆大霉素对该病进行治疗得到较好疗效。     

牦牛源溶血致病性表皮葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及药敏分析

对1株分离自西藏那曲地区养殖场有出血性症状牦牛的致病性菌进行分子鉴定及药敏分析,为西藏地区牦牛出血性疾病提供治疗依据。通过对病死牦牛肺脏、肝脏进行细菌分离纯化获得疑似菌株,对所得疑似菌株进行形态学观察与哥伦比亚血平板试验筛选出疑似致病菌株,再对疑似致病菌株进行生理生化鉴定试验、16S rDNA通用引物检测及测序、同源性比对,后经药敏试验得到该疑似致病菌株的敏感药物,最后通过动物回归试验验证其敏感药物的治疗效果。结果表明,通过对病死牦牛肺脏、肝脏分离纯化获得6株疑似菌株,经形态学观察试验、哥伦比亚血平板试验筛选出1株具有溶血性的革兰氏阳性球菌S-4。经生理生化鉴定试验、16S rDNA测序、同源性比对,鉴定S-4菌株为表皮葡萄球菌;药敏试验结果显示,S-4菌株对恩诺沙星、新霉素、多黏菌素B、卡那霉素、环丙沙星敏感,对氟苯尼考、多西环素中介敏感,对链霉素、红霉素、四环素、青霉素、头孢氨苄耐受;动物回归试验显示,该菌株具有致病性,且恩诺沙星、新霉素、卡那霉素3种药物治疗效果良好,多黏菌素B、环丙沙星治疗效果差。本试验获得1株具有致病性的牦牛源表皮葡萄球菌,该致病菌在养殖过程中可使用恩诺沙星、新霉素、卡那霉素3种药物进行治疗。     

眼镜蛇缓慢葡萄球菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

对广西南宁市某眼镜蛇养殖场送检的患病眼镜蛇进行病理剖检及病原菌分离鉴定,根据临床发病症状、病理变化、病理组织学检查、病原分离鉴定及致病力试验结果,确诊为缓慢葡萄球菌感染.该分离菌对小鼠有一定的致病性;药敏试验结果显示,分离菌对阿莫西林钠舒巴坦钠、头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠、氨苄西林钠、阿莫西林钠、苯唑西林钠、哌拉西林钠、阿米卡星敏感,对头孢曲松钠、氧氟沙星、利福平中介,对链霉素、林可霉素、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、氟苯尼考、土霉素、诺氟沙星耐药.选择敏感抗生素阿莫西林钠舒巴坦钠添加在水和料中预防发病,患病眼镜蛇肌肉注射头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠,46条病蛇经一个疗程治疗,仅5条死亡,效果显著,蛇群无新病例发生,1周后逐渐恢复采食.     

猫口腔炎的细菌分离鉴定

通过采样拭子采集患口腔炎的猫口腔黏膜、舌头、牙龈分泌物样本,分离到23株菌,经致病性试验证实有3种菌具有致病性。根据形态、生长特性和生化特性,11株被鉴定为葡萄球菌,9株被鉴定为链球菌,3株被鉴定为巴氏杆菌;从5只健康猫样本中分离到大肠杆菌5株。细菌分离结果表明,大肠杆菌为常在非致病菌,葡萄球菌、链球菌及巴氏杆菌为致病菌。药敏试验结果表明,分离的3种致病菌对头孢噻肟高度敏感。因此临床上治疗应首选头孢类抗生素。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.