供体细胞状态对牛重组胚发育的影响

本试验通过比较供体成纤维细胞的不同血清饥饿培养天数、传代次数、冻存复苏等方面试验条件对重组胚发育的影响因素进行了深入的研究。结果表明：供体细胞血清饥饿0、1～3、4～6、7～9d之间重组胚卵裂率没有显著差异（P〉0.05），但囊胚率以饥饿1～3d的最高，与4～6和7～9d组别差异显著（P〈0．05）；以传代0、1～3、4～6、7～9代的细胞作为供体细胞，卵裂率没有显著差异（P〉0.05），桑椹胚率以传1～3代最高，差异显著（P〈0．05）；2代细胞解冻后的卵裂率显著高于4和8代细胞，而以2和6代冷冻解冻后细胞为供体，卵裂率并无明显差异，8代细胞的桑椹胚率显著低于其它组。本试验为提高供体成纤维细胞在卵母细胞中重新程序化及后续重组胚发育等相关研究提供参考。     

优化山羊体细胞核移植方案的研究

以乳腺细胞、胎儿成纤维细胞和颗粒细胞为供体细胞进行核移植，比较了供体细胞类型、细胞冷冻及核移植的重建方法（胞质内注射、电融合）对重构胚早期发育的影响。结果：（1）乳腺细胞支持重组胚的发育能力（囊胚率7．14％）显著低于成纤维细胞（16．19％）和颗粒细胞（19．01％）（P〈0．05），卵裂率无显著差异（P〉0．05）；（2）乳腺上皮细胞构建重组胚时电融合法的效率（69．52％）极显著高于胞质注射法（59．20％）（P〈0．01）；成纤维细胞的重组成功率、卵裂率和囊胚率在两种方法间均无显著差异（P〉0．05）；在颗粒细胞，胞质注射法重组成功率（82．17％）显著高于电融合法（50．99％）（P〈0.05），其囊胚率也稍高于电融合法，但无显著差异（P〉0.05）；（3）上述3种供体细胞在冻融后支持重组胚发育力方面无显著差异（P〉0.05）。结论：在山羊体细胞核移植中，上述3种细胞支持重组胚的发育力以成纤维细胞和颗粒细胞较好；细胞冷冻对其无显著影响；在构建重组胚方法上，乳腺细胞以电融合法为宜，颗粒细胞是胞质注射法优于电融合法，而成纤维细胞两种方法均可。     

猪前脂肪细胞为核供体生产表达绿色荧光蛋白的转基因克隆胚胎

分离培养了成年猪前脂肪原代细胞，并对前脂肪细胞向成熟脂肪细胞进行诱导分化，油红O染色法鉴定了脂肪细胞。利用脂质体介导的方法将质粒pEGFP—N1转染前脂肪细胞，经过G418筛选获得了阳性细胞株。然后分别以前脂肪细胞、转绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）前脂肪细胞及胎儿成纤维细胞为核供体进行体细胞核移植，结果表明：前脂肪细胞（8．8％）和胎儿成纤维细胞（8．3％）的囊胚发育率无显差异著（P〉0．05）；与前脂肪细胞相比，转基因前脂肪细胞的囊胚发育率降低，但差异不显著（3．7％ vs．8．8％，P〉0．05）。前脂肪细胞为核供体生产转基因克隆胚胎，能够获得转基因囊胚。虽然囊胚发育率不高，但为生产脂肪细胞转基因克隆猪奠定了基础。     

不同供核细胞处理方法及激活时间对猪核移植重构胚发育的影响

利用屠宰场卵巢采集的卵母细胞经过去核、注核及激活等操作后,研究猪颗粒细胞和胎儿成纤维细胞,血清饥饿处理法及不同的激活时间等因素对猪核移植重构胚体外发育的影响。结果表明,猪颗粒细胞和胎儿成纤维细胞用作核供体与猪卵母细胞构建重构胚,在卵裂率上无显著性差异。作为供核细胞的猪成纤维细胞,经过血清饥饿与不经过血清饥饿培养,核移植重构胚的卵裂率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。在进行核注射后,使供核细胞与胞质受体作用适当的时间(1～6h)再进行激活,有利于重构胚的发育。     

免疫外科法制备牛供体细胞核胞体及其核移植研究

本研究利用自制的兔抗牛脾细胞免疫血清裂解供体细胞膜而获得核胞体,结果表明,自制的免疫血清可以成功的裂解供体细胞膜而获得核胞体。将该法制备的核胞体应用于牛体细胞核移植的胞质内注射中,从而为核移植中供体细胞核胞体的获得提供一种新的思路。在比较不同供体细胞对重构胚发育的影响时。结果表明。颗粒细胞与耳成纤维细胞构建的重构胚卵裂率没有显著差异（62．62％versus67．89％,P〉0．05）,囊胚率也没有明显的差异（23．88％ versus 18．92％,P〉0．05）：在4℃低温冷藏一定时间的供体细胞与未经冷藏的供体细胞,其卵裂率和囊胚率都没有显著性差异（63．34％versus62．03％;26．67％versus24．45％,P〉0．05）;同样,耳成纤维细胞也得到相同的结果（70．76％verSus66．67％：21．74％versus19．56％,P〉0．05）。颗粒细胞构建的重构胚在注核后3～5h进行激活较1～3h有更高的卵裂率．表现出显著性差异（73．91％versus56．52％,P〈0．05）,裳胚率无显著性差异（23．53％,versus15．38％,P〉0．05）。     

成纤维生长因子(FGF2)和成纤维生长因子受体(FGFR1)在新生死亡体细胞克隆牛组织中的表达

为了探讨成纤维生长因子及其受体在克隆动物出生死亡以及器官发育异常中的可能作用,本研究用荧光定量RT—PCR技术分析了成纤维生长因子基因（FGF2）及成纤维生长因子受体基因（FGFR1）在来自2种供体细胞（成年成纤维细胞和胎儿成纤维细胞）的出牛死亡克隆牛的6个组织（心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏和大脑）中的表达。结果表明：FGFR1的表达在来自两种供体细胞的体细胞克隆牛的心脏（P〈0．05）和肝脏（P〈0．05）显著升高,FGF2基因在体细胞克隆牛组织中的表达未发现异常。由于FGFR1在胚胎发育和器官形成中起重要作用,所以FGFR1的异常表达可能是造成克隆动物出生死亡以及器官发育异常的原因之一。     

水牛原生殖细胞核移植的研究

以水牛原生殖细胞（PGCs）为核供体,成熟水牛卵母细胞为受体,采用电融合法和胞质内直接注核法对水牛PGCs的核移植进行了研究。从水牛胎儿的生殖嵴或生殖腺分离得到PGCs,在胎儿成纤维细胞饲养层上传代培养后,进行核移植。结果显示,当采用电融合法时,PGCs核移植的融合率、分裂率、囊胚率和总囊胚率均显著高于胎儿成纤维细胞（P〈0．05）;当采用直接注核法进行核移植时,PGCs的核移植囊胚率显著高于胎儿成纤维细胞（P〈0．05）。但分裂率差异不显著（P〉0．05）。结果表明,水牛PGCs细胞是理想的核移植供体细胞。     

猪卵母细胞化学辅助手工去核及手工核移植胚胎发育能力因素的研究

本研究在筛选猪化学辅助手工去核最佳脱羰秋水酰碱(Demecolcine,DC)浓度的基础上,探讨了各种因素对手工重构胚发育的影响,以期建立高效的猪手工体细胞核移植技术体系.观察不同成熟时间卵母细胞在不同DC浓度下的去核效率,并进一步比较了化学辅助手工去核法和荧光染色去核法、不同类型的供体细胞(颗粒细胞、新生巴马肌肉成纤维细胞和胎儿成纤维细胞)和供体细胞的不同处理方法(70％～80％汇合、血清饥饿法和100％接触抑制法)对重构胚发育能力的影响.结果表明:(1)利用DC诱导去核,对体外成熟培养44 h的卵母细胞以浓度0.4 μg· mL-1作用0.5～1 h为宜.(2)用DC化学辅助手工去核与用荧光染色去核的重构胚囊胚发育率差异不显著(13.11％ vs 9.25％,P＞0.05).(3)以胎儿成纤维细胞、颗粒细胞和新生巴马小型猪肌肉成纤维细胞为供体构建的重构胚的融合率、卵裂率及囊胚率均差异不显著(P＞0.05).(4)用70％～80％汇合(对照组)组、接触抑制组和血清饥饿组的细胞作供体构建的重构胚,在融合率上,接触抑制组显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);在分裂率与囊胚率上,各组之间均无显著差异(P＞0.05).研究结果表明,化学辅助手工去核法在实际生产中可以替代荧光染色去核法,能省去去核过程中荧光染色及紫外光照射去核等步骤,从而简化了猪手工体细胞核移植程序,提高了猪手工体细胞核移植效率,能为高效的猪手工体细胞核移植技术体系的建立提供参考.     

水牛卵母细胞去核方法的比较

水牛卵母细胞体外成熟22h后，分别用盲吸法、点击法和纺锤体成像系统（Spindle—View System）去核。结果，三者的去核率分别为65．1％、81．8％和95．0％，差异极显著（P〈0．01）。以水牛胎儿成纤维细胞为供体，通过核移植构建的重构胚的融合率、分裂率和囊胚发育率，在上述3种方法之间均没有显著差异（P〉0．05）。认为点击法是一种较为简单、实用和有效的去核方法。     

供体细胞种类及性别对猪体细胞核移植效果的影响

本研究通过比较胎儿成纤维细胞、颗粒细胞、卵丘细胞和不同性别猪胎儿成纤维细胞的核移植效果,探讨供体细胞的种类及性别对猪体细胞核移植重构胚胎发育潜力的影响。结果表明:胎儿成纤维细胞的融合率(64.74%)高于颗粒细胞的融合率(51.05%)和卵丘细胞的融合率(56.89%),但3种细胞的卵裂率及囊胚率差异不显著(P>0.05);胎儿成纤维细胞、颗粒细胞和卵丘细胞均可作为供体细胞用于构建猪体细胞核移植的重构胚。雄性胎儿成纤维细胞核移植重构胚的融合率和分裂率与雌性胎儿成纤维细胞重构胚的融合率和分裂率相比差异不显著(P>0.05),但雄性胎儿成纤维细胞核移植重构胚的囊胚率显著低于雌性胎儿成纤维细胞核移植重构胚的囊胚率(P<0.05)。     

Effect of Roscovitine‐Treated Donor Cells on Development of Porcine Cloned Embryos

Synchronization of the donor cell cycle is an important factor for successful animal cloning by nuclear transfer. To improve the efficiency of porcine cloning, in the present report, we evaluated effects of contact inhibition, serum starvation and roscovitine treatment of donor cells on in vitro and in vivo developmental potency of cloned porcine embryos. Fibroblasts derived from a porcine foetus at day 30 of gestation were isolated and cultured to 70% confluency. Then, cells were either cultured to 100% confluency for contact inhibition, or cultured in 0.5% serum for 72 h for serum starvation or with 15 μm roscovitine for 24 h. Cells were most effectively synchronized at G0/G1 in the serum starvation group (87.5%) compared with the contact inhibition and roscovitine treatment groups (76.3% and 79.9% respectively p < 0.05). However, after somatic cell nuclear transfer followed by in vitro culture, the serum starvation group showed a significantly lower blastocyst formation rate (5.6%) compared with the contact inhibition and roscovitine treatment groups (11.6% and 20.0% respectively). Differential expression of apoptosis‐related genes and the level of apoptosis in each treatment group explain the variation in developmental competence among the groups. Significantly higher level of apoptosis was observed in the serum starvation group. On the other hand, the roscovitine treatment group shows the lowest level of apoptosis and the best in vitro development among the groups. Cloned embryos derived from roscovitine‐treated donor cells were transferred to surrogate pigs. Three healthy live piglets were produced. In conclusion, we suggest that roscovitine treatment of donor cells improves development of cloned porcine embryos and can raise the efficiency of cloned piglet production.     

Cell Cycle Synchronization of Skin Fibroblast Cells in Four Species of Family Felidae

This study was examined whether the species of felid affects synchronization accuracy at the G0/G1 stage of the cell cycle and the occurrence of apoptosis by different protocols, such as serum starvation, confluent and roscovitine treatment. Skin fibroblast cells were obtained from the Asian golden cat, marbled cat, leopard and Siamese cat. The cells from each animal were treated with either serum starvation for 1–5 days, cell confluency‐contact inhibition for 5 days or roscovitine at various concentrations (7.5–30 μm ). Flow cytometric analysis revealed that serum starvation for 3 days provided the highest cell population arrested at the G0/G1 stage, irrespective of the felid species. In all species, 100% confluency gave a significantly higher percentage of cells arrested at the G0/G1 stage compared with the non‐treated control cells. The effects of roscovitine treatment and the appropriate concentration on the rates of G0/G1 cells differed among the felid species. Serum starvation for more than 4 days in the marbled cat and Siamese cat and roscovitine treatment with 30 μm in the Asian golden cat and leopard increased the rates of apoptosis. In conclusion, different felid species responded to different methods of cell cycle synchronization. Asian golden cat and Siamese cat fibroblast cells were successfully synchronized to G0/G1 stage using the serum starvation and roscovitine treatment, whereas only confluency‐contact inhibition treatment induced cell synchronization in the leopard. Moreover, these three methods did not successfully induce cell synchronization of the marbled cat. These findings may be valuable for preparing their donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer in the future.     

接触抑制和血清饥饿对细胞周期的影响

为了研究血清饥饿和接触抑制2种常用的处理方法对供核细胞周期的影响,试验采用血清饥饿和接触抑制2种方法处理经过纯化的供核细胞,并用流式细胞仪检测处理后的供核细胞的细胞周期,通过Modfit软件分析不同处理方法对细胞周期产生的具体影响。结果表明:血清饥饿和同接触抑制2种方法处理过的细胞停留在G0/G1期和S期的细胞百分数差异不显著,但是同对照组细胞相比差异显著(P<0.05);停留在G2/M期的细胞百分数差异显著(P<0.05),但是同对照组细胞相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

In vitro development and postvitrification survival of cloned feline embryos derived from preadipocytes

The aim of the present study was to optimize the conditions for in vitro development and postvitrification survival of somatic cell cloned feline embryos. To determine the effects of cell cycle synchronization of the nuclear donor cells, we cultured preadipocytes under serum starvation or conventional conditions. After two days in serum starvation culture, the proportion of synchronized donor cells at the G0/G1 phase was 91.6%. This was significantly higher than the proportion of non-synchronized cells in the proliferative phase (72.6%, P<0.05). The in vitro development of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos reconstructed using donor cells treated under serum starvation conditions (normal cleavage rate of 65.7%, 46/70, and blastocyst formation rate of 20.0%, 14/70) was comparable to that of the serum supplemented group (52.5%, 31/59, and 20.3%, 12/59). Use of in vitro or in vivo matured oocytes as recipient cytoplasts equally supported development of the SCNT embryos to the blastocyst stage (11.9%, 5/42, vs. 9.5%, 2/21). SCNT-derived blastocysts were vitrified using the original minimum volume cooling (MVC) or the modified (stepwise) MVC method. Although none (n=10) of the SCNT blastocysts survived following vitrification by the original MVC method, the stepwise MVC method resulted in 100% survival after rewarming (n=11). In conclusion, we demonstrated that feline somatic cell cloned embryos with a high developmental ability can be produced irrespective of cell cycle synchronization of donor cells using either in vivo or in vitro matured oocytes. Furthermore, by utilizing a stepwise vitrification method, we showed that it is possible to cryopreserve cloned feline blastocysts.     

供体细胞的不同处理方法对牛核移植重构胚发育能力的影响

为了研究供体细胞不同的处理方法对核移植重构胚的作用，比较了用于保种的冻存和新鲜的成纤维细胞做供体细胞、供体细胞不同的离心转数、供体细胞不同的血清饥饿时间及用本实验室冻存的成纤维细胞，解冻复苏后，不同传代次数对重构胚的影响。结果表明分别用冷冻保存的和新鲜的成纤维细胞作为核供体，所得重构胚卵裂率、囊胚率无显著差（P>0.05）；供体细胞离心800 r/min时所得重构胚效果较好，离心1500 r/min所得重构胚的卵裂率、囊胚率与其他3组相比较低；血清饥饿3～5 d组所得重构胚比其他3组好；用解冻复苏后再传2、5代的细胞进行核移植，所得重构胚的卵裂率、囊胚率无明显差异(P>0.05)，显著高于传8代的细胞所得重构胚。说明供体细胞的不同处理方法对核移植重构胚发育有很重要的影响。     

绵羊卵丘细胞细胞周期同步化对核移植胚胎发育的影响

供体细胞周期同步化是影响体细胞核移植成功率的重要因素之一.试验分别对绵羊卵丘细胞采用血清饥饿和接触抑制的方法进行细胞周期同步化处理,使用流式细胞仪检测各组细胞周期的分布.结果发现,与对照组相比,卵丘细胞经血清饥饿24~72 h后,显著地增加了G₀/G₁期细胞的百分比(P <0.05);接触抑制24~72 h,G₀/G₁期细胞所占比例与血清饥饿组无显著差异(P >0.05),但显著高于对照组(P <0.05);用经血清饥饿与接触抑制的供体细胞进行核移植后,重构胚卵裂率、桑椹胚率和囊胚率差异不显著(P >0.05),但二者囊胚率显著高于对照组(P <0.05).上述结果证实,血清饥饿和接触抑制均能使绵羊卵丘细胞周期同步化至G₀/G₁,均可用作绵羊体细胞核移植的供体细胞细胞周期同步化处理.     

Effect of synchronization of donor cells in early G1‐phase using shake‐off method on developmental potential of somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos in cattle

In this study, we compared the developmental ability of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos reconstructed with three bovine somatic cells that had been synchronized in G0‐phase (G0‐SCNT group) or early G1‐phase (eG1‐SCNT group). Furthermore, we investigated the production efficiency of cloned offspring for NT embryos derived from these donor cells. The G0‐phase and eG1‐phase cells were synchronized, respectively, using serum starvation and antimitotic reagent treatment combined with shaking of the plate containing the cells (shake‐off method). The fusion rate in the G0‐SCNT groups (64.2 ± 1.8%) was significantly higher than that of eG1‐SCNT groups (39.2 ± 1.9%) (P < 0.05), but the developmental rates to the blastocyst stage of SCNT embryos per fused oocytes were similar for all groups. The overall production efficiency of the clone offspring in eG1‐SCNT groups (12.7%) per recipient cow was higher than that in G0‐SCNT groups (3%) (P < 0.05). The mean birth weight of cloned calves and the average calving score in the G0‐SCNT groups (48.1 ± 3.4 kg and 3.3 ± 0.3, respectively) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of eG1‐SCNT groups (37.2 ± 2.1 kg and 2.3 ± 0.2, respectively). Results of this study indicate that synchronization of donor cells in eG1‐phase using the shake‐off method improved the overall production efficiency of the clone offspring per transferred embryo.     

Vitamin C treatment of embryos,but not donor cells,improves the cloned embryonic development in sheep

Vitamin C is not only an antioxidant but also a regulator of epigenetic modifications that can enhance the activity of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) family dioxygenases and promote the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Here, we investigated the effects of vitamin C in regulating DNA methylation in sheep somatic cells or embryos in an effort to improve the cloned embryo development. Vitamin C treatment of sheep foetal fibroblast cells significantly increased the 5hmC levels but did not affect the 5mC levels in cells. After nuclear transfer, vitamin C-treated donor cells could not support a higher blastocyst development rate than non-treated cells. Although combination of serum starvation and vitamin C treatment could induce significant 5mC decrease in donor cells, it failed to promote the development of resultant cloned embryos. When cloned embryos were directly treated with vitamin C, the pre-implantation development of embryos and the 5hmC levels in blastocysts were significantly improved. This beneficial role of vitamin C on embryo development was also observed in fertilized embryos. Our results suggest that vitamin C treatment of the embryos, but not the donor cells, can improve the development of cloned sheep embryos.     

Positive effects of treatment of donor cells with aphidicolin on the preimplantation development of somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos in Chinese Bama mini-pig (Sus Scrofa)

To optimize somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) procedures in mini-pigs, the present study was designed to examine the effects of donor cell types and aphidicolin (APC) treatment on in vitro development of reconstructed embryos. Oviduct epithelial cells (OEC), ear fibroblast cells (EFC) and cumulus cells (CC) derived from mini-pigs were treated with serum starvation only or serum starvation followed by treatment of 0.1 µg/mL APC. The reconstructed embryos were cultured for 7 days to evaluate their developmental competency. Cleavage and blastocyst formation rates of reconstructed embryos derived from the OEC by APC treatment were significantly higher than the serum starvation (61.82% vs. 56.25%, 24.55% vs. 17.86%; P < 0.05). The cleavage rate from the EFC was significantly increased by APC treatment compared to serum starvation only (63.36% vs. 57.01%; P < 0.05). In the ooctyes with the CC, the reconstructed embryos could yield high blastocyst formation rate by APC treatment (29.63%; P < 0.05). In the presence of APC, CC gave rise to the highest cleavage and blastocyst formation rates among the three cell types. Therefore, our results suggest that treatment of CC with serum starvation plus APC prior to nuclear transfer is more suitable in SCNT of mini-pigs.     

Serum Starvation and Full Confluency for Cell Cycle Synchronization of Domestic Cat (Felis catus) Foetal Fibroblasts

Nuclear transfer of domestic cat can be used as a tool to develop reproductive biotechnologies in wild felids. The importance of cell cycle phase during the nuclear transfer has been a matter of debate since the first mammalian clone was produced. The cell cycle phase of donor cells interferes on maintenance of correct ploidy and genetic reprogramming of the reconstructed embryo. The use of G0/G1 arrested donor cells has been shown to improve nuclear transfer efficiency. The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that domestic cat foetal fibroblasts cultured up to the fifth passage and submitted to full confluency provide a higher percentage of cells at G0/G1 stage than fibroblasts cultured in serum starved media. Results demonstrated that serum starvation increased (p ≤ 0.05) the percentage of G0/G1 fibroblasts when compared with control. Moreover, the combined protocol using confluency and serum starvation was more efficient (p ≤ 0.05) synchronizing cells at G0/G1 stage than serum starvation or confluency alone for the first 3 days of treatment. In conclusion, serum starvation and full confluency act in a synergistic manner to improve domestic cat foetal fibroblast cell cycle synchronization at the G0/G1 stage.