父母代固始鸡十二指肠的发育形态学观察

应用大体解剖学和组织切片技术,对0～20周龄父母代固始鸡的十二指肠进行了发育形态学研究.结果表明,十二指肠的长度、体质量、周长和肠绒毛的长度、肠腺隐窝的深度、肠腺宽度及各肌层厚度等指标随周龄的增加而增长;十二指肠相对生长率、肠腺密度和十二指肠指数则呈下降趋势;肠绒毛有分支现象;淋巴组织的发育比较缓慢,到6周龄后才出现有淋巴小结;通过建立Logistic方程模型模拟十二指肠重量的生长变化,得到其生长方程:♂:Y=9.72/(1 15.3le-0.33t),♀:Y=8.29/(1 12.50e-0.31t).     

父母代固始鸡空肠的发育形态学研究

应用大体解剖学与组织学切片技术,对父母代固始鸡空肠的发育形态学进行了研究,并用Logistic曲线方程对空肠重量增长进行拟合。结果表明:空肠的长度、重量、周长和空肠的绒毛长度、绒毛宽度、隐窝深度、肠腺宽度与周龄呈正相关;空肠指数、空肠的肠腺密度与周龄呈负相关;Logistic方程可以很好地拟合空肠的增重曲线(公鸡R2=0.9968,母鸡R2= 0.9891),公鸡的空肠增重拐点是8.26周,母鸡是8.64周。     

父母代固始鸡小肠的生长发育规律

应用大体解剖学技术,对0～20周龄父母代固始鸡小肠的生长发育进行了研究。结果表明,鸡小肠的长度、质量、周长等指标随周龄的增加而增长;小肠相对生长率和小肠指数则呈下降趋势;通过建立Logistic方程模型模拟小肠质量的生长变化,得到其生长方程：♂∶Y=37.95/（1＋18.35e^-0.35t）,♀∶Y=31.49/（1＋13.63e^-0.31t）     

父母代固始鸡空肠的发育形态学研究

应用大体解剖学与组织学切片技术,对父母代固始鸡空肠的发育形态学进行了研究,并用Logistic曲线方程对空肠重量增长进行拟合.结果表明:空肠的长度、重量、周长和空肠的绒毛长度、绒毛宽度、隐窝深度、肠腺宽度与周龄呈正相关;空肠指数、空肠的肠腺密度与周龄呈负相关;Logistic方程可以很好地拟合空肠的增重曲线(公鸡R2=0.9968,母鸡R2=0.9891),公鸡的空肠增重拐点是8.26周,母鸡是8.64周.     

马龙深沟鸡十二指肠发育形态学观察

采用组织学方法研究了1～8周龄马龙深沟鸡十二指肠形态学结构的发育过程。结果表明:1～8周龄马龙深沟鸡十二指肠绒毛高度和宽度随周龄增加而逐渐增长,而肠腺隐窝深度和肠腺密度呈下降趋势,绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值不断增大;肠腺的宽度变化较小,4周龄肠绒毛基部开始出现淋巴小结;肌层发达,由内环和外纵2层平滑肌组成,环肌和纵肌层厚度的变化不同,环肌层较厚,1～8周龄厚度呈递减趋势,纵肌薄,厚度稳定在14～17μm。     

25周龄雌雄固始鸡消化器官发育比较

笔者应用大体解剖技术,对25周龄固始鸡的消化器官进行了观察,并对主要消化器官的解剖常数进行了测定。结果表明,25周龄固始鸡的大部分消化器官测量结果为雄性个体大于雌性个体,少数器官(如腺胃的长度、乳头数、盲肠两侧周长和肝脏的重量)为雌性大于雄性。     

籽鹅消化道增长规律

解剖观察0～12周龄黑龙江地方品种籽鹅(公)的消化道的生长发育规律。在1日龄和各周末随机取6只公鹅,宰杀,放血,统计鹅腺胃、小肠、盲肠和直肠的长度以及肌胃的重量,分析其长度、重量的增长规律。     

獭兔小肠组织形态发育规律研究

对相同条件下饲养的不同生长阶段(出生、1周龄、2周龄、3周龄4、周龄、5周龄、6周龄、8周龄、12周龄、成年)獭兔进行屠宰,观察测定肠道绒毛和腺窝变化,以研究獭兔消化组织形态的发育规律。结果表明:獭兔小肠绒毛长度随周龄的增加而增加。断奶刺激降低绒毛长度,但断奶1周后基本恢复。石蜡切片观察发现獭兔小肠绒毛形态为指状。     

初生东北虎主要消化管的观察

本文对一例初生东北虎主要消化管进行了大体解剖学观察。结果表明,东北虎的食管起始于咽,分为颈、胸、腹三段。胃是单室胃,黏膜分为贲门腺区、胃底腺区和幽门腺区,各部界限不很明确。肠管较长,小肠分为十二指肠、空肠和回肠;大肠分为盲肠、结肠、直肠。盲肠不发达,呈圆锥形短粗盲囊状突起,与回肠之间无韧带连接,并且与回肠和结肠共同开口。     

邬鸟的消化系统

鸵鸟的消化系统是由口咽腔、食管、腺胃、肌胃、小肠、大肠、泄殖腔、肝和胰组成,没有唇和齿、被喙所代替,食管易扩张,没有嗉囊;腺胃与肌胃之间以大的腺胃肌胃口直接相通;盲肠具有两条;肝无胆囊。     

Microscopic anatomy of the oesophagus in the southern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor) a histochemical,stereological, and scanning electron microscope study

The present work was designed to investigate the microscopic structure of the oesophagus in the southern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor) using histochemical staining, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and stereological procedures. Four adult males were included in our study. Serial sections of the entire length of the oesophagus were stained with aldehyde fuchsin, alcian blue (pH 2.5), Periodic acid Schiff (PAS), and Masson's trichrome. Then, the total volume of the oesophagus, and the total volume of its different layers, were estimated using Cavalieri's principle. The oesophageal epithelium was a non-keratinized stratified squamous type. Muscularis mucosa was present as a thick layer between lamina propria and submucosa and its thickness was increased toward the stomach. Tunica submucosa was a loose connective tissue containing an oesophageal gland with PAS-positive and AB-positive reactions throughout the submucosa and become denser toward the stomach. The tunica muscularis consisted of two distinct striated muscle layers, and its thickness was decreased toward the stomach. On SEM images, the cervical and thoracic oesophagus showed shallow folding, while the abdominal part had deeper folds. The present findings indicate that the histological properties of the oesophagus in southern white-breasted hedgehogs have slight similarities with rodents and considering its epithelium, submucosal glands and tunica muscularis more resemble with dog oesophagus. The obtained results may be quite helpful to improve the current knowledge of the histophysiology of the hedgehog gastrointestinal tract as a member of eulipotyplan mammals and as a pet for biologists and veterinarians.     

Use of a carbonated beverage to disintegrate a phytobezoar obstructing the intrathoracic portion of the oesophagus of a horse

This report describes the treatment of a 17-year-old American Quarter Horse gelding for an oesophageal obstruction of approximately 24 h’ duration. An intraluminal oesophageal mass resembling a phytobezoar and located close to the cardia, was observed during endoscopic examination of the oesophagus of a horse showing signs of oesophageal obstruction. An intrathoracic oesophageal diverticulum, filled with fluid, was observed about 40 cm proximal to the obstruction. The end of a nasogastric tube was guided beyond the diverticulum, using gastroscopic observation, so that its tip rested close to the obstruction. The obstruction failed to disintegrate or move into the stomach despite vigorous, prolonged lavage. With the nasogastric tube left in place, and the horse's head elevated, 0.5 L cola was administered adjacent to the obstruction through the nasogastric tube. The head was maintained in the elevated position for an hour, after which time the head was lowered and oesophageal lavage resumed. The nasogastric tube was passed into the stomach within 3 min of re-instituting lavage. The successful use of a carbonated beverage to treat human patients for oesophageal or gastrointestinal obstruction caused by a phytobezoar is well documented. Carbonated beverages have also been reported to be effective in treating horses for gastric and enteric impactions caused by persimmon seeds. Administering cola into the oesophagus may help resolve oesophageal obstruction of horses caused by a phytobezoar or impacted feed material when horses are refractory to other treatments.     

Spontaneous oesophageal perforation secondary to idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the oesophagus

Idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the oesophagus (IMHO) is reported in equids as an incidental post mortem finding, infrequently associated with clinical signs of oesophageal dysfunction or additional oesophageal abnormalities. Clinicopathological and post mortem findings are presented from a 15‐year‐old gelding that developed a spontaneous perforation of the distal, intrathoracic oesophagus, in association with IMHO. The majority of oesophageal perforations documented in the equine literature have been related to external or iatrogenic trauma resulting in rupture of the cervical portion of the oesophagus. In this case, the early presenting features included pyrexia and inappetance, and progressed over a 4 day period to include signs of tachypnoea, tachycardia and endotoxaemia due to the development of a fatal septic pleuritis and pleural effusion. Oesophageal obstruction was not a presenting feature. Diagnostic investigation in cases of unexplained septic pleural effusion should include oesophageal endoscopic evaluation to rule out perforation of the intrathoracic oesophagus. IMHO may represent a clinically significant, primary disease entity with the potential to lead to oesophageal perforation.     

Species-specific differences of the avian oesophagus: Histological and Ultrastructural study

The oesophagus is a muscular tube comprised of cervical and thoracic regions. Several studies have clarified the histological structure of the oesophagus. However, its histoarchitecture in relation to variable dietary habits of each species is still unclear. In the current study, 21 pigeons, cattle egrets and ducks, n = 7, each was used. Macroscopically, the oesophagus of cattle egrets either the cervical or thoracic parts was the longest among the pigeons and ducks. Histologically, the oesophagus comprised of four distinct tunicae: mucosa, propria submucosa, musculosa and adventitia or serosa. A great structural variation in these layers among the three investigated species was recorded. In the cervical oesophagus of pigeons, the superficial squamous cells showed perinuclear halo zone, the propria submucosa was characteristically lacked any gland. Moreover, its musculosa was very thick. On the other hand, the intraepithelial glands were characteristically distributed along the whole length of the cattle egret’s oesophagus. Interestingly, the cervical esophagus of the ducks showed submucosal associated lymphatic tissue; diffuse and nodular Ultrastructurally, the oesophageal glands showed secretory granules of variable electron densities, electron - lucent in the pigeons and ducks and electron - dense in the cattle egrets.     

The efficacy of milbemycin oxime against pre-adult Spirocerca lupi in experimentally infected dogs

The aim of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of milbemycin oxime in preventing the oesophageal encapsulation of Spirocerca lupi, following the experimental infection of dogs. Two studies were conducted which involved a total of 21 purpose-bred Beagles. Each dog was infected with approximately 40, third stage infective S. lupi larvae. The larvae were dissected from scarabaeid beetles that had been collected from areas endemic for spirocercosis. In the first study, milbemycin oxime (minimum dose 0.5mg/kg body weight) was administered to seven dogs on day 30 post-infection. Seven other dogs served as untreated controls. In the second study, milbemycin oxime (also at a minimum dose of 0.5mg/kg body weight) was administered to four of seven infected dogs on day 28 post-infection. Treatment was repeated at 14- or 28-day intervals. All of the dogs, from both studies, were euthanized 168 or 169 days after infection. All S. lupi were recovered, and lesions in the thoracic aorta and oesophagus were described and quantified. A single treatment with milbemycin oxime was 79.8% effective in preventing the establishment of S. lupi in the oesophagus. This treatment significantly (p<0.05) reduced both the number of S. lupi within the oesophagus and the size of the oesophageal nodules. The efficacy of anthelmintic treatment was increased to 100% when repeat doses of milbemycin oxime were administered at 14- or 28-day intervals. These repeat treatments completely prevented the establishment of S. lupi within the oesophagus and thereby averted the development of oesophageal nodules. As expected, none of the treatment protocols reduced S. lupi related damage within the aorta because the administration of milbemycin oxime only began after the larvae had completed their first stage of migration.     

Adenosquamous carcinoma of the oesophagus in a dog

A six‐year‐old mixed‐breed male dog weighing 7.0 kg was presented with chronic vomiting and regurgitation. Endoscopic examination revealed prominent oesophageal dilation in the thoracic region, multiple small greyish‐white nodules over the oesophageal lumen and cauliflower‐like masses in the caudal oesophagus. Histopathological studies revealed a characteristic pattern of coexisting elements of infiltrating adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining with anti‐cytokeratin AE1 + AE3 was positive in both types of neoplastic cells. Neoplastic glandular cells stained positively for cytokeratin 8 while neoplastic squamous cells stained positively for cytokeratin 5/6. On the basis of these findings, the dog was diagnosed with oesophageal adenosquamous carcinoma. The case history and findings suggest that the malignancy might have developed from Barrett's oesophagus following irritation of the oesophageal mucosa due to chronic vomiting and regurgitation.     

Studies of oesophageal function

Lesions of the sympathetic nervous system have been associated with grass sickness for many years (Obel, 1955). Dysphagia is also an accepted clinical feature of subacute or chronic cases. Megaoesophagus has been reported in horses with grass sickness, but it was uncertain whether oesophageal dilation was a primary condition, or a sequel to gastric distension (Greet, 1982). Robertson and others, (1948) suggested that dysphagia was alleviated in affected horses after drainage of gastric contents. It is interesting to note that dysphagia was present in less than half the cases in this study although radiological abnormalities of the oesophagus were similar in all cases. Consistent radiological abnormalities of the oesophagus occurred in 12 out of the 14 horses examined (this consisted of incoordination or atony of the thoracic oesophagus). In the two suspected cases of grass sickness which made a clinical recovery, the radiological abnormalities were slightly different. Contrast material was transferred slowly through the cervical oesophagus and pooled at the thoracic inlet as well as at several sites in the cervical oesophagus. Eventually the contrast material passed through the distal oesophagus into the stomach. Although gastric distension was present in many of the cases examined it was not possible to identify this by radiographic means. It is unlikely that the signs of oesophageal incoordination and dilation were related only to gastric distension, as in most of the cases, contrast material pooled in the oesophagus at the thoracic inlet rather than just cranial to the diaphragm. It seems reasonable to suggest that these radiological abnormalities resulted from neurological impairment of the oesophagus. It would be of particular value to examine horses with obstructive lesions of the stomach or duodenum to evaluate the effect of upper gastro-intestinal obstruction on oesophageal motility. A number of horses with other conditions of the upper alimentary tract have been examined radiographically at these clinics. Two horses suspected of suffering from grass sickness were found to have primary oesophageal abnormalities. One had a diverticulum and the other a localized area of dilation; both showed regurgitation of food and weight loss. Barium swallows in both horses defined the sites of their localized lesions but there was no evidence of either Type I or Type II oesophageal malfunction, and at post-mortem examination the ganglionic changes associated with grass sickness were absent. Examination of one horse with ileocaecal intussusception did not show radiological features of the oesophagus typical of those shown by cases of grass sickness. However, contrast material passed slowly through the upper oesophagus of a foal with congenital megaoesophagus in a manner similar to the Type II oesophageal malfunction described above. It also demonstrated dilation and gross inco-ordination of the thoracic oesophagus with pooling of contrast material at the thoracic inlet and oscillation between the thoracic inlet and diaphragm as seen in Type I malfunction in proven grass sickness. It is recognized that the radiological findings of oesophageal dilation and inco-ordination merely demonstrate the presence of neuromuscular impairment of oesophageal movement. Until more cases of upper gastro-intestinal disease can be examined, the specificity of these functional abnormalities for grass sickness cannot be accurately assessed. However the results assume considerable diagnostic significance when demonstrated in an adult horse which is exhibiting signs of grass sickness, particularly those of colonic impaction. The need for sophisticated equipment and thus the necessity of transport to centres so equipped, is clearly a drawback to the technique but this is often outweighed by the advantage of being able to avoid unnecessary laparotomy. As there is at present no cure for grass sickness, the improved diagnostic capability will allow severely ill horses to be destroyed without delay. It may also identify horses which on rare occasions appear to be making a slow recovery.     

Fatal aortic oesophageal fistula following oesophageal foreign body removal in a dog

An eight-month-old male Pomeranian was presented with hypovolaemic shock 7 days after successful oesophageal foreign body removal. On presentation the dog was anaemic and no coagulation abnormalities were detected. A fluid-filled oesophagus was visible on thoracic radiography and frank blood was aspirated from the oesophagus following oro-oesophageal intubation. Fluid resuscitation and blood transfusions were administered but attempts at stabilisation were unsuccessful and the dog died. At post-mortem examination, a 2-mm aortic oesophageal fistula was identified on the ventral aspect of the aorta at the level of heart base that communicated with the overlying oesophagus. Aortic oesophageal fistula has been reported in human medicine and occurs secondary to a number of conditions including oesophageal foreign bodies. These prove fatal without rapid stabilisation and surgery.     

Management of oesophageal rupture by tube feeding through the oesophageal wound

This case report describes the management of a perforation of the oesophagus after an obstruction of long duration by creating an oesophagostomy with an indwelling tube through the oesophageal wound. The oesophageal perforation was diagnosed by clinical examination, oesophagoscopy, ultrasonography and contrast radiography. The perforation was managed by insertion of a feeding tube through the original oesophageal wound and careful nutritional and antimicrobial management with a good short-term outcome after closure of the fistula.     

Histomorphometric and histochemical characteristics of the oesophagus of the greater mouse-eared Bat,Myotis myotis (Borkhausen, 1797)

The aim of this study was to examine the histomorphometric and histochemical structure of oesophagus of the wild-caught greater mouse-eared bat M. myotis. For this purpose, 10 specimens of oesophagus were collected and processed. The oesophagus wall of M. myotis is composed of four layers: tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica adventitia. The mucosa is covered by a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. There were no glands in the wall of the oesophagus. Tunica muscularis is composed of two muscle layers: internal circular muscular layer and an external longitudinal muscular layer. Histochemical studies revealed that the oesophagus was AB/PAS and PAS positive indicating the presence of acidic and neutral mucosubstances. AB-PAS staining shows that glycoproteins were predominant in the all examined layers of the oesophagus. Because of the absence of oesophageal glands in M. myotis, positive reaction with AB-PAS staining may be due to secretion of salivary glands. Absence of oesophageal glands reflects the functional adaptation as high food passage rate for the insectivorous feeding habits of animals.