恩诺沙星混悬液在猪体内的药动学及生物利用度

本文比较了恩诺沙星混悬液和恩诺沙星溶液在猪体内的药动学特征和生物利用度。选用 7头健康猪按拉丁方设计进行静注、肌注恩诺沙星溶液和肌注恩诺沙星混悬液在猪体内的药物动力学研究。 3种给药方法的剂量均为 10mg/kg。猪静注给药的药时数据符合二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数为 :t1/ 2α0 6 4± 0 15h ,t1/ 2 β9 0 6± 2 47h ,Vd(area) 4 40± 0 88L/kg ,ClB0 35± 0 0 6L·kg-1·h-1,AUC2 9 85± 4 11L·kg-1·h。猪肌注恩诺沙星溶液和恩诺沙星混悬液的药时数据符合一级吸收一室模型 ,其主要药动学参数分别为t1/ 2ka0 2 4± 0 10h和 1 2 5± 1 0 9h(P <0 0 5 ) ;t1/ 2ke8 90± 2 0 2h和 18 95± 4 5 5h(P <0 0 1) ;Tmax1 2 5± 0 41h和 5 14± 2 95h(P <0 0 1) ;Cmax1 5 4± 0 2 5 μg/ml和 0 87± 0 2 1μg/ml;AUC2 1 49± 4 94mg·L-1·h和 2 8 97± 10 80mg·L-1·h ;F72 0 %±17 4%和 97 7%± 35 0 %。比较肌注恩诺沙星混悬液和恩诺沙星溶液的主要药动学参数 ,二者有显著差异 ,前者的t1/ 2ka、Tmax、t1/ 2ke和Cmax分别为后者的 5 2、4 1、2 1和 0 6倍。这些差异说明恩诺沙星混悬液肌注后吸收缓慢 ,消除半衰期延长 ,临床应用 48h给药 1次仍能维持对常见病原菌的有效血药     

儿茶素在家兔体内的生物利用度及药物动力学研究

选健康家兔 ,单剂量静注和灌服儿茶素 (Catechin) 2 5 mg/ kg,用高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度 ,3P87计算机程序处理所得血药浓度—时间数据。结果健康家兔静注给药的药时数据符合无吸收二室开放模型 ,主要动力学参数为 :t1 /2α(0 .15± 0 .0 1) h,t1 /2β(0 .5 8± 0 .0 2 ) h,Vc (1.4 1± 0 .0 8) l,Vβ(2 .97± 0 .11) l,Cl B(3.5 3±0 .10 ) l/ h,AU C(16 .95± 1.5 2 ) mg/ (l· h) ,K1 0 (2 .5 2± 0 .2 0 ) h- 1 ,K2 1 (2 .2 5± 0 .15 ) h- 1 ,K1 2 (1.17± 0 .15 )h- 1 。健康家兔灌服儿茶素的药时数据符合一级吸收一室开放模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1 /2 ka(0 .39± 0 .0 6 )h,t1 /2 ke(0 .79± 0 .11) h,tmax(0 .78± 0 .11) h,Cmax(3.35± 0 .16 ) mg/ l,AU C (7.4 5± 0 .94 ) m g/ (l· h) ,F (6 4±7.0 0 ) %。儿茶素在健康家兔体内的药动学特征是 :吸收迅速 ,达峰时间短 ,消除快 ,半衰期短 ,表观分布容积较大 ,口服摄入吸收不完全     

阿莫西林钠在猪体内的生物利用度及药动学研究

1 4头健康杂种猪 ,随机平均分为两组 ,按随机交叉试验设计 ,进行静注及内服阿莫西林钠 (1 0mg/kg)的药动学研究 ,以及肌注阿莫西林钠及阿莫西林钠长效制剂 (1 0mg/kg)的药动学比较。高效液相色谱法测定猪血浆中阿莫西林的浓度 ,MCPKP计算机程序处理血浆药物浓度 时间数据。健康猪静注给药的药时数据适合二室开放模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1 /2α0 31± 0 1 6h;t1 /2 β2 2 9± 0 94h ;V1 0 2 2± 0 1 2L/kg ;Vd(area) 1 0 6± 0 45L/kg ;ClB0 33±0 0 7L·kg- 1 ·h- 1 ;AUC31 67± 7 0 9mg·L- 1 ·h。健康猪内服给药的药时数据适合一级吸收二室模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1 /2ka0 74± 0 36h ;t1 /2 β5 96± 3 41h ;tmax1 52± 0 43h ;Cmax5 33± 2 0 7μg/mL ;AUC2 3 89± 9 40mg·L- 1 ·h ;F79 64 %± 38 47%。健康猪肌注阿莫西林钠和阿莫西林钠长效制剂的药时数据均适合一级吸收二室模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1 /2ka0 1 1± 0 0 5h和 0 0 9± 0 0 5h ;t1 /2 β3 2 8± 1 89h和 7 32± 3 55h ;tmax0 33± 0 1 4h和 0 36±0 1 6h ;Cmax1 6 51± 4 41 μg/mL和 1 8 98± 2 70 μg/mL ;AUC30 61± 8 2 7mg·L- 1 ·h和 49 44± 1 1 31mg·L- 1 ·h ;F96 65     

沙拉沙星在猪体内的药动学研究

7头健康杂种猪 ,按照随机拉丁方设计 ,进行静注、肌注及内服沙拉沙星 (5mg/kg)的药动学研究。血浆样品经甲醇沉淀血浆蛋白 ,高速离心 ,用反相高效液相色谱法测定猪血浆中沙拉沙星的浓度 ,MCPKP计算机程序处理血浆药物浓度 时间数据。健康猪静注给药的药时数据适合二室开放模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为t1/ 2α0 88±0 2 8h ;t1/ 2 β3 0 6± 0 5 0h ;V11 36± 0 2 4L/kg ;Vd(area) 2 5 0± 0 42L/kg ;ClB0 5 7± 0 0 7L·kg-1·h-1;AUC8 90±1 0 3mg·L-1·h。健康猪肌注给药的药时数据适合一级吸收一室模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1/ 2ka0 2 5± 0 18h ;t1/ 2ke3 5 3± 1 0 1h ;tmax0 94± 0 49h ;Cmax1 30± 0 37μg/ml;AUC 7 6 6± 1 38mg·L-1·h ;F86 48%± 15 15 %。健康猪内服给药的药时数据适合一级吸收一室模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1/ 2ka0 5 1± 0 2 9h ;t1/ 2ke6 72± 2 78h ;tmax2 45± 0 89h ;Cmax0 36± 0 2 1μg/ml;AUC　 4 5 4± 1 0 6mg·L-1·h ;F5 1 99%± 14 6 7%。沙拉沙星在健康猪体内的主要药动学特征为 :吸收迅速 ,达峰时间短 ,表观分布容积大。肌注给药吸收完全 ;内服给药吸收不完全 ,消除缓慢。     

麻保沙星(marbofloxacin)在鸡体内的生物利用度及药物动力学

选用 36只 5 1～ 6 0日龄健康岭南黄鸡 ,随机均分为 3组 ,对静注、肌注及内服麻保沙星 (2 .5 mg/ kg)的生物利用度和药物动力学进行了研究。用三氯甲烷提取血浆中的药物 ,反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中麻保沙星的浓度 ,MCPKP计算机程序处理所得到的血药浓度 -时间数据。静注给药的药时数据适合三室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2π(0 .19± 0 .0 3) h;t1 /2α(2 .0 7± 0 .2 7) h;t1 /2β(6 .5 2± 0 .6 9) h;V1 (0 .48± 0 .0 3) L / kg;Vd(area) (2 .0 6± 0 .39)L/ kg;Vd(ss) (1.0 5± 0 .0 6 ) L/ kg;Cl B(0 .19± 0 .0 2 ) L/ (kg· h) ;AUC(13.95± 1.0 7) mg· kg- 1 · h。肌注给药的药时数据适合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2 Ka(0 .5 4± 0 .0 5 ) h;t1 /2α(2 .33± 0 .2 0 ) h;t1 /2β(6 .2 7± 0 .46 )h;tmax(1.5 7± 0 .0 9) h;Cmax(1.88± 0 .0 5 ) m g/ L ;AUC(13.18± 0 .6 7) mg· kg- 1 · h;F(94.45± 4.80 ) %。内服给药的药时数据适合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2 Ka(0 .42± 0 .0 6 ) h;t1 /2α(2 .31± 0 .2 5 ) h;t1 /2β(6 .48±0 .6 6 ) h;tmax(1.35± 0 .12 ) h;Cmax(1.83± 0 .18) mg/ L;AUC(13.5 5± 0 .6 7) mg· k     

肉仔鸡静注和内服环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin)的药物动力学

16只健康 AA肉仔鸡 ,随机分成 2组 ,每组 8只 ,按 10 mg/ kg剂量分别进行静注和内服单剂量环丙沙星药动学试验。血浆中药物浓度用高效液相色谱法测定 ,血药浓度 -时间数据用 MCPKP药动学计算机程序处理。结果表明 ,静注给药后的药时数据符合无吸收二室开放模型 ,主要动力学参数分别为 :t1 /2α为 (0 .2 34± 0 .0 49) h,t1 /2β为 (10 .118±0 .2 71) h,VB为 (1.374± 0 .12 4) L/ kg,CLB为 (0 .0 94± 0 .0 0 9) L· kg- 1 · h- 1 ,AUC为 (10 7.0 6 8± 10 .6 40 ) mg· L- 1· h。内服给药后的药时数据符合一级吸收一室开放模型 ,主要动力学参数分别为 :t1 /2 kα为 (0 .114± 0 .0 0 8) h,t1 /2 k为(7.784± 0 .5 14) h,Tp 为 (0 .70 2± 0 .0 31) h,Cmax为 (5 .736± 0 .5 15 ) m g/ L,AUC为 (6 8.6 2 2± 8.147) mg· L- 1· h,F为 (6 4.0 92± 7.6 10 ) %。肉仔鸡静注环丙沙星在其体内消除较慢 ,分布广泛 ;内服给药吸收迅速 ,消除较静注给药快。     

仔猪脾虚状态下单剂量口服左旋氧氟沙星的药动学研究

10头健康仔猪随机均分为健康组、脾虚组 ,按 2 0mg/kg的剂量进行内服左旋氧氟沙星的药动学研究。高效液相色谱法测定血浆中药物浓度 ,3P97药代动力学程序处理药时数据。健康组和脾虚组药动学数据适合一级吸收一室模型。健康组主要药动学数据为 :吸收半衰期 (t1 / 2ka)(0 42± 0 0 8)h ,消除半衰期 (t1 / 2ke) (7 62± 0 38)h ,达峰时间 (tmax) (1 85± 0 2 5)h ,达峰浓度 (Cmax) (6 99± 0 92 )mg/L ,药时曲线下面积 (AUC) (90 7± 1 0 0 7)mg·L- 1 ·h ,表观分布容积 (V/ F(s) ) (2 45± 0 2 8)L·kg,平均滞留时间 (MRT) (1 1 92± 0 94)h。脾虚组 :t1 / 2ka(1 1 7± 0 38)h ,t1 / 2ke (9 0 2± 1 1 8)h ,tmax (3 93± 1 0 5)h ,Cmax (4 2 8± 1 45)mg/L ,AUC (72 2 1± 1 6 0 7)mg·L- 1 ·h ,V/ F(s) (3 95±1 2 8)L·kg,MRT (1 3 74± 1 2 1 )h。结果表明 :仔猪脾虚状态下明显影响左旋氧氟沙星内服给药的药动学特征     

猪肌肉注射两种恩诺沙星注射液的药物动力学比较

选用6头健康杂种猪,随机交叉设计试验,进行肌注两种不同pH的恩诺沙星注射液(2.5 mg/kg)的药物动力学比较的研究.反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中恩诺沙星的浓度.所得血药浓度-时间数据用MCPKP计算机程序处理.pH10.3及pH8.3的恩诺沙星注射液肌注给药的药时数据适合-级吸收一室模型,主要药物动力学参数分别是t1/2ka0.25±0.28 h及0.14±0.05 h;t1/2ke4.54±0.63及4.64±0.84 h;tmax0.95±0.70 h及0.69±0.23 h;Cmax0.96±0.16及0.92±0.29;AUC 7.58±1.10μg/ml·h及6.59±1.50μg/ml·h.两者的药物动力学参数无显著性差异(P＞0.05).     

氟苯尼考静注及肌注在绵羊体内的药代动力学研究

健康绵羊8只,随机分为A、B两组,A组静注单剂量20mg·kg-1氟苯尼考试验品,B组肌注单剂量30mg·kg-1氟苯尼考试验品。两周后,A组肌注单剂量20mg·kg-1氟苯尼考试验品,B组肌注单剂量20mg·kg-1氟苯尼考对照品。用高压液相色谱法测定血浆中的药物浓度。采用3p97药代动力学程序软件处理药 时数据。静注药 时数据符合三室开放模型,主要药代动力学参数:Vd(ss)1 87±0 26L·kg-1,T1/2α1 5±0 06h,T1/2β19 47±7 64h,CL(s)0 25±0 05L·kg-1·h-1,AUC77 35±10 24μg·h·mL-1;氟苯尼考试验品肌注药 时数据符合一室开放模型,主要药代动力学参数:20mg·kg-1剂量组C(max)4 20±0 28μg·mL-1,T1/2ka0 26±0 02h,T1/2ke10 07±1 08h,AUC67 47±11 02μg·h·mL-1,F(绝对)87 22%,F(相对)97 66%;30mg·kg-1剂量组C(max)7 10±1 84μg·mL-1,T1/2ka0 26±0 10h,T1/2ke9 57±3 28h,AUC101 58±10 25μg·h·mL-1。实验结果表明,氟苯尼考试验品肌注后曲线下面积AUC与剂量呈比例关系,在绵羊体内吸收好,分布快,消除缓慢,与先灵葆雅公司对照品相似。     

氟苯尼考静注及肌注在鸡体内药代动力学研究

健康AA肉鸡 36只 ,随机分成 4组 ,以 15mg/kg和 30mg/kg两种剂量静注、肌注分别给予氟苯尼考。用高压液相色谱法测定血浆中的药物浓度 ,采用 3p97药代动力学程序软件处理药 时数据。静注药 时数据符合二室开放模型 ,主要药代动力学参数 :15mg/kg剂量组Vd(ss) 1 5 7± 0 16L/kg ,T1/2α43 96± 12 2 7min、T1/2 β16 8 18±45 2 4min、CL(s) 0 0 17± 0 0 0 30L/ (kg·min)、AUC886 40± 146 5 3(μg/ml)·min ;30mg/kg剂量组Vd(ss) 1 42±0 2 3L/kg ,T1/2α41 48± 8 6 4min、T1/2 β180 80± 74 97min、CL (s) 0 0 17± 0 0 0 2 9L/ (kg·min)、AUC176 7 15±2 6 8 2 3(μg/ml)·min。肌注药 时数据符合一室开放模型 ,主要药代动力学参数 :15mg/kg剂量组T1/2 (ka) 10 2 5±9 19min、T1/2 (ke) 15 2 41± 73 0 9min、C(max) 3 5 0± 1 13μg/ml、AUC837 88± 16 0 85 (μg/ml)·min、F94 5 3% ;30mg/kg剂量组T1/2 (ka) 11 97± 7 5 9min、T1/2 (ke) 15 2 41± 73 0 9min、C(max) 6 79± 1 38μg/ml、AUC172 5 2 9±35 7 98(μg/ml)·min、F97 6 3%。实验结果表明 :氟苯尼考在鸡体内吸收好 ,分布快 ,消除也快。静注、肌注后曲线下面积AUC与剂量呈比例关系 ,各参数无剂量依赖性。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

Hypothalamic dopamine is required for salsolinol‐induced prolactin secretion in goats

The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between hypothalamic dopamine (DA) and salsolinol (SAL) for the secretion of prolactin (PRL) in goats. SAL or thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) was intravenously injected into female goats treated with or without the D₂ DA receptor antagonist haloperidol (Hal), which crosses the blood‐brain barrier, and the PRL‐releasing response to SAL was compared with that to TRH. PRL‐releasing responses to SAL, Hal, and Hal plus SAL were also examined after a pretreatment to augment central DA using carbidopa (Carbi) and L‐dopa. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal alone was greater than that to SAL or TRH alone. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus SAL was similar to that of Hal alone. In contrast, the PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus TRH was greater than that to TRH or Hal alone. The treatment with Carbi plus L‐dopa inhibited SAL‐ and Hal‐induced PRL secretion. The inhibition of the PRL‐releasing response to SAL disappeared when SAL was injected with Hal. These results indicate that the mechanisms underlying the SAL‐induced PRL response differ from those of TRH, and suggest that hypothalamic DA and its synthesis is associated in part with SAL‐induced PRL secretion in goats.     

Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory diseases of cattle

The authors describe the procedure of laboratory diagnosis for bovine respiratory diseases: direct diagnosis by isolation and for identification of bacteria or viruses and indirect diagnosis by serological methods. They specify the restraints and limits of this diagnosis and the significance results which are obtained and connected with knowledge of anamnestic information.     

The effect of peri-parturient anthelmintic treatment on the productivity of dairy cattle in subtropical western India

Trials with fenbendazole (Panacur, Hoechst India Ltd) were carried out on two commercial farms in subtropical western India to study the response and economics of nematode treatment in adult dairy cows. Milk yield, lactation length, time to first oestrus and worm egg output were monitored in treated and control groups. Treatment reduced the egg count considerably. Treated cows produced 142 litres more milk over 100 days (p<0.05), with extension of lactation length and advancement of time to first oestrus. The economic gain in terms of milk yield far outweighed the cost of anthelmintic used.     

An Evaluation of the Acceptability as Forage of Some Nutritive and Antinutritive Components and of the Dry Matter Degradation Profiles of Five Species of Ficus

The suitability of five species of Ficus, F. mucoso, F. thonningii, F. polita, F. religiosa and F. benjamina, for feeding ruminant livestock was studied. The nutritive and antinutritive components were determined and the acceptability of the forages to livestock was assessed using a cafeteria method in 8 adult small ruminants. Also, the degradation potential of the dry matter of the five Ficus species was investigated using 3 fistulated sheep. The crude protein (CP) content of the Ficus species varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 130 to 180 g/kg DM. The content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) also varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 650 to 710 g/kg DM. The organic matter (OM) contents did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), having a mean value of 916 g/kg DM. The concentrations of tannin, saponin, phytic acid and oxalic acid were low. The acceptability of the forage was similar for four of the species but poor for F. polita. The extent of DM degradation varied significant among the Ficus species, the ranking order being F. benjamina > F. thonningii > F. mucoso > F. religiosa > F. polita.     

Nutrient and metal analyses of Chinese herbal products marketed for veterinary use

Many Chinese herbs and herbal mixtures are fed to domestic animals for their reputed medicinal properties. These herbs could contribute to the intake of essential nutrients and toxic metals, but their composition is mostly unknown. The purpose of this study was to measure major nutrient (crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate, fibre) and mineral (Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, S, Al, Cd, Ni, Pb) concentrations in samples of fourteen combination formulas labelled for veterinary use and commonly administered to horses and dogs. Three single herbs, Bupleurum chinense, Curcuma zedoaria and Astragalus membranaceus, each obtained from several sources, and Yunnan Baiyao, a proprietary hemostatic mixture, were also analysed. Proximate analyses and some mineral concentrations differed (p < 0.05) among single herbs, and high concentrations of several minerals were detected in some herbal combinations. Those containing the highest concentrations [g/kg dry matter (DM)] of calcium (92.4), iron (2.6) and manganese (0.28) could provide >38%, 142% and 96%, respectively, of recommended allowances in adult dogs, and >13%, 122% and 2%, respectively, of maintenance requirements in horses, at the maximum labelled dose assuming complete availability. Concentrations of cadmium, nickel and lead were below published oral tolerance levels. Aluminium concentrations (median 380, maximum 920 mg/kg DM) were higher than has been previously reported in Chinese herbs. These nutrient analyses suggest that herbal combinations marketed to veterinarians, when fed at the maximal labelled dose, are unlikely to produce clinically relevant changes in the dietary intake of essential nutrients. However, small amounts of non‐essential contaminant minerals are present in some formulas, and further research is necessary to understand the significance of this finding.