On human pasteurellosis by inoculation (author's transl)]

Animal pasteurelloses are most frequent and can occur accidentally on humans. Peculiar variety so-called by inoculation is here described, recognised by J. Reilly and P. Tournier in 1952. It follows animal's bite, cat's bite most often, and can be acute like phlegmon or subacute like an algodystrophic syndrome invalidating during long time. Intradermic injection of P. multocida cultivation straining allows both diagnosis and treatment of a disease very resisting to other therapeutics     

Serologic response to Brucella abortus of cattle and guinea pigs experimentally inoculated with a Yersinia enterocolitica serotype from milk

Ten strains of Yersinia enterocolitica belonging to ten various serogroups isolated from raw milk were inoculated into groups of five guinea pigs and five calves. Y. enterocolitica serotype 0:16 was the only serotype tested that induced an antibody response to Brucella abortus in calves. No anti-Brucella response could be demonstrated serologically in guinea pigs. Activity of the anti-Y. enterocolitica 0:16 calf sera against B. abortus antigen was shown by the tube agglutination test, and by the complement fixation test. The early agglutinating antibody response was partly sensitive to reduction by 2-mercaptoethanol. This sensitivity decreased later in the response. This is the first report of anti-Brucella responses induced by a serotype of Y. enterocolitica other than 0:9; sera from a group of five calves inoculated with 0:9 were tested by the same serological techniques for comparison.     

Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus: Concentration,partial purification,inactivation and immunogenicity

Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) TC-84 vaccinal virus, from 10-1. quantities of infected duck embryo fibroblast cell culture fluids, was isolated by combined continuous-flow centrifugation with isopycnic banding in sucrose. Most of the recovered infectivity and hemagglutinating activity were in a single band at a buoyant density (?) of 1.2. About 90% of the total input protein (450–520 mg) was removed with the effluent, whereas most of the remaining 10% also banded at a ? of 1.2. Infectivity was inactivated with formalin at a final concentration of 0.05% at 37°C for 24 hr. Formalin-inactivated virus retained its immunogenicity and induced VEE virus-specific antibody in horses and guinea pigs. The horses and those guinea pigs that received equivalent doses of vaccine survived after a challenge of their immunity with virulent VEE virus.     

Cell-mediated immunity in cytomegalovirus infections —A review

Cell-mediated immunity is of critical significance in the host response to cytomegalovirus infection. This fact is evidenced by numerous reports of disease in immunosuppressed hosts and by other clinical and experimental observations. Methodologies are now available for elucidation of the specific role of the various facets of cell-mediated immunity in normal and susceptible individuals during different stages of infection. Most progress has been made recently using assays of lymphocyte transformation and cell-mediated immune lysis, but other areas also deserve specific attention. A comprehensive picture of the function of cellular immunity should greatly advance understanding of disease pathogenesis as well as direct the development of future models for immunotherapy.     

Serological survey of adenovirus antibodies in domestic animals in Nigeria

Serum samples collected from 1,197 goats, 586 sheep, 254, cattle, 55 dogs and 44 horses were examined for antibodies to adenovirus by the agar-gel precipitation test. Results show that 17.7% of the goats, 18.4% of the sheep, 4.3% of the cattle, and 4.5% of the horses had precipitating antibodies. None of the dog sera examined was positive. The results seem to indicate a moderate level of previous exposure to adenovirus infection especially among goats and sheep in Nigeria.     

Immunological cross-reactivity of pathogenic Nocardia and related organisms.

Aerobic actinomycetes associated with various clinical conditions in man and animals were studied for their antigenic relationships along with related organisms. Culture filtrate antigens obtained from 16 species were tested by antigen-antibody crossed-immunoelectrophoresis and by agar gel double diffusion against rabbit antibodies to Nocardia asteroides, N. brasiliensis and N. caviae. Weak cross-reactivity was detected among the three, Nocardia species and Micropolyspora brevicatena, but no cross-reactivity was noted with antigens from any of the other species studied.     

A micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for detection of feline leukemia virus in cats

The performance of a micro ELISA test for detection of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection was evaluated. The test was found specific for FeLV and feline sarcoma virus (FeSV) group-specific antigens in blood, plasma or serum of infected cats. Other common feline pathogens were negative to the test.Quantities as little as 7.8 ng of p-27 (the major group specific antigen of FeLV) per ml of sample gave positive results. The correlation between the micro ELISA test and the indirect immunofluorescent test commonly used for diagnosis of FeLV infection was 98% in 116 clinical cases and 184 samples from cats inoculated with FeLV and 100% in 100 specific pathogen-free cats.     

Differing antimicrobial potency and specificity of peripheral blood and autologous exudative polymorphonuclear leucocytes

Little is known about the antimicrobial potency and specificity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes which actually appear at the sites of bacterial invasion in tissues. In the present work we have compared inflammatory leucocytes induced by intraperitoneal injection of casein in rabbits with autologous peripheral blood cells in killing Escherichia coli serotype 01 and Staphylococcus aureus 502A. The results indicate that inflammatory leucocytes differ significantly from their virgin blood ancestors. While the blood leucocytes were only able to suppress the growth of the gram-negative bacteria, autologous exudative cells killed more than 95% of the test organisms within 1 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. The enhanced microbicidal activity of the inflammatory cells however, was only specific for the gram-negative bacteria, as evidenced by the failure of leucocytes to kill Staph. aureus to the same extent as the peripheral blood cells. In association with the enhanced gram-negative microbicidal activity the inflammatory cells produced chemiluminescence and released two to three times more O2-anions than the peripheral cells. We interpret these observations to mean that chemotactic factors such as casein activate inflammatory cells to increase their oxidative metabolism. Since microbicidal action of leucocytes is thought to proceed in part through oxygen-dependent reactions, the inflammatory leucocytes would be expected to effectively kill bacteria that are highly susceptible to these lethal oxygen metabolites. It cannot therefore be assumed that assessment of the functional capacity of the virgin peripheral blood PMNs would provide information on the functional characteristics of activated leucocytes which actually migrate to and accumulate at inflammatory sites.     

Isolation and typing of Clostridium oedematiens (Cl. novyi) from cases of black disease of sheep in Iran

Clostridium oedematiens types A, B and D have been isolated from liver lesions of 44 cases of black disease of sheep in Iran. The technique of isolation and identification by using fluorescent labelled antibodies is described. The isolates were typed based on their lecithinase, haemolytic, necrotic and lethal activities.     

Role of outer membrane proteins in immunity against murine salmonellosis--1. Antibody response to crude outer membrane proteins of Salmonella typhimurium

The humoral immune response to crude outer membrane proteins (comp) of S. typhimurium in mice has been characterized. Maximal and quicker antibody response was observed when 50 micrograms of comp was injected intraperitoneally. The comp of smooth C5 strain of S. typhimurium evoked antibody response to both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and proteins. Absorption of these sera with LPS coated erythrocytes eliminated the antibodies to LPS completely, while the antibody level to protein was left unaltered. The comp from rough mutant (lacking O-specific chain of LPS) of S. typhimurium elicited antibodies to proteins but not to LPS. These results indicate the concomitant production of antibodies to Salmonella outer membrane proteins also. The significance of such antibodies in protection and diagnosis has been discussed.     

Fat globule membrane of sow milk as a target for adhesion of K88-positive Escherichia coli

Membrane adhesion of K88-positive Escherichia coli was studied on intestinal brush-border membranes on 237 Finnish Landrace pigs. Forty-one per cent of the brush-border membrane preparations aggregated E. coli (positive adhesion). Similar dualism of adherence/nonadherence was observed on sow milk fat globule membranes. Washed milk fat globules (washed cream) can be used as a convenient source of material for adhesion studies. Bacterial adherence on to milk fat globules is evident as agglutination of the globules (dark-field microscopy). By this procedure the sows can be typed according to their receptor phenotype. This simple principle of fat globule agglutination due to receptors for K88-positive E. coli might be complicated by SigA-mediated bacterial adherence. Fat globule membranes were shown to contain SigA, which may act as a mediator of bacterial adherence onto fat globules. The significance of this adhesive property of milk fat globule might be to provide alternative receptors for E. coli thus preventing bacterial adhesion on to gastro-intestinal epithelium of the offspring. Sow milk fat globules can be used for typing E. coli for membrane adhesiveness. The adhesiveness of the strains showed a good correlation with the presence of the K88 antigen, as well as the hydrophobicity of the bacterial strain as determined by an association on Phenyl-Sepharose beads.     

Comparative study of various Chlamydia strains--preliminary study (author's transl)]

The chlamydia order comprises two species (Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci) which are the only ones which can be rigorously differentiated with experimental criteria. However, the clinical study of chlamydia demonstrates the existence of various syndromes due to pathogenic agents. Some observations also seem to indicate the possibility of antigenic differences between isolated strains, during abortions, among small ruminants.We have entered upon a comparative study of various Chlamydia psittaci strains in order to look for objective criteria of differentiation of the strains extracted from small ruminants from those which were isolated from other animal species. Chlamydia taken from samples of ovine and caprine origin by direct isolation on embryonated egg or on cellular cultures were also compared by the following methods: seroneutralization on embryonated eggs and on cell cultures, characteristics of the plaques on cell cultures, crossed-immunofluorescence, toxic effects, lethal action on the foetus of the pregnant mouse, crossed-immunoelectrophoresis by agar gel (simple or double quantitative diffusion), electrophoresis by polyacrylamide gel.The use of those numerous techniques has enabled us to observe significant differences between those strains. However, it is not yet possible to propose a classification defining several groups. The specificity of these differences, especially between ovine and caprine strains, should become clear through the studies now in progress: in particular through the method using the interference of specific antigens compared on the one hand by serioimmunologic methods and, on the other hand, by tests setting an immunity to cellular mediation into action.     

Lymphocyte transformation suppression caused by pyoderma--failure to demonstrate it in uncomplicated demodectic mange

Three dogs with demodectic mange uncomplicated by a bacterial infection and 9 dogs with demodectic mange and pyoderma were tested for their lymphocyte response to phytomitogens in vitro and for the presence of the serum's lymphocyte immunoregulatory factors (SLIF) suppressing blastogenesis. None of the 3 dogs with uncomplicated demodectic mange showed any detectable dysfunction of their lymphocytes or presence of the blastogenesis suppressing SLIF. Their lymphocytes generally responded to the mitogens with more blastogenesis than lymphocytes from healthy controls. On the other hand, in the group of 9 dogs with demodicosis complicated by a bacterial infection, high levels of the blastogenesis suppressing SLIF for concanavalin A-sensitive cells were detected in 4 dogs, for phytohemagglutinin-sensitive cells in 2 dogs, and for pokeweed mitogen-sensitive cells in 1 (of only 3 tested) dog. Dysfunction of lymphocytes per se (detected by a decreased blastogenesis in nonsuppressive normal canine and bovine sera) was detected in 3 dogs with demodicosis with pyoderma. The success of the treatment of demodectic mange or the bacterial skin infection did not correlate with the previous presence or absence of the blastogenesis suppressing SLIF. The treatment of pyoderma was less successful in dogs with an increase in blastogenesis of unstimulated cells in fresh normal canine serum over that in autologous serum. All 3 dogs with a detected dysfunction of their lymphocytes either died or were euthanatized as untreatable cases. It is concluded that the development of demodectic mange per se did not cause the appearance of the blastogenesis suppressing SLIF, which was primarily related to the appearance and extent of the secondary bacterial skin infection.     

Comparative studies of strains of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus isolated from latently infected calves

Three strains (479 C, 778 TL, 982 LE) of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus isolated from latently infected calves were compared with the prototype strain of IBR virus (LA strain) in studies which included restriction endonuclease analysis, experimental infection, and reciprocal cross protection tests in cattle. From the restriction endonuclease analysis it appeared that the 3 "latent" viruses were derived from the same isolate, and that it differed slightly from the LA strain. However, latency does not seem to have affected the pathogenicity or the immunogenicity of the virus. This is demonstrated by the identical clinical and virologic response of calves subjected to experimental infection with the various strains under study, and by the finding that when the LA strain and a "latent" strain (982 LE) were tested in cross protection tests in cattle, they proved to be mutually protective.     

Identification of feline blood B and T lymphocytes by cell electrophoresis.

The electrokinetic properties of feline blood lymphocytes isolated by centrifugation over Ficoll-Isopaque gradient were investigated. A biphasic electrophoretic mobility (EPM) distribution was regularly observed with a low-mobility (LM) population (mean EPM: 0.82) accounting for 32% of blood lymphocytes and a high-mobility (HM) population (mean EPM: 1.09) representing 68% of blood lymphocytes. Following fractionation on nylon-wool columns, lymphocytes with B-cell properties (64% sIg⁺; 9% guinea pig erythrocytes (GPE)-rosette⁺, PHA and Con A unresponsive) were enriched in the adherent fraction and belonged mainly (78%) to the LM population. In contrast, lymphocytes with T properties (5% sIg⁺, 42% GPE-rosette⁺, PHA and Con A responsive) were recovered in the effluent fraction and comprised 84% of HM elements.Thus, in cat blood, LM lymphocytes are likely to represent in majority B cells and HM lymphocytes T cells. This indicates that cell electrophoresis provides an interesting mean for differentiating B and T cells in the cat.     

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: Bacteriologic,immunologic, and clinical responses of cattle to experimental exposure with Moraxella bovis

The bacteriologic, immunologic, and clinical responses of 3- to 4-month old Holstein-Friesian calves to experimental exposure with Moraxella bovis type 10900 has been investigated. After u.v. radiation and intraconjunctival exposure with 1.9 × 10⁷ microorganisms, each eye of 16 calves exhibited signs of blepharospasm, photophobia, and increased lacrimation. Bacteria were recovered from exposed eyes for 2–7 consecutive weeks before maximal clinical response occurred. The severity of the cases varied from eyes that exhibited mild signs to severe clinical cases with profuse lacrimation, conjunctival swelling, corneal opacity, and ulceration. By 70 days after exposure, M. bovis could not be recovered from any conjunctival swabs, and clinical signs were not observed. Four non-exposed control animals did not develop clinical signs nor was M. bovis recovered from conjunctival swabs.Lacrimal secretions collected at the time of and 1 week after maximal clinical response had significantly elevated levels of total protein as compared to those collected 3, 2, and 1 week before, and 2 and 3 weeks after maximal clinical response. A passive hemagglutination test, using tanned formalized sheep erythrocytes sensitized with M. bovis sonicate antigen, detected antibody in lacrimal secretions from 22 of 32 eyes. The appearance of specific antibody in lacrimal secretions correlated with the amelioration of clinical signs and the decline in numbers of M. bovis microorganisms recovered from conjunctival swabs.     

Surgical management of an enterocutaneous umbilical fistula caused by an incarcerated Richter's hernia in a one-year-old Quarter Horse filly

This article reports a case of a one-year-old Quarter Horse filly with an enterocutaneous fistula resulting from an umbilical hernia since birth, treated successfully by en bloc resection of the hernial sac with the fistula and closure of the ileum with a modified Heineke-Mikulicz technique. This consisted of closing the intestinal wound transversely to the long axis after excision of the fistula to help preserve a sufficient intestinal lumen and prevent potential stricture formation after longitudinal closure. Umbilical hernias are reported to have an incidence of 0.5–2.0% usually resolve spontaneously. Reducible hernias do not represent a surgical emergency whereas incarcerations should always undergo surgery as soon as possible. Enterocutaneous fistulae occur uncommonly as a result of congenital umbilical herniae that developed spontaneously into Richter's herniae or Littré herniae or they are induced traumatically or iatrogenically after therapeutic attempts. In most cases, enterocutaneous fistulae do not require immediate surgery. However, the excision of the fistula should be scheduled within a few days after diagnosis. In the current case, the owner reported a healthy development of the filly after 1 year without any functional problems. This case represents an example of successful use of the Heineke-Mikulicz technique to establish an alternative to standard end-to-end anastomosis.     

Some ultrastructural findings on feline mammary carcinomas and their possible immunological significance

Feline mammary carcinoma is an aggressive highly metastatic malignant neoplasm occurring spontaneously in an outbred population. Tumour tissues from 20 clinical cases of simpletype adenocarcinomas (primary and metastatic tumours, cell suspensions, and cultured cells), were examined ultrastructurally by transmission and scanning electron microscopy.No evidence of an aetiological viral agent was found. Tumour cell morphology suggested that well-developed microvilli and cell surface structure may reflect the relative low immunogenicity and high metastasising potential of these carcinomas in the cat.     

Locomotion and chemotaxis of mononuclear phagocytes

The capacity for locomotion and for chemotaxis is probably very different in monocytes and macrophages from different sources. Numerous techniques have been established for studying the locomotion of these cells. Many of the factors are sparsely documented and the reports are scattered among various cell types. Heterogeneity of locomotion and chemotactic responsiveness is evident when established macrophage lines and mouse peritoneal macrophage are studied. The effects of mononuclear phagocytes and their released products on the locomotion of other cell types are reviewed.     

Swine alveolar macrophages: a review

Following a presentation of different methods used to collect alveolar macrophages by lung washing performed on killed or anaesthetized animals, several main features of these cells are described: in vitro adherence, enzymatic properties and morphology, phagocytosis. Studies of postnatal development show that swine alveolar macrophages appear during the first week of age. Finally, the alveolar macrophage immunological behaviour (surface receptors, cytotoxicity, co-operation with lymphocytes, activation) and the complex micro-organisms-macrophages interrelationships are discussed.