兽药氟尼康中主要成分的高效液相色谱分析

建立了HPLC法同时测定药物氟尼康中盐酸多西环素、氟苯尼考的含量,实现了氟尼康中盐酸多西环素、氟苯尼考的较好分离。采用Hypersil-ODS2（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）色谱柱,流动相为乙腈∶甲醇∶磷酸二氢铵（0.1 mol/L）=1∶2∶5,pH=3.50,检测波长为254 nm,流速为1 mL/m in。结果表明,盐酸多西环素在6.25~200μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 4,平均回收率为99.29%,RSD为0.51%;氟苯尼考在6.25~250μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为98.87%,RSD为0.32%。该方法快速简便,灵敏度高,重现性好,可用于药物氟尼康质量控制的测定方法。     

盐酸多西环素溶液含量测定方法研究

为测定盐酸多西环素溶液中盐酸多西环素含量,采用色谱柱Xtimate C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为醋酸盐缓冲液(0.25 mol/L醋酸铵溶液-0.1 mol/L乙二胺四醋酸二钠-三乙胺(100∶10∶1),醋酸或氨水调节p H值至8.8)-乙腈(85∶15),流速为1.0 m L/min,柱温为35℃,检测波长为280 nm,进样量为20μL的高效液相色谱方法。结果显示:盐酸多西环素溶液主成分与相关杂质分离良好,空白辅料对测定无干扰;在0.06～0.20 mg/m L范围内线性关系良好,线性回归方程y=36105x+6.4566(R~2=0.9999),含量测定平均回收率为99.64%,相对标准偏差为0.49%。表明建立的方法专属性、准确度、重复性均良好,可用于盐酸多西环素溶液含量的测定。     

4种兽用注射液中非法添加倍他米松UPLC-PDA检查方法的建立

为了建立柴胡注射液、维生素C注射液、盐酸林可霉素注射液、黄芪多糖注射液中非法添加倍他米松的超高效液相色谱检查方法,采用Waters ACQUITY UPLCBEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7μm),以0.75%三乙胺溶液(用磷酸调节p H为3.0)-甲醇-乙腈(50∶45∶5)为流动相;流速为0.3 m L·min-1;二极管阵列检测器,波长采集范围为190~400 nm,记录色谱图波长242 nm。柱温25℃,进样量10μL。倍他米松质量浓度在20.0~180.0 mg·L-1内峰面积呈良好线性关系(R2=0.9997,n=7),在柴胡注射液、盐酸林可霉素注射液、维生素C注射液、黄芪多糖注射液中倍他米松的平均回收率分别为103.5%(RSD=0.2%)、101.2%(RSD=0.8%)、100.4%(RSD=1.7%)、99.2%(RSD=1.7%)。本方法简便、快速、准确,可用于柴胡注射液等四种兽用注射液中非法添加倍他米松的检测。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方氟苯尼考粉剂中各组分的含量

用高效液相色谱法同时测定复方氟苯尼考粉剂中氟苯尼考、盐酸多西环素、甲氧苄啶乳酸盐的含量。色谱条件:固定相为C18柱(5m,4.6150mm),流动相为0.2mol/L高氯酸钠溶液(用0.1mol/L盐酸调节至pH3.0):乙腈=73:27,检测波长220nm,流速1.0mL/min,进样量20L。氟苯尼考、盐酸多西环素、甲氧苄啶乳酸盐三组分的回收率分别为(98.90.9)%、(99.91.0)%、(99.60.5)%,线性范围分别为0.016~0.08、0.032~0.16、0.016~0.08mg/mL,相关系数分别为0.99998、0.9996、0.99998。本方法操作简便、快捷,结果准确、可靠。     

高效液相色谱法测定恩诺沙星注射液中的磺胺类药物

为建立恩诺沙星注射液中非法添加磺胺类药物的高效液相色谱检查方法,研究使用C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,3.5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.025mol/L磷酸溶液(用三乙胺调节pH=3.0),流速1.0ml/min,进样量10μl,柱温30℃,定性采集波长范围200～400nm,定量波长为270nm。结果表明,8种磺胺类药物进样浓度在5～100μg/ml范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(R^2均大于0.999),平均回收率在95%～107%之间,批内批间RSD均小于5%,适用于恩诺沙星注射液中非法添加磺胺类药物的测定。     

黄芪多糖注射液中非法添加林可霉素检查方法的研究

为建立黄芪多糖注射液中非法添加林可霉素的检查方法,采用薄层色谱法初筛出黄芪多糖注射液中非法添加林可霉素的样品,而后用HPLC-PDAD法检测,液相色谱条件:采用Atlantis~#174;T 3(十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶,4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为0.02 mol/L的磷酸氢二铵-乙腈(70∶30),流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长为194 nm,最后用LC-MS法进行确证。结合薄层色谱、高效液相色谱光谱图以及质谱的分子离子峰等方面信息,证明该样品中确实非法添加了林可霉素,其中HPLC-PDAD法平均回收率为97.8%,RSD为1.4%,检出限为6μg/m L。该检测方法准确可靠,可用于黄芪多糖注射液中非法添加林可霉素的检测。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸多西环素可溶性粉的含量

采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定盐酸多西环素可溶性粉中多西环素的含量,并对检验方法[1]进行复核验证。色谱柱W aters Nova.pakR○C18（3.9 mm×150 mm,4μm）;以0.05 mol/L草酸铵溶液-二甲基甲酰胺-0.2 mol/L磷酸氢二铵溶液（65∶30∶5）（用氨试液调节pH值为8.0）为流动相;柱温35℃;检测波长280 nm;流速1.0 mL/min;进样量20μL。多西环素进样浓度在4.0-144.0μg/mL的范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=1.000）;样品的平均加样回收率（n=9）为98.5%,RSD为2.0%;完成了185批次样品的检验,检验结果准确可靠。该方法准确度高,重复性好,结果可靠,能够有效地检测盐酸多西环素可溶性粉的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定乙酰甲喹注射液含量

建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定乙酰甲喹注射液含量。色谱柱为ZORBA×SB-Aq柱(4.6×250 mm 5μm),流动相为0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢钾(p H 6.0)-乙腈(80∶20),流速1.0 m L/min,检测波长254 nm。结果显示,乙酰甲喹线性范围为2.5~250.0μg/m L(r=0.999 97),加样平均回收率为100.17%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.8%(n=9)。该方法简便,准确,可用于乙酰甲喹注射液的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸林可霉素注射液的含量

建立盐酸林可霉素注射液含量测定的高效液相色谱法。色谱柱:C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相:0.05 mol/L硼砂溶液(用85%磷酸溶液调节pH值至5.0)∶甲醇∶乙腈=67∶33∶2(V/V),流速:1 mL/min,检测波长:214 nm,进样量:10μL,柱温:30℃。盐酸林可霉素浓度在0.1-2 mg/m L范围内峰面积与浓度的线性关系良好(R~2=0.999 9)。此法简便、快捷、灵敏度高、重现性好。     

HPLC测定盐酸多西环素可溶性粉含量

采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定盐酸多西环素可溶性粉中多西环素的含量,并对检验方法[1]进行复核验证.色谱柱 Waters Nova.pakR○C18( 3.9 mm×150 mm, 4 μm);以0.05 mol/L草酸铵溶液-二甲基甲酰胺-0.2 mol/L磷酸氢二铵溶液(65∶30∶5)(用氨试液调节pH值为8.0)为流动相;柱温35 ℃;检测波长280 nm;流速1.0 mL/min;进样量20 μL.多西环素进样浓度在4.0～144.0 μg/mL的范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=1.000);样品的平均加样回收率(n=9)为98.5%,RSD为2.0%;完成了185批次样品的检验,检验结果准确可靠.该方法准确度高,重复性好,结果可靠,能够有效地检测盐酸多西环素可溶性粉的含量.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.