芳香族和脂环族化合物在反刍家畜消化道中的释放代谢机制

芳香族和脂环族化合物(异生物素)在反刍动物体内的消化代谢水平主要取决于瘤胃的消化代谢能力,而这种能力是由瘤胃微生物决定的;瘤胃微生物在厌氧环境下具有降解芳香族异生物素的潜力,咀嚼有助于植物细胞壁脂化酚酸及其内容物的酚化合物的释放,释放后的代谢物大部分在瘤胃内被微生物代谢;瘤胃微生物糖酶的作用,使与细胞壁结合的酚酸以可溶性酯-糖单元的形式从牧草中释放出来,在肠道内微生物水解活动可引起植物中自然存在的结合态酚酸释放成游离态;细胞壁酯化的p-香豆酸含量与体内细胞壁消化率、体外干物质消化率和半体内瘤胃纤维降解率呈显著负相关,草本植物的木质素含量与细胞壁降解率也常为负相关;异生物素对动物和微生物具有毒害作用,但在瘤胃的厌氧微生物作用下,通过水解、还原、取代和脱羧等反应,异生物素发生生物转化和矿化,其还原代谢产物的毒性远低于其前体物.芳香族化合物在反刍家畜消化道中的释放代谢机制的研究,为其代谢物在尿液中的排泄含量作为反刍动物采食量的预测指标的可行性和机理从代谢水平上奠定基础.     

尿素在反刍家畜饲料中的利用

从Ｚｕｍｔｓ（１８９１）发现反刍家畜由于瘤胃微生物的作用可以利用非蛋白氮（ＮＰＮ）,并首次用ＮＰＮ取代反刍动物日粮中的部分蛋白质饲料获成功起,人们就从未间断过对ＮＰＮ应用于反刍动物的研究。据说Ｗｅｉｋｅ等（１８７９）是最早建议在反刍动物日粮中用ＮＰＮ化合物来代替蛋白质的。Ｌｏｏｌｉ（１９４９）发现用纯化日粮饲喂绵羊时,绵羊瘤胃可合成实验鼠所需的１０种必需氨基酸,以尿素作为唯一氮源时,绵羊处于正氮平衡。近２０多年来,随着对瘤胃发酵机制研究的深入,Ｒｅｉｄ和Ｂｒｉｇｇｓ（１９６７）首先对尿素作为反刍…     

粗饲料在反刍动物营养中的作用及影响粗饲料营养价值的因素

本文从粗饲料在反刍家畜营养中的作用和影响粗饲料品质两个方面进行了较为详细的讨论,为粗饲料在反刍动物日粮中的应用提供科学依据.     

反刍动物瘤胃微生物限制性氨基酸代谢研究进展

随着反刍动物新蛋白质体系的提出,氨基酸营养研究随之进入崭新的局面。尤其是针对蛋白质、限制性氨基酸和肽的代谢,合理搭配日粮氨基酸,以及提高饲料蛋白质消化率和氮利用率成为反刍动物营养研究领域的新热点。本文综述了反刍动物瘤胃微生物在不同日粮条件下的氨基酸限制性顺序,限制性氨基酸的研究方法,理想的氨基酸模式,蛋氨酸与赖氨酸的代谢机理,以及限制性氨基酸代谢的影响因素,旨在为揭示反刍家畜瘤胃微生物限制性氨基酸代谢机理,建立调控反刍家畜氨基酸高效利用的营养技术方案提供理论依据和技术支持。     

粗饲料在反刍动物中的营养作用及其影响因素

我国粗饲料资源丰富，是反刍家畜的重要饲料来源，在反刍动物日粮中，粗饲料通常占40%-70%，甚至更高，是瘤胃微生物和宿主动物重要的营养来源，对维持反刍动物肠道健康，提高其生产力，有着重要作用。本文就粗饲料在反刍动物营养中的应用及其影响因素进行了阐述。     

伊犁河谷反刍动物常用作物秸秆营养价值评定

农作物秸秆作为重要的饲草料原料,对作物秸秆的营养价值进行综合评定,有利于提高作物秸秆的利用率。本试验通过饲草料常规营养成分评定方法对伊犁河谷4种作物秸秆的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、无氮浸出物、粗灰分进行检测。结果表明,棉花秸秆中的粗蛋白含量(7.42%)、粗脂肪含量(2.76%)、粗纤维含量(48.74%)最高;小麦秸秆中的无氮浸出物含量最高(58.05%);玉米秸秆中的干物质(93.16%)和粗灰分含量(7.76%)最高。上述研究结果可对伊犁河谷农作物秸秆作为反刍家畜粗饲料日粮配方提供配方。     

粗饲料在反刍动物营养中的作用及影响饲料营养价值的因素

本文从粗饲料在反刍家畜营养中的作用和影响粗饲料品质两个方面进行了较为详细的讨论，为粗饲料在反刍动物日粮中的应用提供科学依据。     

反刍动物饲用脂肪产品开发分析

<正>反刍动物日粮中脂类的含量较低,精料中含2%~4%,粗料中占5%~7%,日粮中添加油脂在一定程度上能提高反刍动物的生产性能。能量负平衡现象是奶牛业中一个不可忽视的问题,如何在分娩后提高奶牛对能量的摄入量显得尤为重要,奶牛日粮中添加脂肪可提高产奶量,特别是对于泌乳高峰的奶牛,日粮中补充脂肪可以补偿其能量负平衡。1反刍家畜的瘤胃反刍动物(如奶牛、肉牛、羊)的胃由网胃、瘤胃、瓣胃、真胃4部分组成。瘤胃是反刍动物特有的     

浅谈“测草配方”技术研究

内蒙古农牧业科学院草原研究所2006年在"京津风沙源治理项目"中提出了"测饲草饲料日粮配方技术(简称"测草配方")".该技术针对农牧区现有牧草、粗精饲料种类现状,结合饲喂家畜的营养需要量确定家畜精粗料补充量,解决了目前家畜舍饲圈养和自由放牧中存在的饲草料营养不均衡和饲草料浪费问题,从而提高了畜产品的质量、产量,增加了农牧民的收入.     

微量元素铜(Cu)的作用

铜是人们较早发现的微量元素之一，它的丰欠直接影响家畜和牧草的产量和质量，铜是反刍家畜日粮中必要的微量元素。地壳中含铜量为４５～７０ｐｐｍ，我国大部分地区土壤和植物中的铜并不缺乏。按土壤类型分，含铜量大小顺序为黑钙土栗钙土棕钙土沙土。一般植物含铜量在３...     

常见芳香族和脂环族化合物在反刍家畜瘤胃内的代谢

芳香族化合物在反刍动物瘤胃的厌氧微生物作用下,通过水解、还原等反应,发生生物转化和矿化。不同的芳香族和脂环族化合物具有各自的代谢特点与途径:羟基桂皮酸经微生物氢化形成的羟基-3-苯丙酸,再经O-脱甲基作用和脱羟基作用转变为3-苯基丙酸;羟基苯甲酸经脱羧和脱甲氧基作用转化为简单酚类;消化道内的微生物对环己烷羧酸转化为苯甲酸的芳香化过程不起作用,仅对奎尼酸和莽草酸转化为环已烷羧酸的过程起作用;氨基酸通过瘤胃微生物降解的可能途径主要是Stickland反应,即氨基酸通过氧化还原机理脱氨;香豆素可能不是哺乳动物体内苯甲酸的前体物质,瘤胃微生物对类黄酮降解的方式与大肠微生物不同;不同类型的单宁降解不同:水解单宁的尿代谢物一般与五倍子酸的分解产物一样,如果缩合单宁单体间稳定耦合链被断裂,那么其代谢途径可能与简单类黄酮的代谢过程类似;木质素单体很容易被生物转化,但木质素低聚体能经受一定程度的解聚作用。     

Identification of the phenolic substances in bovine urine associated with oak leaf poisoning

Six phenolic substances in bovine urine associated with oak leaf poisoning were identified by means of the ferric chloride reaction, paper chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. The results indicate that these are neither oak tannin nor tannic acid but small molecular weight phenolic compounds. The concentration of free volatile phenols in the urine of cattle affected by oak leaves (n = 9, 26.57 +/- 11.20 mg litre-1) was significantly higher than in normal cattle (n = 9, 2.59 +/- 0.03 mg litre-1).     

Current knowledge and future perspectives of the use of seaweeds for livestock production and meat quality: a systematic review

The effects of dietary macroalgae, or seaweeds, on growth performance and meat quality of livestock animal species are here reviewed. Macroalgae are classified into Phaeophyceae (brown algae), Rhodophyceae (red algae) and Chlorophyceae (green algae). The most common macroalga genera used as livestock feedstuffs are: Ascophyllum, Laminaria and Undaria for brown algae; Ulva, Codium and Cladophora for green algae; and Pyropia, Chondrus and Palmaria for red algae. Macroalgae are rich in many nutrients, including bioactive compounds, such as soluble polysaccharides, with some species being good sources of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. To date, the incorporation of macroalgae in livestock animal diets was shown to improve growth and meat quality, depending on the alga species, dietary level and animal growth stage. Generally, Ascophyllum nodosum can increase average daily gain (ADG) in ruminant and pig mostly due to its prebiotic activity in animal's gut. A. nodosum also enhances marbling score, colour uniformity and redness, and can decrease saturated fatty acids in ruminant meats. Laminaria sp., mainly Laminaria digitata, increases ADG and feed efficiency, and improves the antioxidant potential of pork. Ulva sp., and its mixture with Codium sp., was shown to improve poultry growth at up to 10% feed. Therefore, seaweeds are promising sustainable alternatives to corn and soybean as feed ingredients, thus attenuating the current competition among food-feed-biofuel industries. In addition, macroalgae can hinder eutrophication and participate in bioremediation. However, some challenges need to be overcome, such as the development of large-scale and cost-effective algae production methods and the improvement of algae digestibility by monogastric animals. The dietary inclusion of Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZymes) could allow for the degradation of recalcitrant macroalga cell walls, with an increase of nutrients bioavailability. Overall, the use of macroalgae as feedstuffs is a promising strategy for the development of a more sustainable livestock production.     

Amino acid profile of escaped feed protein after rumen incubation and their intestinal digestibility.

The crude protein content and amino acid profile of seven feedstuffs (linseed meal, maize gluten meal, rapeseed meal, rapeseed meal protected, soybean meal, fullfat soybean extruded and sunflower meal) were determined before and after ruminal incubation for 16 h in three bulls with large rumen cannulas. The intestinal disappearance of amino acids was measured using mobile bag technique. Ruminal incubation affected amino acid profile of all experimental feedstuffs. Crude protein degradation varied from 29.3% for maize gluten meal to 86.4% for rapeseed meal. A tendency towards increased disappearance was observed for glutamic acid, histidine, lysine and proline and decreased disappearance for branched-chain amino acids. The intestinal crude protein digestibility was higher than > 80%, except rapeseed meal (66.4%) and sunflower meal (77.8%). The least digestible individual amino acids were methionine and isoleucine in rapeseed meal, histidine and methionine in rapeseed meal protected and arginine in sunflower meal. In general, the lowest amino acid digestibilities were found in feedstuffs with the highest fibre content. The feedstuffs show that they have different potential for supplying of limiting amino acids. Of particular value are the feedstuffs with low crude protein degradability in the rumen and high intestinal digestibility of amino acids.     

Effect of dietary glycine and benzoate level on benzoate metabolism in mink (Mustela vision), blue fox (Alopex lagopus), and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides)

Three 2 x 4 factorial experiments were carried out from August to September with 30 juvenile male mink, 24 raccoon dogs, and 24 blue foxes to investigate the effect of dietary glycine supply (low or high) on the efficiency of these species to excrete hippuric acid with incremental benzoate intake (0, 1, 2, or 4 mmol/kg BW). For mink, two additional treatments with 1 or 2 mmol/kg BW of ethyl benzoate were included. A basal low-glycine diet was formulated to meet the minimum protein requirements of fur animals (30% of ME). This diet was supplemented with 0 or 3 g/kg of glycine, or with 0, 1.0, 2.07, or 4.15 g/kg of sodium benzoate for mink and blue foxes, and with 0 or 4.5 g/kg of glycine and 0, 1.58, 3.17, or 6.34 g/kg of sodium benzoate for raccoon dogs, respectively. Two additional diets with .76 or 1.53 g/kg of ethyl benzoate were made for mink. Fecal and urinary benzoic and hippuric acid excretion were measured for 3 d. The 24-h recovery of [14C]benzoic acid injected intraperitoneally was measured from urine, the liver, and the kidneys. All animals appeared healthy and no clinical signs of benzoate overdose were observed. Dietary benzoate level did not affect ADFI or ADG in any species. Glycine supplementation lowered ADFI in mink. The majority of ingested benzoates were absorbed from the gut (over 95%), except in blue foxes, which excreted 6 to 15% of ingested benzoates in feces with incremental increases in benzoate intake. Urinary free benzoic acid excretion accounted for 10% of the ingested benzoates in blue foxes but less than 5% in mink and raccoon dogs. When benzoate intake was 1 mmol/kg BW, mink, blue foxes, and raccoon dogs excreted 71, 77, and 34% of ingested benzoates as hippuric acid in urine, respectively. With higher benzoate intakes, urinary hippuric acid excretion decreased quadratically with mink to 20%, and linearly with blue foxes and raccoon dogs to 45 and 16%, respectively. The hippuric acid pathway appears to be the principal route of benzoate elimination in the mink and blue fox, whereas, in the raccoon dog, other pathways appear to be more important. In mink, the elimination of ethyl benzoate did not differ from that of sodium benzoate. Because glycine conjugation is the primary route of benzoate elimination, it is recommended that benzoate content in fur animal feeds should not exceed 1 g/kg feed on an as-fed basis.     

Renal energy excretion of horses depends on renal hippuric acid and nitrogen excretion

The prediction of renal energy excretion is crucial in a metabolizable energy system for horses. Phenolic acids from forage cell walls may affect renal energy losses by increasing hippuric acid excretion. Therefore, the relationships were investigated between renal energy, nitrogen (N) and hippuric acid excretion of four adult ponies (230–384 kg body weight (BW)) consuming diets based on fresh grass, grass silage, grass cobs (heat‐dried, finely chopped, pressed grass), alfalfa hay, straw, extruded straw and soybean meal. Feed intake was measured; urine and faeces were quantitatively collected for three days. Feed was analysed for crude nutrients, gross energy, amino acids and neutral‐detergent‐insoluble crude protein (CP); faeces were analysed for crude nutrients and cross energy; urine was analysed for N, hippuric acid, creatinine and gross energy. Renal energy excretion (y; kJ/kg BW^0.75) correlated with renal N excretion (x₁; g/kg BW^0.75) and renal hippuric acid excretion (x₂; g/kg BW^0.75): y = 14.4 + 30.2x₁+20.7x₂ (r = .95; n = 30; p < .05). Renal hippuric acid excretion was highest after intake of fresh grass and lowest after intake of soybean meal. The ratio of hippuric acid to creatinine in urine and the excretion of hippuric acid per gram of dry matter intake was significantly higher for fresh grass than for all other rations. There was no relationship between aromatic amino acid intake and renal hippuric acid excretion. The results of the present study and literature data suggest that feed can be categorized into four groups with regard to the energy losses per gram CP intake: (i) protein supplements (e.g., soybean meal): 4.2–4.9 kJ/g CP intake (ii) alfalfa hay, grains, dried sugar beet pulp: 6.4 kJ/g CP intake, (iii) hay, preserved grass products, straw: 5.2–12.3 kJ/g CP intake (mean 8) and (iv) fresh grass. For group (iii) a negative relationship was observed between renal energy losses per gram of CP and the content of CP or neutral‐detergent‐insoluble CP in dry matter.     

鸡对饲料氨基酸有效利用率的研究

采用Sibbald“真代谢能”法测定饲料原料的氨基酸有效利用率。试验鸡分别强饲玉米、大豆粕和鱼粉 ,测定鸡强饲后的氨基酸排出量。结果表明 ,不同种类饲料原料的氨基酸利用率存在差异 ,玉米与大豆粕、鱼粉间差异显著 (P <0 0 5)。不同种类氨基酸之间利用率也有差异。 3种饲料原料的氨基酸真利用率均大于表观利用率 ,其中玉米的差异达到极显著水平 (P <0 0 1 ) ,表明内源性氨基酸对氨基酸利用率有影响 ,且这种影响随饲料原料中粗蛋白质水平的下降而增大。 3种饲料原料的氨基酸利用率在去盲肠鸡与正常鸡之间存在差异。盲肠微生物对饲料原料的氨基酸利用率有影响 ,且对不同种类氨基酸的影响有差异 ,这种影响不能通过内源性氨基酸的校正而消除。另外 ,内源性氨基酸的排泄量在去盲肠鸡大于正常鸡。表明内源性氨基酸也受到盲肠微生物的影响     

高效液相色谱法检测乳品中的马尿酸和苯甲酸

建立乳制品中马尿酸和苯甲酸的高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)分析方法。样品用乙酸铅沉淀过滤后,C18反相色谱柱分离,以乙酸铵-甲醇溶液为流动相,采用紫外检测器于230 nm波长处检测。结果表明:马尿酸和苯甲酸在1～100 mg/kg范围内呈良好的线性关系,回收率为95.3％～103.6％。本方法用于乳制品中马尿酸和苯甲酸的测定,前处理简单、定量准确,且重复性好。     

Does intra-ruminal nitrogen recycling waste valuable resources? A review of major players and their manipulation

Nitrogenous emissions from ruminant livestock production are of increasing public concern and, together with methane, contribute to environmental pollution. The main cause of nitrogen-(N)-containing emissions is the inadequate provision of N to ruminants, leading to an excess of ammonia in the rumen, which is subsequently excreted. Depending on the size and molecular structure, various bacterial, protozoal and fungal species are involved in the ruminal breakdown of nitrogenous compounds(NC). Decelerating ruminal NC degradation by controlling the abundance and activity of proteolytic and deaminating microorganisms, but without reducing cellulolytic processes, is a promising strategy to decrease N emissions along with increasing N utilization by ruminants. Different dietary options, including among others the treatment of feedstuffs with heat or the application of diverse feed additives, as well as vaccination against rumen microorganisms or their enzymes have been evaluated. Thereby, reduced productions of microbial metabolites, e.g. ammonia, and increased microbial N flows give evidence for an improved N retention. However, linkage between these findings and alterations in the rumen microbiota composition, particularly NC-degrading microbes, remains sparse and contradictory findings confound the exact evaluation of these manipulating strategies, thus emphasizing the need for comprehensive research. The demand for increased sustainability in ruminant livestock production requests to apply attention to microbial N utilization efficiency and this will require a better understanding of underlying metabolic processes as well as composition and interactions of ruminal NC-degrading microorganisms.