microRNA调控猪肌内脂肪沉积的研究进展

肌内脂肪（intramuscular fat,IMF）含量是评判猪肉品质的关键指标,其可影响猪肉的嫩度、剪切力、多汁性和风味等。微小RNA （microRNA,miRNA）是一类长度约为22 nt的短链非编码RNA,在胚胎发育、成脂分化、肌纤维形成、神经调节、免疫应答等多种生理过程中发挥重要作用。越来越多的研究表明,miRNA在猪肌内脂肪沉积过程中发挥重要调控作用,是脂质代谢的重要调控因子。作者通过归纳国内外关于miRNA调控猪肌内脂肪沉积的相关研究发现,miR-34a、miR-125a-5p、miR-32-5p等通过靶向作用转录因子Krüppel样因子（Krüppel-like factors,KLF）家族成员调控猪肌内脂肪沉积,miR-130a通过靶向作用过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体（peroxisome proliferator activated receptor,PPAR）家族成员调控猪肌内脂肪沉积,miR-34a、miR-17-5p和miR-125a-5p等通过靶向作用其他家族成员,如长链酯酰辅酶A合成酶4（acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4,ACSL4）、核受体共激活因子3（nuclear receptor coactivator 3,NCOA3）等来调控猪肌内脂肪沉积。然而miRNA调控猪肌内脂肪的具体作用机制尚不完全清楚,还需要进一步探究。作者通过梳理目前已经证实的与猪肌内脂肪沉积相关的miRNA,整理相关miRNA的靶基因以及主要作用通路,以期为筛选肌内脂肪相关miRNA提供参考,为改善肉质提供新的思路和策略,为阐明miRNA在猪脂质代谢中的作用机制提供参考。     

猪肌内脂肪的研究进展

猪肌内脂肪的含量是影响猪肉品质的一个重要因素,它影响着肉的嫩度、系水力、剪切力值、风味和多汁性。猪肉肌内脂肪的调控机制很复杂,主要受营养、环境和基因等多个方面的影响,其中,营养调控和基因调控是改善猪肌内脂肪沉积的根本途径。综述了猪肌内脂肪的形成以及营养和基因对其调控作用和机制的研究进展。     

猪肌内脂肪的研究进展

猪肌内脂肪的含量是影响猪肉品质的一个重要因素,它影响着肉的嫩度、系水力、剪切力值、风味和多汁性.猪肉肌内脂肪的调控机制很复杂,主要受营养、环境和基因等多个方面的影响,其中,营养调控和基因调控是改善猪肌内脂肪沉积的根本途径.综述了猪肌内脂肪的形成以及营养和基因对其调控作用和机制的研究进展.     

羊肌内脂肪调控研究进展

羊肌内脂肪的含量是影响羊肉品质的一个重要因素,其含量高低决定肉嫩度、多汁性和风味等肉质性状的优劣。羊肉肌内脂肪的调控机制非常复杂,主要受营养、环境和遗传等多方面的影响,其中基因调控是改善羊肌内脂肪沉积的根本途径之一。论文综述了羊肌内脂肪的作用与影响因素及其研究进展,为后续开展相关工作提供参考。     

猪肌内脂肪沉积的影响因素及其研究进展

猪肌内脂肪的含量是影响猪肉品质的重要因素,它影响着肉的嫩度、风味和多汁性。猪肌内脂肪的调控机制很复杂．主要受营养、环境和基因等多方面影响。本文主要综述了影响猪肌内脂肪沉积的相关因素及其研究进展,为深入研究猪肌内脂肪沉积提供参考。     

肉鸡肌内脂肪沉积的研究进展

肌肉脂肪分为肌间脂肪和肌内脂肪,肌内脂肪影响着肉质的嫩度、系水力、剪切力值等。一般来说,肌内脂肪含量高,肌肉肉质细嫩,口感好。肌内脂肪的调控机制很复杂,受营养、环境和基因等因素的影响,其中营养调控和基因调控是改善鸡肌内脂肪沉积的根本途径。文章综述了鸡肌内脂肪的形成及营养和基因对其调控作用和机制的研究进展。     

维生素A对肉牛脂肪沉积及其调控的研究进展

维生素A是肉牛维持正常生理功能、生化代谢及生长发育所必需的一类脂溶性维生素，机体自身不能合成，必须由饲粮供给。饲粮中维生素A不仅影响肉牛视觉和骨骼发育，也对肉牛脂肪沉积和肌肉大理石花纹形成等发挥着重要调控作用。在生产中，肉牛处在不同生理阶段对维生素A的需要量也不同，胎牛和犊牛阶段补充维生素A可增强肌内脂肪细胞发育和脂肪细胞增生，促进肌内脂肪沉积；育肥期限饲维生素A可提高肉牛的肌内脂肪沉积和大理石花纹等级。大理石花纹与牛肉的嫩度和风味密切相关，是衡量牛肉品质的重要指标。维生素A在肉牛体内通过其活性代谢产物视黄醇、视黄醛和视黄酸促进脂肪的形成，并在成脂定型、成脂分化和脂质蓄积的每个阶段都发挥重要作用。脂肪沉积过程受转录因子过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体（peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors，PPARs）、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白（CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins，C/EBPs）和Janus激酶-信号转导及转录激活因子（JAK-STAT）信号转导通路等调控。表观遗传修饰的DNA甲基化和去甲基化也可通过调控脂肪形成过程中相关基因的表达参与脂肪细胞的分化和脂肪组织的生长发育，从而影响肉牛的脂肪沉积。作者主要介绍了脂肪组织不同阶段的形成过程和维生素A的生物学功能；重点阐述了肉牛在不同生理阶段补充和限饲维生素A，通过转录因子的表达、表观遗传修饰等途径来影响成脂相关信号通路调控脂肪沉积的机理，以期为促进维生素A改善肉牛品质和高档牛肉生产提供参考。     

畜禽肌内脂肪沉积相关转录组研究进展

肌内脂肪是影响动物肉质的重要因素之一，由肌内脂肪形成的大理石花纹是消费者评价动物肉质的最直观指标之一。肌内脂肪含量直接影响肉的口感、嫩度和风味，是动物肉质性状的重要组成部分，也是评定动物肉质的关键指标，受品种、性别、年龄、日粮组成和营养成分的影响，通过引进国外品种与本地品种杂交改良并研究肌内脂肪沉积分子机制可以改善肌内脂肪含量。因此，动物肌内脂肪沉积及特异性调控因子的作用机制受到研究者们的广泛关注。文章对国内外运用转录组学探寻畜禽肌内脂肪沉积相关基因进行了综述，以期为深入研究畜禽产肉与肉质性状形成机制提供理论参考。     

猪脂肪细胞定向和分化因子1基因的研究进展

在人们日益提高的生活水平下,高品质猪肉逐渐成为消费者追求的目标。肌内脂肪的含量（IMF）是鉴别猪肉品质非常关键的参数,它能显著的改善猪肉的多汁性、嫩度和风昧等性状。怎样抑制脂肪组织中的脂肪含量增加的同时,促进肌肉组织中的脂肪含量增加,达到既能提高瘦肉率,减少脂肪含量,同时又能增加肌内脂肪含量的目标成为今后猪的育种工作重点。肌内脂肪沉积的影响因素有很多,最重要的因素是遗传因素。当前,国内外研究的热点是对控制猪IMF沉积相关基因的研究,其中的脂肪细胞定向和分化因子1（ADDI）基因直接或者间接影响着IMF的高低。ADDI基因是脂肪细胞定向和分化因子1（Adipocyto Detemination sad Differentiation factor-1）,又称固醇调节元件结合蛋白（Sterol Regulatory Blement-binging Protoins-lc, SREBPI-c）,作为固醇调节元件结合蛋白家族的一员,是脂肪细胞分化过程中重要的核转录因子,与SREBP-1a和SREBP-2-起调控脂肪酸和胆固醇的合成,且与脂肪分化相关的基因存在相互调控作用,是甘油三酯代谢、脂肪生成以及胰岛素敏感性之间连结的关键。众多关于猪ADD1基因的实验研究表明,ADD基因多态性与猪肌内脂肪、皮脂率和屠宰率等性状显著相关,ADDI基因很可能是影响猪肉质、胴体性状的候选基因。     

猪肌内脂肪沉积的营养调控及候选基因的研究进展

营养调控和基因调控方法相结合是改善猪肌内脂肪沉积的根本途径,已经发现多种不同的营养素(如能量蛋白水平、甜菜碱、矿物质、维生素、共轭亚油酸等)对猪肌内脂肪沉积有重要的调控作用,但目前影响猪肌内脂肪沉积的主效基因并未确定。本文主要综述了不同营养素对猪肌内脂肪沉积的调控作用以及主要的候选基因对猪肌内脂肪沉积作用的研究进展。     

猪肌内脂肪与肉品质的关系及其影响因素的研究进展

肌内脂肪是影响肉品质的关键因素之一，影响着肉的嫩度、系水力、风味和多汁性。影响猪肌内脂肪沉积的因素较复杂，主要受品种、年龄、性别、营养、基因等多个因素影响。文章介绍了猪肌内脂肪的来源及其含量与猪肉嫩度、系水力、风味3个肉质性状的关联性，证实肌内脂肪与肉品质两者之间存在显著相关性；简述了影响猪肌内脂肪含量的几个主要因素，包括品种、体重、性别和日粮能量、蛋白质、维生素A等相关营养水平，脂肪酸合酶、心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白、脂联素等几个关键基因；初步阐释了这些因素对肌内脂肪沉积的影响及脂肪代谢机理，总结影响因素与肌内脂肪之间的规律；分析发现育种、候选基因和营养调控是改善肌内脂肪含量最有效的方法，将肉质更优的本土猪与外来猪进行杂交或对本土猪进行基因改良可能是未来较为有潜力的研究方向。     

Study on Differences of UCP3 Gene Expression of Reciprocal Crosses F1 with Luchuan Pig and Duroc Pig

In order to breed high quality pig strain and improve the pork quality,the intramuscular fat content and the differences of UCP3 gene expression were studied in Luchuan pigs with Duroc reciprocal cross F1 and its parents Luchaun pigs.8 head of Luchuan pigs,Luchuan pigs with Duroc reciprocal cross F1 generation were respectively selected to analyze the correlation of UCP3 gene expression with intramuscular fat and eye muscle area.Expression of UCP3 mRNA in muscles of different pig breeds were measured by Real-time RT-PCR,and the eye muscle area and intramuscular fat content were measured too.The results indicated that the eye muscle area,intramuscular fat and the UCP3 gene expression were significantly different in the three groups of pigs (P<0.05).The crossbreds inherited the big body size of Duroc,and the high intramuscular fat content of Luchuan pig.The extremely significantly negative correlations were observed between UCP3 gene expression and the pig eye muscle area,the extremely significantly positive correlations were observed between UCP3 gene expression and intramuscular fat content.UCP3 gene should be the main candidate gene for fat trait research in pigs.     

陆川猪与杜洛克猪正反交F1代UCP3基因表达差异研究

为培育优质猪品系,提高猪肉品质,本试验探索了陆川猪与杜洛克猪正反交F1代及其亲本陆川猪肌内脂肪含量和UCP3基因表达差异。试验分别选取陆川猪、陆川猪与杜洛克猪正反交F1代各8头,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法测定肌肉中UCP3基因mRNA在不同品种猪中的表达量,并测定眼肌面积和肌内脂肪含量,以分析UCP3基因的表达量与脂肪和眼肌面积的相关性。结果显示,3组猪在眼肌面积、肌内脂肪含量和UCP3基因mRNA表达量上均差异显著(P<0.05),且正反交F1代均遗传了杜洛克猪体型大、陆川猪肌内脂肪含量高的优势,UCP3基因的表达量与猪眼肌面积呈极显著负相关,与肌内脂肪含量呈极显著正相关。初步推断UCP3基因可作为影响猪脂肪性状的主效基因。     

A Comparative Study on the Carcass and Meat Quality Traits of Jiangquan Black Pig and DLY Pig

To further understand the germplasm characteristics of Jiangquan Black pig,100 kg Jiangquan Black pigs (10 barrows, 10 sows) and 10 Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire (DLY) pigs under the same conditions were randomly selected to analyse the slaughter performance and meat quality according to related rules. After slaughtered,the carcass index (carcass weight, loin muscle area, carcass length and backfat thickness etc), meat quality physical indicators (pH, meat color, marbling, drip loss etc), gerneral chemical index (the contents of crude protein, intramuscular fat, moisture and ash etc) and the proportion of amino acids in Jiangquan Black pig were analyzed. The results showed that, Jiangquan Black pig carcass lean meat rate was relatively low, the loin muscle area was reduced by about 30% (P<0.05) compared with DLY pig, while the backfat thickness was higher than that of DLY pig (P<0.05). The meat color, marbling, drip loss, cooking loss, water loss rate index and intramuscular fat content of Jiangquan Black pig were significantly better than that of DLY pigs (P<0.05), the rate of water loss and drip loss and cooking loss were decreased by 4.0%, 3.1% and 2.7%, intramuscular fat content increased by 150.0%. Therefore, The lean yield of Jiangquan Black pig was less than DLY pig, but water retention property, intramuscular fat content, meat color, marbling, meat quality indexes were significantly better than that of DLY pig. In conclusion, Jiangquan Black pig could provide good quality pork for consumers.     

江泉黑猪与杜长大三元杂交猪屠宰性能及肉质性状比较分析

为了解江泉黑猪的产肉和肉质特性,本试验选取在相同条件下饲养的100 kg左右的江泉黑猪阉公猪、母猪和杜长大三元杂交猪各10头按照相关规定进行屠宰和肉品质测定。对两种猪胴体指标（胴体重、胴体长、眼肌面积、背膘厚等）、肉质的物理指标（pH、肉色、大理石纹、滴水损失等）、常规化学指标（粗蛋白质、肌内脂肪、水分、灰分含量等）及江泉黑猪氨基酸含量进行了测定。结果表明,与杜长大三元杂交猪相比,江泉黑猪胴体瘦肉率较低,眼肌面积降低了30%左右（P<0.05）,而胴体背膘厚较高（P<0.05）。江泉黑猪在肉色、大理石纹、滴水损失、失水率、烹饪损失和肌内脂肪含量等指标上均显著优于杜长大三元杂交猪（P<0.05）,其中滴水损失、失水率和烹饪损失分别降低了约4.0%、3.1%和2.7%,肌内脂肪含量提高了约150.0%。由此可见,江泉黑猪在瘦肉产量上低于杜长大三元杂交猪,但在保水性、肌内脂肪含量、肉色、大理石纹等肉质指标上明显优于杜长大三元杂交猪,可为消费者提供品质优良的猪肉。     

影响藏猪与大约克夏猪肌肉品质的lncRNA的筛选及功能分析

旨在分析藏猪和大约克夏猪(180日龄)背最长肌组织中与猪肉质性状相关的长链非编码RNA (lncRNAs)和基因,探讨lncRNAs在猪肉品质中的分子调控作用,为猪肉质性状的改良提供理论依据.本研究根据先前公布的数据,以饲养在相同条件下的180日龄健康藏公猪(n-3)和大约克夏公猪(n-3)为研究对象,收集背最长肌肉品...     

Expression of lipogenic genes during porcine intramuscular preadipocyte differentiation

Intramuscular fat (IMF) content plays an important role in meat quality. Triglyceride (TG) metabolism in intramuscular adipocytes is strongly associated with the intramuscular fat deposition. To better understand the mechanisms leading to IMF deposition we compared the expression levels of genes related to preadipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis in the intramuscular preadipocytes isolated from the longissimus muscle of Wujin and Landrace pigs. The results showed that the intramuscular preadipocytes could differentiate into mature adipocytes in vitro. Triglyceride content in adipocytes isolated from Wujin pigs was higher than Landrace pigs during the middle and later phases of preadipocyte differentiation. The expression levels of genes related to preadipocyte differentiation such as PPARG and CEBPA showed differential expression between Wujin and Landrace porcine adipocytes during the early stage of differentiation. The expression levels of lipogenic genes such as FASN and SREBF1 were significantly higher in Wujin porcine intramuscular preadipocytes than in Landrace intramuscular preadipocytes at the middle and the later stages of differentiation. This suggests that preadipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis exhibited breed-related scheduling.     

Frequency distribution of a Cys430Ser polymorphism in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 (PPARGC1) gene sequence in Chinese and Western pig breeds

Identification of major genes, that genetically impact fat tissue formation is important for successful selection of lean animals with good meat quality. Because of its central role in fat cell differentiation and muscle fibre type determination, PPARGC1 is a potential candidate gene affecting fattening traits and pig meat quality. In this study, a T/A substitution at position 1378 (GenBank accession no. AY346131 ) in the porcine PPARGC1 gene causing a Cys430Ser amino acid substitution at position 430 was genotyped on a total of 239 animals, including 101 from seven Chinese and 138 from six Western pig breeds. Bayesian analysis revealed that the mean frequency of allele T (Cys) was 92.64 ± 4.82% in Chinese pigs, and 45.99 ± 4.13% in Western pigs. The 95% interval of the posterior mean frequency of allele T was 0.82–1.00 in Chinese pigs and 0.38–0.54 in Western pigs, indicating these two groups of pigs diverged at this locus during genetic evolution of the breed. Because marked differences in fat and lean tissue deposition exist between Western and Chinese pig breeds, this Cys430Ser exchange in the PPARGC1 gene deserves further evaluation to determine its phenotypic effect on fattening and carcass traits in commercial pig populations.