UPLC-Q-TOF-MS测定酒石酸泰万菌素可溶性粉中的泰万菌素

本试验建立了酒石酸泰万菌素可溶性粉中泰万菌素含量的超高效液相色谱串联四极杆飞行时间质谱检测方法(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS),并对二级质谱中的离子碎片进行了比对分析。采用C18色谱柱分离,以乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液(含2 mmol/L乙酸铵)为流动相梯度洗脱,流速0.4 m L/min,柱温40℃。质谱条件为电喷雾离子源,检测方式为正离子全扫描模式,外标法定量。结果表明,药物浓度与峰面积在100~2 000μg/L范围内相关系数R2=0.9992;泰万菌素的检出限为3μg/L,定量限为10μg/L;添加回收率在98.9%~104.7%之间,批内变异系数为1.27%~1.81%,批间变异系数为1.04%~1.59%。利用Molecular Structure correlator对碎片进行了分析比对,为泰万菌素的结构验证提供了依据。     

3种兽药及其主要代谢产物在猪粪中的排泄规律

以磺胺二甲嘧啶、金霉素和泰乐菌素为研究对象,探讨在饲粮中添加兽药后,猪粪中3种兽药原形及其主要代谢产物的排泄规律。试验选取60头33kg左右的长大二元杂交母猪,在饲粮中加入200mg/kg的磺胺二甲嘧啶、75mg/kg的金霉素和100mg/kg的泰乐菌素,分用药期和休药期收集猪粪检测其中的兽药原形及其代谢产物残留。结果表明,7d用药期内猪粪中磺胺二甲嘧啶及其主要代谢产物对位氨基乙酰化磺胺二甲嘧啶的平均残留分别为59.50,15.98μg/g;金霉素及其代谢产物4位差向异构金霉素平均残留分别为239.92,217.79μg/g;泰乐菌素A及其代谢产物泰乐菌素D的平均残留分别为10.50,65.99μg/g。进入休药期后,猪粪中兽药原型及其代谢产物残留下降很快,到休药期结束时,相应试验组的猪粪中已检测不出金霉素及其代谢产物残留,但仍可检出磺胺二甲嘧啶及其代谢产物和泰乐菌素A及其代谢产物。由此可知,兽药的体内代谢产物在兽药的排泄中占重要比例,提示除兽药原形外还应重视其代谢产物进入环境后的生态毒理学效应。     

高效液相色谱法检测6种中兽药散剂中违规添加的泰乐菌素和替米考星

建立了检测止痢散、银翘散、健胃散、白头翁散、荆防败毒散和苍术香连散6种中兽药散剂中违规添加的泰乐菌素和替米考星的高效液相色谱法。样品直接用乙腈提取;采用Waters SymmetryC18 5μm,4.6 mm×150 mm色谱柱,以乙腈-0.04 mol/L磷酸氢二钠溶液(p H=6.5)(70∶30)为流动相,检测波长为285 nm,流速1 m L/min,温度为室温。结果显示:2种大环内酯类药物在0.2~100μg/m L范围内,线性关系良好,R2均大于0.99,该方法平均回收率为89.0%~97.9%,批内相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于10%,该方法检测限为0.05和0.08 mg/g,定量限均为0.1和0.16 mg/g。结论:试验建立的方法灵敏、简单、快速且准确,可用于该6种中兽药散剂中违规添加的泰乐菌素和替米考星的测定。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定饲料中6种大环内酯及林可胺类抗生素残留

本研究建立UPLC-MSMS法同时测定饲料中泰乐菌素、吉他霉素、交沙霉素、螺旋霉素、林可霉素和克林霉素6种大环内酯及林可胺类抗生素残留量。样品处理采用乙腈提取,正己烷去除脂肪净化。分析采用XRODSⅡ色谱柱;流动相为0.1%(v/v)甲酸-水/0.1%(v/v)甲酸-乙腈溶液,梯度洗脱;正离子多反应监测模式;内标法进行定量。泰乐菌素、吉他霉素和林可霉素的检出限为20.0μg/kg,定量限为100.0μg/kg,线性范围均为50.0~500.0μg/L;交沙霉素、螺旋霉素和克林霉素的检出限均为1.0μg/kg,定量限为10.0μg/kg,线性范围为5.0~200.0μg/L。该方法专属性强、灵敏度高,分离度好,适用于饲料中6种大环内酯及林可胺类抗生素残留量的测定。     

3种兽药及其主要代谢产物在猪粪中的排泄规律

以磺胺二甲嘧啶、金霉素和泰乐菌素为研究对象,探讨在饲粮中添加兽药后,猪粪中3种兽药原形及其主要代谢产物的排泄规律。试验选取60头33k左右的长大二元杂交母猪,在饲粮中加入200mg／kg的磺胺二甲嘧啶、75mg／kg的金霉素和100mg／kg的泰乐菌素,分用药期和休药期收集猪粪检测其中的兽药原形及其代谢产物残留。结果表明,7d用药期内猪粪中磺胺二甲嘧啶及其主要代谢产物对位氨基乙酰化磺胺二甲嘧啶的平均残留分别为59．50,15．98μg／g;金霉素及其代谢产物4位差向异构金霉素平均残留分别为239．92,217．79μg／g;泰乐菌素A及其代谢产物泰乐菌素D的平均残留分别为10．50,65．99／μg／g。进入休药期后,猪粪中兽药原型及其代谢产物残留下降很快,到休药期结束时,相应试验组的猪粪中已检测不出金霉素及其代谢产物残留,但仍可检出磺胺二甲嘧啶及其代谢产物和泰乐菌素A及其代谢产物。由此可知,兽药的体内代谢产物在兽药的排泄中占重要比例,提示除兽药原形外还应重视其代谢产物进入环境后的生态毒理学效应。     

伊维菌素吡喹酮咀嚼片含量测定方法的建立

为了建立伊维菌素吡喹酮咀嚼片同时测定两种主药含量的方法,采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂,以乙腈∶水的梯度洗脱系统作为流动相,伊维菌素检测波长为245 nm,吡喹酮检测波长为210 nm。在该色谱条件下,溶剂和辅料对伊维菌素和吡喹酮出峰均无干扰,伊维菌素和吡喹酮与相邻杂质峰分离良好。伊维菌素在2～400μg/m L的浓度范围线性关系良好;吡喹酮在1～100μg/m L的浓度范围内线性关系良好。伊维菌素回收率为102.5%,吡喹酮回收率为99.4%。该方法操作简便,准确度高,重复性好,可用于伊维菌素吡喹酮咀嚼片同时测定两种主药的含量。     

HPLC法分析猪肉中泰乐菌素残留

建立猪肉中泰乐菌素残留量的高效液相检测方法,为保障食品安全提供数据支撑。试料中残留的泰乐菌素用二氯甲烷提取,离心分层净化,高效液相色谱(紫外检测器)测定,外标法定量。结果显示,泰乐菌素在0.20～1.00μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r≥0.997 3;在100～500μg/kg浓度水平回收率范围为71.2%～86.2%;定量限为50μg/kg。经方法学验证,本方法专属性好、简便、快速、准确,适用于猪肉中泰乐菌素残留量的检测。     

猪肺炎支原体石河子垦区分离株的体外药敏试验

为了筛选石河子垦区猪场猪肺炎支原体分离株的敏感药物,选取氟苯尼考、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星等10种猪场常用药物,采用微量肉汤稀释法对3株猪肺炎支原体石河子垦区分离株进行体外药敏试验。结果表明:石河子垦区3株分离株均对泰乐菌素、替米考星和泰妙菌素敏感,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)范围为0.004~0.008μg/mL;对泰妙菌素+土霉素、氟苯尼考、林可霉素中度敏感,MIC范围为0.016~0.064μg/mL;对恩诺沙星、盐酸环丙沙星、土霉素、喘呼宁不敏感,MIC≥0.128μg/mL。说明石河子垦区可采用泰妙菌素、替米考星和泰妙菌素防治猪支原体肺炎。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测牛奶中4种阿维菌素类药物残留量的研究

建立了一种可同时检测牛奶中4种阿维菌素类药物(阿维菌素、伊维菌素、多拉菌素和埃谱利诺菌素)残留的液相色谱-串联质谱方法(LC-MS/MS)。牛奶样品经乙腈提取,高速离心去除蛋白质等杂质,C18柱净化。以0.1%甲酸水溶液和0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液为流动相进行洗脱,流速0.4 m L/min,采用基质匹配标准溶液外标法定量。结果表明:阿维菌素、伊维菌素、多拉菌素和埃谱利诺菌素在0.5~100 ng/m L浓度范围内均呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数(R2)均大于0.996;4种阿维菌素类药物的定量限均为0.5μg/kg。阿维菌素在0.5~5μg/kg添加浓度范围内,伊维菌素在0.5~20μg/kg添加浓度范围内,多拉菌素在0.5~30μg/kg添加浓度范围内,埃谱利诺菌素在0.5~40μg/kg添加浓度范围内,回收率为66.4%~120%;批内与批间相对标准偏差均小于20%。该方法具有简便快速、灵敏度高、定性准确,重复性好等特点,可以满足牛奶中4种阿维菌素类药物残留检测的要求。     

三种抗菌药体外对鸡败血支原体的敏感性

本研究测定了蒽诺沙星、泰乐菌素及土霉素对鸡败血支原体（BG44T株）的体外最小抑菌浓度（MIC）及泰乐菌素与土霉素的联合药敏作用。MIC测定采用试管两倍稀释法，联合药敏采用棋盘法，重复三次试验，以平均值作为结果。蒽诺沙星、泰乐菌素及土霉素对鸡败血支原体的MIC分别为0.025μg/ml、0.00625μg/ml和0.5μg/ml。泰乐菌素与土霉素的联合药敏试验的抑菌浓度指数为0.5，合用有协同作用。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.