基于体外细胞模型的霉菌毒素毒性评价

霉菌毒素是由多种真菌产生的次级代谢产物,广泛存在于食品和饲料中。霉菌毒素污染的粮食和饲料会给畜牧业生产和畜产品质量安全带来极大隐患。研究霉菌毒素致毒机理,为今后研究其对动物及人的影响开展更深入更全面的研究提供理论依据。细胞模型作为一种常用的体外试验方法广泛用于毒理学研究中。本文简述了黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)、赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEA)和展青霉素(PAT)的一般特性,并综述了利用细胞模型进行AFB_1、OTA、DON、ZEA和PAT毒性、联合毒性及致毒机理研究的进展。     

霉菌毒素对动物肠道功能的影响及其作用机制研究进展

霉菌毒素属于霉菌次级代谢产物,具有种类多、分布广、毒性大的特点.霉菌毒素作为畜牧业中的"隐形杀手",不仅严重降低了饲料品质,而且常存在于饲料原料中,影响动物机体健康,直接或间接造成食品安全问题.肠道作为消化吸收的主要场所,对霉菌毒素的刺激具有强烈的抵御和免疫作用,同时也深受霉菌毒素的损伤.玉米是主要的饲料原料之一,而黄...     

Mycotoxins. Contemporary issues of food animal health and productivity.

Modern agriculture and production animal medicine require attention to high-quality feeds that are free from mycotoxin contamination that can cause economically important decreases in productivity. Maintaining current information about effects of mycotoxins on feed intake and growth, reproductive efficiency, and possible immunosuppression aid in effective consultation with livestock producers. Investigation and determination of potential production losses related to mycotoxins should use historical, clinical, laboratory, and experimental information to objectively evaluate whether mycotoxin contamination is clinically relevant. The practicing veterinarian or veterinary consultant can provide valuable clinical and interpretive assistance to producers who may have a real or potential mycotoxin contamination. Thorough diagnostic evaluation of animals, appropriate testing of feeds and forages, and rational consideration of differential diagnoses help to put mycotoxins in the proper perspective as a production-related management problem.     

Food safety achieved through herd management

Most animal-derived food products originate from production chains consisting of a series of well-defined, separate production steps. Undesired events affecting food safety can principally occur at any point within the production chain. The principle of integrated food safety assurance from stable to table has therefore been established. The livestock holding has thus to be understood as a fix element of the production chain, and the producer has to accept a part of the responsibility for food safety. On a farm, food safety can be negatively affected by animal feed (microbiological or toxicological contamination), management (hygiene, stocking density, cleaning and disinfecting), veterinary treatments (use of antibiotics) and recycling of slurry. Most relevant practices can be summarised under the standard of "good farming practice". HACCP programmes as they are applied in the processing industries could in principle also be used at the farm level. Influential management steps would need to be identified and controlled. This approach is, however, still in its infancy at present. Using the current monitoring systems, microbiological and toxicological problems in food are difficult to be identified before the end of the production chain. As the cause of a problem can be found at the farm level, traceability of products through the production chain is essential. In Switzerland, traceability of animals is realised using compulsory animal identification and the animal movement database. Using this link, information on the health status of a herd could be made available to the slaughterhouse in order to classify animals into food-safety risk categories. This principle is a key element in the ongoing discussion about visual meat inspection in Europe and elsewhere.     

Veterinarians and food safety

Since the early days of veterinary science, vets have played an important part in protecting public health through controls over the safety of food of animal origin. Traditionally, public health has been treated as a topic separate from the mainstream veterinary subjects of diagnosis and treatment of animal disease. However, there is now increasing awareness of the interconnection between animal and human health, and between the work of vets in production animal practice and those in food safety and other disciplines, as Kenneth Clarke explains.     

The post degree training of the veterinary hygienist

Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 states that each stage of production- from the primary production to the processing and distribution of feed and food- must be considered as a unique process, as each stage has a potential impact on food safety, animal health, plant health and environment. Aim of this paper is to discuss the different instruments and objectives of post-degree training of the veterinary hygienist and the ways that these may enable him/her to become updated, informed and competent in order to manage the different problems of food production in relation to the implications of the total food chain and not only of single stages and to apply the proper control measures at each step in order to protect human health.     

The post degree training of the veterinary hygienist

Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 states that each stage of production- from the primary production to the processing and distribution of feed and food- must be considered as a unique process, as each stage has a potential impact on food safety, animal health, plant health and environment. Aim of this paper is to discuss the different instruments and objectives of post-degree training of the veterinary hygienist and the ways that these may enable him/her to become updated, informed and competent in order to manage the different problems of food production in relation to the implications of the total food chain and not only of single stages and to apply the proper control measures at each step in order to protect human health.     

饲料中的霉菌毒素及其防制措施

霉菌毒素是由真菌或霉菌产生的次级代谢产物,在动物体中,霉菌毒素的毒性是慢性的,很少引起动物死亡。但是霉菌毒素的存在降低了饲料的营养价值,以及动物的生产性能,从而影响生产力,且霉菌毒素在畜产品(肉、奶等)中的残留会给人类健康带来严重威胁。作者主要介绍了饲料中常见的霉菌毒素(黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、T-2毒素、伏马菌素等),以及其毒性和危害,并从预防与去毒两个方面,阐述了霉菌毒素的防制措施,进而减少霉菌毒素造成的危害。     

Current and future prospects for nanotechnology in animal production

Nanoparticles have been used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in the human medical field for quite some time, though their application in veterinary medicine and animal production is still relatively new. Recently,production demands on the livestock industry have been centered around the use of antibiotics as growth promoters due to growing concern over microbial antibiotic resistance. With many countries reporting increased incidences of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, laws and regulations are being updated to end in-feed antibiotic use in the animal production industry. This sets the need for suitable alternatives to be established for inclusion in feed.Many reports have shown evidence that nanoparticles may be good candidates for animal growth promotion and antimicrobials. The current status and advancements of nanotechnological applications in animal production will be the focus of this review and the emerging roles of nanoparticles for nutrient delivery, biocidal agents, and tools in veterinary medicine and reproduction will be discussed. Additionally, influences on meat, egg, and milk quality will be reviewed.     

The problem of oral administration of antimicrobially effective substances. Experiences from Switzerland

The oral medication of sick animals is very common and a very preserve therapy. This method of therapy demands a high level of know-how for the veterinarians and also for meet-producers relating to food safety and bacterial resistance. In the new ordinance on veterinary medicine in 2004 many aspects of production and application of medicated feed are regulated in the legislation. This ordinance pretends to control all technical equipments used for production, transport and application of medicated feed by a qualified person (QP) on farms. Important criteria are defined in the ordinance on veterinary medicines.     

中兽药在畜牧业生产中的应用概况

中兽药以其绿色天然、安全无污染、且兼有营养和药用双重作用而深受人们青睐。为在畜牧业中安全有效地使用中兽药,以达到既能降低畜禽饲养成本、提高畜禽养殖的经济效益和畜禽产品安全性又能降低养殖业对环境的污染以维持畜牧业可持续发展的目的。论文在论述中兽药具有毒性低、无残留、无毒副作用和不产生抗药性等作用特点的基础上,着重就中兽药在畜牧生产中,包括在预防和治疗畜禽疾病方面、在畜禽免疫调节和抗应激方面、在提高畜禽的生产性能方面、在改善畜产品品质等方面的应用及中兽药制剂的开发前景等进行了较为详尽地综述。     

Duties and functions of veterinary public health for the management of food safety: present needs and evaluation of efficiency

Functions of veterinarians in the context of food safety assurance have changed very much in the last ten years as a consequence of new legislation. The aim of this review is to evaluate the management tools in veterinary public health that shall be used in response to the actual need and consider some possible key performance indicators. This review involved an examination of the legislation, guidelines and literature, which was then discussed to analyse the actual need, the strategies and the procedures with which the public veterinary service shall comply. The management of information gathered at different stages of the food chain, from both food production operators and veterinary inspectors operating in primary production, food processing and feed production should be exchanged and integrated in a database, not only to produce annual reports and plan national sampling plans, but also to verify and validate the effectiveness of procedures and strategies implemented by food safety operators to control risks. Further, the surveillance data from environmental agencies and human epidemiological units should be used for assessing risks and addressing management options.     

Duties and functions of veterinary public health for the management of food safety: present needs and evaluation of efficiency

Functions of veterinarians in the context of food safety assurance have changed very much in the last ten years as a consequence of new legislation. The aim of this review is to evaluate the management tools in veterinary public health that shall be used in response to the actual need and consider some possible key performance indicators. This review involved an examination of the legislation, guidelines and literature, which was then discussed to analyse the actual need, the strategies and the procedures with which the public veterinary service shall comply. The management of information gathered at different stages of the food chain, from both food production operators and veterinary inspectors operating in primary production, food processing and feed production should be exchanged and integrated in a database, not only to produce annual reports and plan national sampling plans, but also to verify and validate the effectiveness of procedures and strategies implemented by food safety operators to control risks. Further, the surveillance data from environmental agencies and human epidemiological units should be used for assessing risks and addressing management options.     

Epidemiology and quality assurance application to food safety

The conditions for the food industry, in general, are changing. Especially in industrialized countries, the safety and quality of food is increasingly becoming an issue of concern to the consumer. This paper describes the impact of the farm-to-table concept and the implementation of HACCP plans throughout the food production chain on animal production and veterinary profession, using the example of the pork production chain.     

养殖场兽医监管过程中存在的问题和改进

养殖场是动物源性食品安全监管的源头,而养殖场兽医工作至关重要,只有依法保护养殖场兽医合法权益,提高兽医社会地位,确保兽医相对独立开展工作,明确养殖场兽医的动物性食品安全保护职责,才能真正使养殖环节动物源性食品安全落到实处。本文就养殖场兽医监管过程中存在的问题提出建议。     

The need for a veterinary antibiotic policy.

The international recognition of the 'stable to table' approach to food safety emphasises the need for appropriate and safe use of antibiotics in animal production. An appropriate use of antibiotics for food animals will preserve the long-term efficacy of existing antibiotics, support animal health and welfare and limit the risk of transfer of antibiotic resistance to humans. Furthermore, it may promote consumer confidence in the veterinary use of antibiotics. In advancing these arguments, the authors of this article argue that there is a need for a visible and operational policy for veterinary use of antibiotics, paying particular attention to the policies that are being developed in Denmark.     

电化学生物传感器在真菌毒素检测中的研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌在食品或饲料中生长所产生的代谢产物,这些低分子质量化合物既是天然存在的,同时也是无法避免的。真菌通过两种途径进入食物链,一方面可以直接从受真菌毒素污染的植物性食品成分进入食物链;另一方面也可以通过食物中产毒真菌生长的间接污染进入食物链。真菌毒素广泛存在于成熟的玉米、谷物、大豆、高粱、花生和饲料作物中。食用受真菌毒素污染的食物或饲料会对人和动物造成急性或慢性毒性。真菌毒素除了有直接食用受霉菌毒素污染的食物和饲料造成的不良影响外,还有因为摄入动物源性食品,如肉类、牛奶或鸡蛋,含有真菌毒素的残留物或代谢物而引起的公众健康问题。目前虽然已经鉴定出超过400种真菌毒素,但食物中广泛存在的6种毒素：黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马菌素、呕吐毒素及T-2毒素,已在世界范围内引发了持续的食品安全问题。该论文总结了6种真菌毒素的毒性,重点分析了近年来电化学生物传感器在这几种真菌毒素检测中的研究进展,旨在通过一系列的总结分析去展望其在真菌毒素检测方面的发展前景。     

中兽药在畜禽病毒性传染病中的应用及发展前景

中兽药（Tradition Chinese Veterinary Medicine）是指以天然植物、动物和矿物为原料,炮制加工而成的饮片及其制剂,并在中兽医药学理论指导下用于动物疾病防治与提高生产性能的药物。当前,我国动物疾病面临的防治形势十分严峻：旧病复发、新病又不断发生;混合感染和继发感染疾病增多,且多出现隐性临诊表现;免疫抑制性病原感染普遍。因此在西药的薄弱领域可充分发挥中兽药的优势,特别是针对畜禽疾病中占重要部分的病毒性传染病,中兽药具有多方位调节和治疗作用,可提高动物机体的免疫力和抗应激能力。同时,国家对食品安全、公共卫生安全和健康养殖理念也日趋重视。由于中兽药具有独特的天然属性、用药原则、较高的安全性和有效性,使其拥有前所未有的发展机遇。本文就中兽药在畜禽病毒性传染病中的特点和应用现状以及发展前景作一综述。     

动物性食品中硝基呋喃类药物残留检测研究进展

硝基呋喃类药物因其具有价格便宜、抗菌效果好等特点,曾被作为兽药广泛应用于畜牧业生产中。为了保证人类的食品安全,目前各国已禁止硝基呋喃类药物作为药物添加剂添加至动物饲料中。硝基呋喃类药物的检测常以其代谢物为标识物。论文综述了动物性食品中硝基呋喃类代谢物检测的样品前处理方法、仪器测定方法,并解析了呋喃西林阳性检出率高的原因及解决办法。     

饲料中呕吐毒素对不同阶段商品猪及种猪的影响

我国不仅是畜牧业生产和消费大国,同时饲料产量也居世界首位,作为饲料中最常添加的谷物原料,其质量安全对饲料生产和养殖业有着重要影响。小麦、玉米等谷物在其生长、收获及加工等阶段未及时按规定处理会产生大量的霉菌毒素,其中呕吐毒素最为常见。呕吐毒素(DON)主要由镰刀菌属(如禾谷镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌等)产生,会造成不同阶段商品猪及种猪呕吐、肌肉出血、生长性能和繁殖力的下降等。本文综述了饲料中DON的污染现状及其对养猪生产的危害,进而提出了综合防治措施,为畜牧业生产者更好地防治DON污染、提高养殖收益提供系统科学参考。