家禽骨髓内血栓细胞发生的显微与亚显微结构的观察

本实验利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜技术对l0只成鹅、l5只成鸭和l0只雏鸡骨髓内血栓细胞发生的形态结构进行了观察。结果显示：原始血栓细胞和幼稚血栓细胞成群分布，光镜下细胞界限不清；电镜下细胞多附在或靠近血窦窦壁，细胞表面有许多突起，细胞分界明显。     

鹅骨髓细胞化学观察

对１０只成鹅的骨髓细胞进行细胞化学染色，光镜下观察，结果如下：嗜酸性粒细胞的过氧化物酶和脂类染色反应呈强性（＋＋＋）；异嗜性中幼粒细胞和幼稚血栓细胞的多糖类（ＰＡＳ）染色反应呈强阳性（＋＋＋）和较强阳性（＋＋）；红系、粒系和巴系统的核糖核酸（ＲＮＡ）染色反应呈阳性；各系统的酸性磷酸酶反应均呈阴性。     

家禽骨髓内血栓细胞发生的显微与亚显微结构的观察

本实验利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜技术对10只成鹅、15只成鸭和10只雏鸡骨髓内血栓细胞发生的形态结构进行了观察。结果显示:原始血栓细胞和幼稚血栓细胞成群分布,光镜下细胞界限不清;电镜下细胞多附在或靠近血窦窦壁,细胞表面有许多突起,细胞分界明显。     

我国水禽业发展现状与存在的问题

1我国水禽业发展现状 1．1我国是世界第一水禽生产大国 现我国鸭、鹅的存栏量、屠宰量、鸭鹅肉产量、鸭鹅蛋产量等均居世界首位。世界粮农组织统计数据：2005年全世界鸭、鹅的总存栏量分别为10．4646亿只和3．0197亿只，其中我国的鸭、鹅存栏量分别为7．2502亿只和2．6782亿只，分别占世界鸭、鹅总存栏量的69.28％和88．69％，比2004年分别增长了2．06％和2．66％；全世界鸭、鹅的总屠宰量分别为23．8967亿只和5．8429亿只，其中我国的鸭、鹅屠宰量分别为18．0436亿只和5．4316亿只，分别占世界鸭、鹅总屠宰量的75．51％和92．96％.     

四川家禽业面对WTO的工作思路与对策

１家禽业基本概况改革开放以来，我省家禽业发展速度在全省畜牧业中是最快的，在全国排位也较领先。２０００年出栏家禽７．４亿只，居全国第四位，其中出栏鸡、鸭、鹅数量为３．７６亿、２．８３亿、０．８１亿只，鸭、鹅出栏均列全国第一位，分别占全国出栏数的１９％、１８％，人均占有禽肉１３．３千克，禽蛋１２．９千克，分别比１９９０年增长３．２６倍和２．９５倍，我省水禽在全国占有重要位置，全国为数不多的大型肉鸭祖代场，我省就占了三个；我省优良地方鹅种———四川白鹅和培育品种（系）———天府肉鹅，被国内１０多个省市…     

肉鹅野生育肥 低本质优快速

鹅是以食草为主的水禽，抗逆性强，适应性广，耐粗放养，投资少，产出多，生长快，消耗少，经济价值高。一只中型的肉用仔鹅饲养６０～８０天，活重可达３～４kg；在放牧加补饲的条件下，料肉比为１～１．５∶１kg，饲料成本比鸡、鸭、猪等都低。和猪相比，同样的饲料量，养鹅可得到３倍于猪的产量。１可以充分发挥鹅的生物学特性和生理特点鹅的肌胃收缩力比鸭大０．５倍，比鸡大１倍，能有效地裂解植物细胞壁，使之易于消化。另外，鹅的消化道比体长长１０倍，盲肠发达，小肠呈中性环境，对青草粗纤维消化率达４５％～５０％，所以对牧草中…     

新荣昌猪I系生产性能初报

新荣昌猪Ｉ系采用“导入杂交”育种方法，经过十年选育获得成功，母猪初产仔数１０．９１头，经产仔数１２．７４头；肥育猪日增重５９８．８ｇ，料肉比为３．３９：１，瘦肉率５５％；与杜洛克父系公猪杂交的商品猪日增重可达７４０ｇ，料肉比３．１９：１，胴体瘦肉率５８．７８％。母猪发情明显，以本文为主，情期受胎率达９７．７％。     

新太湖鹅,太湖鹅和隆昌鹅肌肉品质比较研究

本试验对７０日龄各３０只（公母各１６只）隆昌鹅、太湖鹅和新太湖鹅（隆昌鹅作父本,太湖鹅作母本所培育的后代）胸、腿肌肉进行了测定。求得了失水率肉色、ＰＨ值、肌纤维密度、肌纤维直径及肌肉的常量化学尬发理化性状参数。结果表明１０周龄鹅肌内旧化学成分变动范围为：水分７６．６％～７９。０％、粗蛋白１６．５％～１９．１％,粗脂肪０．８％～１．９％,粗灰分０．８％～１．０％;三种鹅的失水率、系水力和ＰＨ值差异不     

可使鸡鸭产红心蛋的饲料添加剂

１．牛粪 将新鲜牛粪灭菌烘干后制为粉剂使用，在蛋鸡日粮中添加１．５％－３．０％的牛粪粉，可使蛋黄呈杏黄色。 ２．虾壳、蟹壳 虾壳、蟹壳为虾蟹的加工副产物，制成粉剂应用。每公斤虾蟹壳粉含胡萝卜素８０毫克及多量虾红质。在日粮中添加１０％的虾壳粉或蟹壳粉可使蛋黄颜色黄中带红。鸡、鸭、鹅都可用。 ３．辣椒 将红色辣椒干制为粉应用。每公斤含类胡萝卜素２７５—１６５０毫克及多量玉米黄质。在日粮中添加０．１％－０．５％的红辣椒粉，蛋黄增色效果甚佳。鸡、鸭都可用。 ４．橘皮 将柑橘的果皮制为干粉应用。柑橘干粉富含类胡…     

不同品系北京鸭生长速度及其肉用性能的研究

本试验对来源不同的四品系北京鸭在自然育肥条件下的生长速度，体型外貌及肉用性能进行了比较研究。结果表明：Ａ，Ｂ两系生长速度快，饲料转化率高，可做父本选育对象；就胴体结构而言，四品系北京鸭各有所长，即（１）全净膛屠宰率，半净膛屠宰度Ｄ系最高，分别为７６．８５％，８５，０６％，Ａ系最低；（２）胸肌率Ａ系最高，为１３．２５％，Ｃ系最低     

番鸭细小病毒病病原的血清学检测与PCR鉴定

为了解安徽省番鸭细小病毒病的流行情况,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对该省内部分番鸭群进行鹅细小病毒的血清抗体检测,同时对疑似病鸭进行了病原的PCR检测。结果发现,在被检测的44份血清样本中鹅细小病毒血清抗体阳性率高达34.1%;PCR检测结果显示,所检测的样品中,有2份为鹅细小病毒阳性,1份为番鸭细小病毒阳性,且3份被检样品均来自雏番鸭。该研究结果表明,该省番鸭群中存在鹅细小病毒和番鸭细小病毒感染,应采取有效的预防控制措施。     

鸭疱疹病毒Ⅱ型（暂定名）的分离鉴定

自1990年以来，在福建、浙江和广东等省发生一种以双翅羽毛管淤血呈紫黑色、断裂和脱落以及皮下、脏器（肝脏、胰脏）和肠道（十二指肠、直肠和盲肠）出血为主要特征的新的鸭传染病，暂定名为鸭出血症。我们对从自然感染该病典型病死番鸭脏器中获得的1株含2种病毒粒子（直径大小分别为30－40mm和80－120mm)的分离物，以Ⅰ型雏鸭病毒性肝炎标准阳性血清进行连续4代中和后接种番鸭胚，收集死亡番鸭胚胚液进行病毒纯化、负染、电镜观察和SPF鸡胚接种试验证明获得单一病毒分离株（定名为鸭出血症病毒）。该病毒为不耐酸、不耐碱、不耐热、对氯仿处理敏感、核酸类型为双股DNA的有囊膜病毒，直径为80－150nm；对番鸭胚、鹅胚、麻鸭胚、半番鸭胚、北京鸭胚和SPF鸡胚的致 死率分别为100％、100％、78．3％、60％、82．1％和0％；对10－11日龄番鸭胚的ELD50为10^-7.78/0.2ml；无血凝活性，不凝集“O”型人、鸭、鸡、鹅、家兔、小鼠，豚鼠、猪和绵羊红细胞；经血清中和试验证明该病毒与Ⅰ型雏鸭肝炎病毒、雏番鸭细小病毒、雏鹅细小病毒、鸭瘟病毒无血清学相关性。据以上结果可将该病毒确定为疱疹病毒科成员，但鉴于其与鸭瘟病毒（鸭疱疹病毒Ⅰ型）无血清学相关性，则暂定名为鸭疱疹病毒Ⅱ型，此为国内外首次报道。     

重庆部分地区鹅副黏病毒的分离鉴定及血清学调查

从重庆部分地区规模化鹅场收集以肝、脾肿大瘀血,肠黏膜出血、坏死为主要病理变化的病死鹅,无菌取其肝脏、脾脏组织,进行病毒的分离培养、血清学试验和动物回归试验,分离鉴定出一株鹅副黏病毒;并做了鸡、鸭、鹅的鹅副黏病毒和鸡新城疫病毒HI抗体检测,以了解该地区鸡、鸭、鹅群中副黏病毒的流行情况,结果表明,鸡的阳性率分别为70.1%、83.9%,鸭分别为1.7%、6.8%,鹅分别为61.2%、55.4%。证实鹅副黏病毒在这些地区感染比较严重,同时与鸡新城疫病毒存在交叉免疫原性。应引起当地养鹅专业户的高度重视。     

Serological survey and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii in domestic ducks and geese in Lower Saxony, Germany

To obtain estimates for the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in ducks and geese in Germany, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were established based on affinity-purified T. gondii tachyzoite surface antigen 1 (TgSAG1) and used to examine duck and goose sera for T. gondii-specific antibodies. The results of 186 sera from 60 non-infected ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and 101 sera from 36 non-infected geese (Anser anser) as well as 72 sera from 11 ducks and 89 sera from 12 geese inoculated experimentally with T. gondii tachyzoites (intravenously) or oocysts (orally) and positive in a T. gondii immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) were used to select a cut-off value for the TgSAG1-ELISA. Sera obtained by serial bleeding of experimentally inoculated ducks and geese were tested to analyze the time course of anti-TgSAG1 antibodies after inoculation and to assess the sensitivity of the assays in comparison with IFAT. In ducks, IFAT titres and ELISA indices peaked 2 and 5 weeks p.i with tachyzoites, respectively. Only three of six geese inoculated with tachyzoites at the same time as the ducks elicited a low and non-permanent antibody response as detected by the IFAT. In the TgSAG1-ELISA, only a slight increase of the ELISA indices was observed in four of six tachyzoite-inoculated geese. By contrast, inoculation of ducks and geese with oocysts led to an increase in anti-TgSAG1 antibodies within 1 or 2 weeks, which were still detectable at the end of the observation period, i.e. 11 weeks p.i. Inoculation of three ducks and three geese with oocysts of Hammondia hammondi, a protozoon closely related to T. gondii, resulted in a transient seroconversion in ducks and geese as measured by IFAT or TgSAG1-ELISA. Using the newly established TgSAG1-ELISA, sera from naturally exposed ducks and geese sampled in the course of a monitoring program for avian influenza were examined for antibodies to T. gondii; 145/2534 (5.7%) of the ducks and 94/373 (25.2%) of the geese had antibodies against TgSAG1. Seropositive animals were detected on 20 of 61 duck and in 11 of 13 goose farms; the seroprevalences within positive submissions of single farms ranged from 2.2% to 78.6%. Farms keeping ducks or geese exclusively indoors had a significantly lower risk (odds ratio 0.05, 95% confidence interval 0.01-0.3) of harboring serologically positive animals as compared with farms where the animals had access to an enclosure outside the barn.     

Emergence of Salmonella enterica serovar Potsdam as a major serovar in waterfowl hatcheries and chicken eggs

Salmonellosis is a common food-borne illness in humans caused by Salmonella-contaminated poultry and their products. In hatcheries, 110 Salmonella isolates were identified, mostly from first enrichment, and few from delayed enrichment. The Salmonella prevalence in goose and duck hatcheries was higher when measured by four multiplex PCR methods than by traditional culture (73.8% vs. 44.35%, P < 0.05); 97.3% of 110 isolates were Salmonella Potsdam of serogroup C1 and other isolates were Salmonella Montevideo of C1 and Salmonella Albany of C2. Plasmid and pulsed field gel electrophoresis genetic analysis revealed that isolates from duck hatcheries were more diverse than those from goose hatcheries. In Salmonella Potsdam, host species-specific genotypes were observed in geese for genotypes 3, 4, and 5 and in ducks for genotypes 7, 8, and 9, suggesting that Salmonella Potsdam may evolve into goose- and duck-specific isolates. An examination of 1121 eggs found that only Salmonella Potsdam was identified in 1.8% (7/591) of eggs from chickens fed on the ground, not housed in cages, and in egg content (6/7) as well as eggshell membrane (1/7). In conclusion, Salmonella Potsdam may be a major Salmonella infection in waterfowl and chicken eggs.     

新型鹅细小病毒研究进展

鸭细小病毒病是由鹅细小病毒(Goose parvovirus,GPV)或番鸭细小病毒(Muscovy duck parvovirus,MDPV)引起的一种传染病。经典MDPV和GPV毒株引起的病鸭主要症状为腹泻、脚软、渗出性肠炎,三周龄内雏鸭感染发病率和死亡率都很高。但是2008年下半年以来,福建省、浙江省、安徽省及江苏省等地的雏半番鸭和樱桃谷鸭陆续出现一种新型细小病毒病,该病发病率10%~30%,病死率低于3%,临床症状主要为软脚、短嘴和生长障碍。通过对该病病原进行全基因组测序及系统发育树分析,结果发现该病原与鹅细小病毒亲缘性很近。本文通过比较新型鹅细小病毒(Novel goose parvovirus,N-GPV)与经典的MDPV和GPV在基因组、感染宿主范围和致病性的区别,为新型鹅细小病毒病的防控提供理论依据。     

不同限饲水平对产蛋期肉种鸭生产性能的影响

本研究旨在探讨不同限饲水平对产蛋期肉种鸭生产性能和孵化指标的影响。试验选取 ４０周龄父母代 ＳＭ３樱桃谷种鸭 ３２００只（母鸭 ２６００只,公鸭 ６００只）,随机分成 ４组,每组 ５个重复,每个重复 １６０只鸭（母鸭 １３０只,公鸭 ３０只）。以玉米 －豆粕 －小麦型配合饲料（代谢能 １１．５０ＭＪ／ｋｇ,粗蛋白质 １８．００％）为基础饲粮。Ｔ１组日饲喂料量最大,为每只鸭 ２２５ｇ,其他组依次降低 １５ｇ,分别为 ２１０（Ｔ２组）、１９５（Ｔ３组）和 １８０ｇ（Ｔ４组）,试验期 ３５ｄ。结果表明：１）当日饲喂料量由２２５ｇ下降到２１０ｇ时,公、母鸭的体增重均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）,产蛋率略有上升,蛋重略有下降,但二者变化均不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）,当日饲喂料量继续下降到 １９５和 １８０ｇ时,与日饲喂料量 ２２５ｇ时相比,公、母鸭体增重、产蛋率和蛋重均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）;２）经回归分析,公、母鸭体增重、产蛋率、蛋重与日饲喂料量有显著的直线或二次曲线关系（Ｐ＜０．０５）,产蛋率与蛋重之间也有显著的二次曲线关系（Ｐ＜０．０５）;３）日饲喂料量对种鸭死淘率及种蛋合格率、受精率、健雏率、入孵蛋孵化率和受精蛋孵化率均无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结果提示,适当限制饲喂料量可降低体增重,提高产蛋率,但过度限饲会影响生产性能。     

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates in Pekin ducks from South Korea

An investigation was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella serotypes at South Korean duck farms. A total of 7119 samples collected from 72 duck farms in five provinces were examined from 2011 to 2012. The overall prevalence of Salmonella serotypes was 43.4% (69/159) in duck flocks from 65.2% (47/72) of the duck farms. Eighty-five strains were isolated from 69 duck flocks. Three serotypes of Salmonella enterica were identified such as S. Typhimurium (39/85), S. Enteritidis (44/85), and S. London (2/85). The prevalence of Salmonella infection decreased significantly in 3-week-old ducks compared to that in 1-week-old ducks (P < 0.05). All isolates except one were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 27% of the isolates were resistant to 5–16 antimicrobials. Our findings provide baseline information on the degree of Salmonella infection and distribution of Salmonella serotypes in ducks and indicate that ducks should be considered an important source of foodborne pathogens.     

从鸭腹水综合征病鸭体内分离鉴定到血清1型鸭肝炎病毒

2011年4月份,河北省某地一些鸭场饲养的20～45日龄的樱桃谷肉鸭发生了以腹腔中充满大量清亮、茶色或啤酒样腹水为主要病变特征的疾病,即鸭腹水综合征。采集两个不同日龄的病死鸭肝脏样品,接种SPF鸭胚进行病毒分离,获得两个病毒分离物（HB01和HB02）。这两个病毒分离物对鸡、鸭和鹅的红细胞均无血凝活性。RT-PCR或PCR检测表明,HB01和HB02中鸭肝炎病毒检测为阳性,而鸭呼肠孤病毒、鸭圆环病毒、鸭黄病毒等检测均为阴性。将HB02接种5日龄SPF鸭,致死率为40%;对20日龄的鸭不致死。HB02分离物中鸭肝炎病毒的序列分析表明其与鸭肝炎病毒NA株及弱毒疫苗株C80和F64遗传距离较近。根据试验结果,推测鸭肝炎病毒可能是诱发本次鸭腹水综合症的因素之一。     

Susceptibility of ducks and duck-origin cell cultures to infectious bursal disease virus

Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) ducks that were 1, 3, 4, 7, 10, 30, and 180 days old were inoculated experimentally orally or nasally with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Attempts to induce clinical disease in ducks with strain J1 or FK-78 of IBDV were unsuccessful. Virus-recovery attempts from organ and intestinal contents were also unsuccessful. No significant gross or histopathological lesions were found in liver, spleen, kidney, heart, or bursa of Fabricius of 1- and 3-day-old ducks at 4 or 7 days postinoculation. The ratios of bursa weight to body weight of 1-, 10-, and 30-day-old inoculated and control ducks revealed no difference at 21 days postinoculation. The ducks responded serologically, however, by developing both virus-neutralizing and agar-gel-precipitin antibodies. Virus multiplied in embryonated duck eggs and duck embryo fibroblast cells but not in duck kidney cells.