正交设计优化星星草ISSR-PCR反应体系研究

采用正交设计法优化适合于星星草的ISSR体系,对影响ISSR-PCR的多个因素,包括引物浓度、Taq酶的用量、Mg2 和dNTP浓度进行了比较、优化;同时又对DNA模板浓度,PCR扩增程序中的退火温度及循环次数进行了筛选.结果确定了星星草ISSR PCR反应体系的最佳方案为:PCR扩增程序,94℃预变性5min;进行40个循环的94℃变性45s,55℃复性45 s,72℃延伸2 min;72℃延伸10 min,4℃保存.20μl反应体系包括10%buffer 2μl、模板DNA60ng、dNTP 100μmol/L、TaqDNA聚合酶1.5U、引物0.8mmol/L、Mg2 2.0mmol/L.     

红三叶ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

采用正交试验设计,对影响红三叶ISSR-PCR反应较大的4个因素(Taq DNA聚合酶、Mg2+、dNTP及引物)在4个水平上进行筛选,建立并优化了适合红三叶ISSR分析的最佳反应体系。在25μL反应体系中各反应物的最适含量为40ng模板DNA,10×PCR-buffer 2.5μL,2.5 mmol/L Mg2+,2.5UTaq DNA聚合酶,引物1μmol/L,0.2mmol/L dNTP。反应程序为:94℃预变性5min;94℃变性30s,引物退火30s,72℃延伸1min,循环35次;72℃延伸7min,4℃保存。优化体系的建立为采用ISSR分子标记技术进行红三叶种质资源遗传多样性分析提供了技术参考。     

百脉根ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

运用L16(45)正交设计对百脉根ISSR反应的5个因素,即DNA模板浓度、dNTPs浓度、引物浓度、Mg2+浓度、TaqDNA聚合酶浓度在4个水平上进行优化实验,通过不同反应体系扩增效果比较,最终确定在20uL体系中各反应物的最适含量为:40ng模板DNA、2μL 10×PCR Buffer、0.15mmol/LdNTPs、0.75μmol/L ISSR引物、1.5mmol/L MgCl2、1UTaqDNA聚合酶。该体系的建立为今后利用ISSR技术进行百脉根属种质资源的遗传多样性分析奠定了技术基础。     

本氏针茅ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立及引物筛选

以CTAB法提取的本氏针茅(Stipa bungeana Trin.)基因组DNA为模板,采用正交试验设计和单因素分析相结合的方法,对影响本氏针茅ISSR-PCR反应体系中的DNA、Taq酶、dNTPs、引物和Mg2+进行优化,旨在建立适合本氏针茅ISSR-PCR分析的最佳反应体系。结果表明,在20μL的反应体系中各组分的浓度分别为:DNA(20ng/μL)2.5μL、Taq DNA酶(5U/μL)0.1μL、dNTPs(2.5mmol/L)1.6μL、引物(10μmol/L)2.3μL、Mg2+(25mmol/L)1.4μL、10×Buffer 2.5μL、ddH2O 9.6μL。经过体系验证和引物筛选试验表明该体系适于本氏针茅遗传多样性分析,该体系的建立为本氏针茅种质资源遗传多样性研究提供了理论基础。     

燕麦ISSR反应体系的建立与优化

以10个燕麦品种的基因组DNA为模板,从退火温度、TaqDNA聚合酶、Mg2+、dNTP、引物5个方面对ISSR分子标记体系进行摸索并设计优化试验,建立了一套燕麦ISSR优化反应体系,即:25μl反应体系中,18.3μlddH2O,2.5μl 10×buffer,2.0μmol/L Mg2+,250μmol/L dNTP,1.5 U Taq DNA聚合酶,0.3μmol/L引物,10ng DNA模板。反应程序为:94℃预变性3 min;94℃变性30s,55℃退火30s,72℃延伸1 min,34个循环;72℃延伸5 min,4℃保存。     

扁穗牛鞭草RAPD影响因素的研究

以扁穗牛鞭草Hemarthria compressa基因组DNA为模板,通过单因子试验分别研究了RAPD反应体系中主要成分:Mg2 浓度、dNTP浓度、引物浓度、模板浓度、TaqDNA聚合酶用量以及BSA浓度对RAPD-PCR扩增的影响,找出各自的最适条件,建立了适合扁穗牛鞭草的RAPD反应体系:在25μL反应体系中,内含1×PCRbuffer、1.5~2 mmol/L Mg2 、150μmol/L dNTP、20 ng引物、40 ng模板、1 UTaqDNA聚合酶。     

马蔺ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

以内蒙古呼和浩特市近郊野生马蔺DNA为模板,采用均匀设计,通过5因素5水平和5因素3水平两轮均匀优化试验,对影响ISSR-PCR扩增结果的一些因素(Mg2+、dNTP、引物、TaqDNA聚合酶和模板DNA浓度等)进行优化筛选,建立了适合马蔺的最佳ISSR-PCR反映体系:在25μl反应体系中,包括2.5μl 10×PCR Buffer、2.0mmol/L Mg2+、2.5μmol/L dNTP、1μmol/L引物1、.5U TaqDNA聚合酶、50ng模板DNA。在此基础上对扩增程序中的循环次数、退火温度进行筛选,获得的扩增程序为:94℃预变性3min;然后进行40个循环(94℃变性45s,52.3～60.5℃退火30s,72℃延伸1.5 min);循环结束后,72℃延伸5min。     

野火球RAPD反应体系优化研究初报

为建立一个稳定的野火球RAPD反应体系,对RAPD反应条件中模板DNA用量、Taq DNA聚合酶用量、随机引物浓度、Mg2 浓度和dNTP浓度等各项参数进行筛选比较,创建其最佳反应体系为;250μl反应体系中,模板DNA51ng,Taq DNA聚合酶0.5U.引物浓度0.32μmol/L,Mg2 浓度1.2mmol/L,dNTP浓度0.20mmol/L,10×PCR Buffer 1.0μl,ddH2O19μl.     

山羊基因组DNA RAMP-PCR反应体系的建立

以山羊基因组DNA为材料,研究了MgCl2浓度、引物浓度、dNTP浓度、模板DNA用量、TaqDNA聚合酶用量对RAMP-PCR反应的影响.建立了一套适合山羊的最佳RAMP反应体系.反应总体积为25μL,MgCl2浓度2.0 mmol/L、引物为0.4 mmol/L、dNTP浓度为0.2 mmol/L、模板DNA为25 ng,TaqDNA聚合酶为1U.PCR反应程序为:94℃ 5 min;94℃ 30 s,40℃ 45s,72℃ 90s,30 Cycles;72℃ 10 min.     

黑琴鸡SSR-PCR反应体系的建立及优化

为了优化黑琴鸡简单重复序列(SSR)-PCR反应体系,试验以黑琴鸡基因组DNA为模板,采用L25(54)正交试验设计,对SSR反应体系中的4种关键因素(Taq DNA聚合酶、dNTP、引物、DNA模板)进行优化。结果表明:各因素水平变化对PCR反应影响的显著性依次为引物、Taq DNA聚合酶、dNTP、DNA模板,试验建立的黑琴鸡SSR-PCR最佳反应体系(20μL)为1 U Taq DNA聚合酶0.5μL,1.6 mmol/L dNTP 2μL,1.8μmol/L引物2μL,DNA模板40 ng,10×Buffer 2μL,加双蒸水至总体积为20μL。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.