适配体药物的研究现状及其在传染病防制领域的应用前景

指数富集的配体进化技术(Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment,SELEX)是通过设计并合成一个含大量随机寡核苷酸文库,从中筛选出与靶分子特异结合的寡核苷酸,并结合体外PCR扩增技术,使其得到指数级富集,经多个循环分离得到亲和力和特异性最高的寡核苷酸结合序列.筛选出的寡核苷酸片段被称为适配体(Aptamer).适配体的概念最早是由Tuerk提出来的,适配子与其靶本子结合过程类似抗原抗体反应,凡是涉及抗体的领域几乎都可用适配体代替[1].近年来,随着SELEX相关技术的不断发展,适配体作为治疗药物已被广泛应用于生物医学的很多领域[2],如心血管疾病治疗、肿瘤的显像和治疗、靶向药物的输送和释放、艾滋病治疗等,本文就适配体治疗药物的特点、研究现状及其在传染病的防治领域的应用前景作一综述.     

奶牛结合珠蛋白核酸适配体的筛选及鉴定

核酸适配体作为一种优于单克隆抗体的新型识别分子,具有更高的分辨率,能识别配体间一个基团的细微差别,且所需的结合活性位点更小。本研究利用指数级富集配体进化技术(SELEX)筛选特异性结合于奶牛结合珠蛋白(HP)的DNA适配体,并对筛取的适配体进行特性分析。体外构建全长80bp中间含40bp随机序列的单链DNA(ssDNA)文库,通过对循环次数、退火温度及引物比例的优化,建立了适合的筛选体系;以超滤离心管为介质,HP蛋白为靶标,对随机ssDNA文库进行反复的SELEX筛选,从单链DNA文库中筛选能特异性结合HP蛋白的核酸适配体;利用DNAMAN和RNAstructure软件对获得核酸适配体进行一级结构和二级结构分析。结果表明,经过体外8轮筛选,随机ssDNA文库与HP蛋白的结合率由1.86%上升到31.35%,特异性核酸达到最大富集;经克隆和测序,获得了能与HP蛋白特异性结合的5个家族的DNA适配体,同源性均达70%以上,RNAstructure分析其二级结构主要以茎环结构为主,表明ssDNA形成不同的茎环结构可能是适配体与HP蛋白特异性作用的结构基础。初步建立HP蛋白核酸适配体库,筛选到与HP蛋白特异性结合的核酸适配体,为制备以HP为检测靶标的奶牛隐性乳腺炎检测试剂盒奠定基础。     

鲤春病毒血症病毒核酸适配体的筛选及分析

核酸适配体(Aptamer)是一类单链短DNA或RNA片段,具有一定的空间结构,对特定靶分子具有亲和力。本研究采用指数富集配体系统进化技术(SELEX),首次筛选出针对鲤春病毒血症病毒(SVCV)的核酸适配体A2和A15,经过荧光PCR、凝胶阻滞和病毒中和实验,证明了其对SVCV具有结合力和抑制作用,在该病的检测和防治方面具有良好的前景。     

SELEX技术在致病菌检测中应用进展

配体指数级富集系统进化技术(SELEX)是一种体外筛选技术,其筛选的核酸配基具有靶分子范围广、亲和力和特异性高、稳定性好、制备方便等优点。适配子的功能类似于抗体但明显优于抗体,它在微生物检测方面有着广泛的应用前景。     

新城疫病毒血凝素蛋白RNA适配体的筛选及活性研究

核酸适配体与单克隆抗体相比具有更高的分辨率,能识别配体间一个基团的细微差别,且所需的结合活性位点更小。本试验通过SELEX技术,体外经过12轮筛选获得了能够与F48E9株新城疫病毒特异性结合的3个RNA适配体,命名为FHN12-45-3、FHN12-36-6和FHN12-19-9。RNA适配体的二级机构预测结果显示,所筛选获得的RNA适配体空间结构以外环、内环、发夹环及突起结构为主。特异性试验结果显示,适配体FHN12-45-3经ELISA和Dot-blot试验证实能够区分不同株的新城疫病毒。生物学活性试验结果显示,适配体FHN12-45-3能够减少4个单位的F48E9株病毒血凝效价,初步表明适配体与F48E9株病毒可能的活性作用位点在血凝素蛋白上,在鸡胚成纤维细胞培养体系中适配体FHN12-45-3能够减少84.62%的F48E9株病毒蚀斑,荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测适配体FHN12-45-3能够减少培养体系中77.73%病毒载量,表明筛选的RNA适配体在细胞水平能够有效的抑制F48E9株新城疫病毒的复制。     

结核分支杆菌MTB41 DNA疫苗的构建及原核表达

为了构建结核分支杆菌MTB41 DNA疫苗,同时将其克隆到原核表达载体中进行表达。用结核分支杆菌H37Rv株基因组DNA为模板,用PCR法对基因MTB41进行扩增,克隆到真核表达载体pJW4303中,构建MTB41重组真核质粒(DNA疫苗),进行了酶切鉴定和序列分析;克隆到原核表达载体pET22b中,酶切和测序鉴定正确后转入E．coli BL21(DE3)PLysS宿主菌株内中,诱导表达,进行SDS-PAGE电泳分析。电泳发现转化了重组质粒的菌株有蛋白表达,所表达的蛋白质相对分子质量为41ku,MTB41 DNA疫苗酶切鉴定和序列分析完全正确,确定含有正确的读码框,疫苗制备成功。DNA疫苗的成功构建,重组蛋白MTB41的成功表达,为结核病诊断、重组疫苗应用和免疫效应检测以及抗原、抗体的大规模制备打下了基础。     

兔出血症病毒特异性核酸适配体的筛选

为筛选出兔出血症病毒(Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus,RHDV)衣壳蛋白VP60特异性核酸适配体,建立新型的兔出血症(rabbit hemorrhagic disease,RHD)检测方法,本研究构建了一个长80 nt的随机寡核苷酸文库。以固定在PVDF膜上的VP60为靶分子,使用消减SELEX技术(systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment)进行20轮的筛选,以生物素标记的次级文库作为"一抗",以辣根过氧化物酶标记的链酶亲和素作为"二抗",对文库进行Western blot鉴定,结果表明第20轮文库存在可特异性的识别VP60的核酸序列。随机选取第20轮文库的46条序列克隆、测序,得到20个高度同源序列,同时对46个适配体再次鉴定,最终得到3个特异性识别VP60的适配体。     

液相适配体芯片在食源性致病菌检测中的应用

食源性致病菌是引起食物中毒的重要因素,对食源性致病菌的快速和高通量检测是防止和诊断细菌性食物中毒的有效手段。液相芯片检测技术具有需样本量少、高通量等特点。经典液相芯片技术是以有机荧光染料编码的聚苯乙烯微球为载体,新型液相芯片技术是以物理学、光学等编码的基质为载体,通过制备不同配体功能化的载体,实现对同一液相环境中多种靶细菌的同时检测。适配体是一类相比蛋白类抗体特异性高、筛选获得快、化学稳定性强的核酸配体。论文针对核酸适配体分析鉴及以适配体为基础的新型液相芯片技术在食源性致病菌检测中的应用进行了综述。     

牛结核病诊断研究进展

近年来,牛结核病的诊断方法逐渐得到完善,并且找到了很多结核分支杆菌的特异性抗原及其基因。将传统细菌检验方法、免疫学方法和分子生物学的方法相结合,加速了对牛结核病的诊断的研究。特别是分子生物学技术的发展,对于阐明牛分支杆菌和结核分支杆菌的遗传变异规律及分子进化等方面都有重要的流行病学意义。     

牛乳中结核分支杆菌复合群的实时荧光PCR检测技术

本研究建立了一种实时荧光PCR检测奶牛乳液中结核分支杆菌复合群的技术，克服了以往牛结核PCR检测样品取样难的缺陷，具有检测灵敏度高、特异性强等优点，可用于奶牛乳房结核的早期诊断以及乳品安全生产检测。以乳液中加卡介苗作为模拟临床检测样本，对DNA提取方法进行改进，利用基于TaqMan技术的实时荧光（real—time）PCR检测。选择分支杆菌编码16sRNA基因和23sRNA基因之间ITS（internal transcribed spacer）序列作为扩增靶序列，研究结果表明卡介苗DNA提取效率提高，实时荧光PCR检测灵敏度达到每毫升乳液检测10个结核分支杆菌。奶牛乳液中结核分支杆菌复合群的检测对兽医系统疫病监测及诊断部门、奶牛养殖业、乳品生产行业有重要应用价值。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.