液相色谱-三重四极杆/线性离子阱复合质谱技术检测牛可食性组织中莫昔克丁的残留

建立了一种可准确定性定量检测4种牛可食性组织中莫昔克丁残留的液相色谱-三重四极杆/线性离子阱(LC-Qtrap)复合质谱分析技术。牛肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和脂肪样品经乙腈提取,高速离心去除蛋白质等杂质,C18柱净化。以0.1%甲酸水溶液和0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液为流动相进行洗脱,在BEH C18色谱柱上实现分离,在电喷雾正离子(ESI+)模式下,用多反应监测联合信息依赖性采集与增强子离子扫描(MRM-IDA-EPI)模式检测,基质匹配标准溶液外标法定量。结果表明:莫昔克丁在牛肌肉和牛肾脏1~100 ng/mL的基质匹配浓度范围内;在牛肝脏1~200 ng/mL的基质匹配浓度范围内和在牛脂肪1~1000 ng/mL的基质匹配浓度范围内均呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数(R 2)均大于0.990;在4种牛可食性组织中莫昔克丁的定量限均为2μg/kg。莫昔克丁在牛肌肉2~40μg/kg、牛肝脏2~200μg/kg、牛肾脏2~100μg/kg和牛脂肪2~1000μg/kg添加浓度水平上的回收率范围为65.6%~115%;批内与批间相对标准偏差均小于15%。该方法具有简便快速、灵敏度高、定性准确,重复性好等特点,可以满足上述组织中莫昔克丁残留检测的要求。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱快速检测猪肉中的沃尼妙林残留

建立了检测猪肉样品中新型兽药盐酸沃尼妙林残留的快速超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）确证方法。样品使用乙腈提取,在提取过程中同时加入正己烷去除脂质杂质,离心后取乙腈提取液,浓缩至干,用1 mL 0.1%甲酸水∶乙腈（60∶40,V∶V）复溶上机。以反相C18柱作为分离柱,0.1%甲酸乙腈和0.1%甲酸水为流动相,进行梯度洗脱。方法的检测限为10μg/kg,定量限为20μg/kg;在三个浓度水平（20、50、100μg/kg）下进行添加实验,平均回收率均大于92.60%,批内相对标准偏差为1.31%~6.80%,批间相对标准偏差为3.02%~4.60%。此方法简便迅速且稳定有效,适合快速检测猪肌肉中的沃尼妙林残留。     

液相色谱-三重四极杆/线性离子阱复合质谱技术检测牛可食性组织中吡利霉素的残留

建立了一种可准确定性定量检测4种牛可食性组织中吡利霉素残留的液相色谱-三重四极杆/线性离子阱(LC-Q-trap MS)复合质谱分析技术。牛肌肉、脂肪、肾脏和肝脏样品经5%甲酸乙腈提取,captiva EMR-Lipid柱净化。以0.1%甲酸水溶液和0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液为流动相,经Kinetex F5色谱柱分离后,用多反应监测联合信息依赖性采集与增强子离子扫描(MRM-IDA-EPI)模式检测,基质匹配标准溶液校正,外标法定量。结果表明:吡利霉素于牛肌肉和脂肪中在1～100 ng/mL的浓度范围内,于牛肾脏和肝脏中在1～400 ng/mL浓度范围内均呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数(R~2)均大于0.990;在4种空白组织中吡利霉素的检测限均为5μg/kg,定量限均为10μg/kg。吡利霉素在牛肌肉和牛脂肪10～200μg/kg、牛肾脏10～800μg/kg,以及牛肝脏10～2000μg/kg添加浓度范围内的回收率范围在60.2%～101%之间;批内与批间相对标准偏差均小于13%。该方法具有简便快速、灵敏度高、定性准确,重复性好等特点,可以满足上述组织中吡利霉素残留检测的要求。     

牛奶中七种氟喹诺酮类药物残留检测高效液相色谱-串联质谱法研究

建立了牛奶中氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、达氟沙星、二氟沙星和沙拉沙星等七种氟喹诺酮类药物(FQs)残留检测的高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)方法。液相色谱条件为:色谱柱Waters XBridge C18柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5μm);流动相为0.1%甲酸甲醇溶液 0.1%甲酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;柱温为35℃;流速为0.2 mL/min;进样量为20μL。质谱条件为:电喷雾离子源(ESI ),多反应监测(MRM)方式进行采集;外标法定量。结果表明:七种FQs在5~250 ng/mL浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数R2均大于0.997;方法检测限为2 ng/mL,定量限为5 ng/mL;从10、20和100 ng/mL三个添加浓度检测结果可以看出,方法平均回收率为70.2%~119%,批内RSD为1.8%~16%,批间RSD为9.1%~18%。     

饲料中安定的残留分析

本实验建立了饲料中安定的液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)检测方法。液相色谱条件为分析柱WatersSunfireTMC18150mm×2.1mm,3.5μm,流动相为乙腈-0.2%甲酸(体积比55∶45),流速:0.2mL/min。质谱条件为电喷雾离子源(ESI ),选择离子监测(SIR)质荷比(m/z)为285,228,154带正电荷的准分子离子和碎片离子。在此条件下安定的线性范围为1～1000μg/L,方法最低定量检测限为1.0μg/kg,安定的回收率为75%±10%。     

液相色谱-质谱联用分析饲料中新型的β2-肾上腺素能激动剂——齐帕特罗

建立了饲料中齐帕特罗的液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)检测方法.液相色谱条件为Waters AntantisTM C18色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,3μm);柱温30℃;流动相为乙腈-0.2%甲酸(892,V/V);流速0.2 mL/min;进样量20μL.质谱条件为电喷雾离子源(ESI+),选择离子监测质荷比(m/z)为262、244、202、185带正电荷的准分子离子和碎片离子.齐帕特罗的线性范围为0.01～4μg/mL,最低定量检测限0.01μg/g,回收率为(90±10)%.     

高效液相-串联质谱法测定蜂蜜中利巴韦林残留研究

本研究采用同位素内标法建立了蜂蜜中利巴韦林残留液相色谱-串联质谱方法。样品经提取后经混合型阳离子交换固相萃取净化后上机测定,色谱柱为Hypercarb多孔石墨碳色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,5μm),以0.1%(V/V)甲酸甲醇-0.1%(V/V)甲酸水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾正离子(ESI⁺)和多反应监测(MRM)模式测定,同位素内标法定量。结果显示,利巴韦林进样浓度在2～100 ng/mL浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(R²=0.9995);方法检出限和定量限分别为1μg/kg和2μg/kg;2、4、20μg/kg三个添加水平下,回收率在67.6%～112.7%之间,批内、批间相对标准偏差均小于15%。本方法简便、准确、快速、灵敏,适用于蜂蜜中利巴韦林残留检测。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测牛奶中4种阿维菌素类药物残留量的研究

建立了一种可同时检测牛奶中4种阿维菌素类药物(阿维菌素、伊维菌素、多拉菌素和埃谱利诺菌素)残留的液相色谱-串联质谱方法(LC-MS/MS)。牛奶样品经乙腈提取,高速离心去除蛋白质等杂质,C18柱净化。以0.1%甲酸水溶液和0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液为流动相进行洗脱,流速0.4 m L/min,采用基质匹配标准溶液外标法定量。结果表明:阿维菌素、伊维菌素、多拉菌素和埃谱利诺菌素在0.5~100 ng/m L浓度范围内均呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数(R2)均大于0.996;4种阿维菌素类药物的定量限均为0.5μg/kg。阿维菌素在0.5~5μg/kg添加浓度范围内,伊维菌素在0.5~20μg/kg添加浓度范围内,多拉菌素在0.5~30μg/kg添加浓度范围内,埃谱利诺菌素在0.5~40μg/kg添加浓度范围内,回收率为66.4%~120%;批内与批间相对标准偏差均小于20%。该方法具有简便快速、灵敏度高、定性准确,重复性好等特点,可以满足牛奶中4种阿维菌素类药物残留检测的要求。     

超高效液相色谱-质谱法测定猪尿中15种β-受体阻断剂残留

为建立一种快速测定猪尿中15种β-受体阻断剂残留的超高效液相色谱-质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)确证方法,本试验优化了分子印迹固相萃取(MISPE)净化条件及色谱、质谱条件。猪尿样品经离心后加入MISPE柱上样,依次经水、乙腈淋洗,10%乙酸甲醇洗脱,N2吹干,0.1%甲酸水-乙腈(v:v=9:1)复溶;采用ESI正离子模式在多反应监测模式下进行离子扫描,外标法定量。结果显示,猪尿中15种药物在0.1~10μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系(R2≥0.996),检出限和定量限分别为0.03和0.10μg/L;各药物回收率在76.7%~109.2%之间,批内、批间变异系数分别在2.2%~18.7%、2.1%~19.7%之间。结果表明,本方法操作简单快速、灵敏度高、特异性好。     

UPLC-MS/MS法测定猪组织中泰地罗新残留量

为了检测猪组织中泰地罗新残留量,试验采用70%乙腈提取,HLB固相萃取柱净化,以乙腈和0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相,经BEH C_(18)色谱柱梯度洗脱,电喷雾正离子扫描和多反应监测模式对泰地罗新进行质谱分析,建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测方法。结果表明:在25～1 000μg/kg范围内,泰地罗新特征离子质谱响应值与质量浓度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999;检测限在4.5～7.5μg/kg,定量限15.0～25.0μg/kg;加标回收率为90.5%～98.3%,相对标准偏差为0.5%～3.7%。说明该法准确度高、回收率好,适用于猪组织中泰地罗新残留量的测定。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。