广西主要动物源性产品中磺胺二甲嘧啶残留调查与分析

为了解广西动物源性产品中磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM_2)残留情况,本研究采用磺胺二甲嘧啶化学发光酶免疫分析法(SM_2-CLEIA)对2013—2017年采集的4 637份动物源性产品进行检测,共检出超标样品122份,涉及鲜乳、猪肉、水产品和猪尿,其中超标猪尿92份,SM2含量100.51～860.44μg/kg,猪尿中抗生素残留会污染水体、土壤,再通过动植物的富集作用进入食物链,危害人类健康,应引起重视;而本次受检的水牛奶、鸡肝脏、鸭肝脏、鸭肉均合格。所有受检样品超标率逐年下降,同时规模化养殖场样品合格率高于农村散养户、超市高于农贸市场。不同年份超标样品含量以2014年最高。采用食品安全指数(IFS)对广西动物源性食品中SM_2残留风险进行评估,结果均远小于1,说明在广西地区,现有的SM_2残留对人体的潜在危害较低。     

猪组织和血浆中磺胺二甲嘧啶残留分布规律的数学模型分析

采用高效液相色谱法检测猪肌肉、肾脏、肝脏和血浆中的磺胺二甲嘧啶残留量,通过对饲料中磺胺二甲嘧啶添加量和组织、血浆中残留量回归关系不同数学模型的分析,确立残留分布的规律的最佳数学模型.饲料中SM2的添加量在100～300μg/g的范围内,饲料添加量与猪组织(肌肉、肾脏、肝脏)、血浆的残留数学模型分别为:y=0.241 6e0.006 1x;y=1.9691e0.002 5x;y=3.049 5e0.001 9x;y=4.386 2e0.003 7x.通过对猪活体血浆样品的检测,根据建立的最佳残留数学模型,可算出饲料中磺胺二甲嘧啶的添加量和肌肉、肾脏、肝脏中磺胺二甲嘧啶的残留量,实现活体的监测.     

2016年下半年畜禽及全年蜂产品兽药残留监控计划检测结果公布

根据《兽药管理条例》规定和《农业部关于印发2016年动物及动物产品兽药残留监控计划的通知》(农医发〔2016〕3号),各地完成了2016年下半年畜禽及全年蜂产品兽药残留监控计划检测工作.检测的7320批畜禽产品样品中,合格7311批,合格率99.88%.不合格样品9批,其中2批来自贵州的鸡肉样品尼卡巴嗪残留标示物超标;5批猪肉样品磺胺二甲嘧啶超标,分别来自湖北(2批)和江苏(3批);2批鸡蛋检出恩诺沙星和环丙沙星,分别来自湖北和重庆.针对阳性样品,有关省份均按照要求及时开展了跟踪抽样检测和相关处理工作.检测250批蜂产品样品,合格237批,合格率94.8%. 其中,检测氯霉素残留样品25批,超标2批;检测四环素类残留样品25批,超标2批;检测氟喹诺酮类残留样品65批,超标1批;检测磺胺类残留样品40批,超标1批;检测硝基呋喃类代谢物残留样品35批,超标4批;检测硝基咪唑类残留样品60批,超标3批.     

广西地区不同饲养模式及不同季节水牛奶霉菌毒素污染状况调查

【目的】 了解广西地区不同饲养模式下不同季节水牛奶霉菌毒素污染状况。【方法】 随机采集2020年10-11月（秋季）和2021年4月（春季）每季3种饲养模式（规模化、养殖合作社或养殖小区、散养）原料水牛奶样品各8个,共计48个样品,利用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定水牛奶的霉菌毒素（黄曲霉毒素M₁（AFM₁）、赭曲霉毒素A （OTA）、HT-2毒素（HT-2）、T-2毒素（T-2）、α-玉米赤霉烯醇（α-ZEL）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON））污染状况。【结果】 在48个样品中,有16个样品（33.33%）检测出AFM₁,养殖合作社或养殖小区模式检出率最高（43.75%）,散养模式检出率最低（18.75%）。检出样品的AFM₁含量均低于中国的国家限量标准0.5 μg/kg,其中2个样品（4.17%）超过欧盟限量标准（0.05 μg/kg）。原料水牛奶中HT-2、T-2、α-ZEL、ZEN和DON的成人每日最大容许摄入量（PMTDI）均远低于联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织下的食品添加剂联合专家委员（JECFA）设定值,原料水牛奶中OTA的成人每周耐受摄入量（PTWI）也低于JECFA设定值,且OTA含量均低于欧盟限量标准（<2 ng/mL）。与养殖合作社或养殖小区模式相比,散养和规模化模式生产的原料水牛奶中HT-2含量均显著降低（P<0.05）。规模化模式生产的原料水牛奶T-2含量显著低于散养模式（P<0.05）。原料水牛奶中秋季AFM₁平均含量和超欧洲限量标准率高于春季,但春季AFM₁的检出率高于秋季;3种饲养模式中,春秋两季散养模式样品中AFM₁检出率均最低;秋季各养殖模式原料水牛奶中OTA和DON的平均含量均高于春季。【结论】 目前广西地区原料水牛奶质量在安全范围（AFM₁含量低于0.5 μg/kg,HT-2、T-2、α-ZEL、ZEN和DON的成人PMTDI及OTA的成人PTWI均低于JECFA设定值）,但多种霉菌毒素在水牛奶中均有检出,污染风险仍应引起人们的警惕。     

16种植物性饲料原料中黄曲霉毒素B1、T-2毒素、赭曲霉毒素A、伏马毒素（B1+B2）污染调查检测及控制建议

为掌握黄曲霉毒素B₁、T-2毒素、赭曲霉毒素A、伏马毒素（B₁+B₂）在植物性饲料原料中的污染状况,指导帮助饲料企业和养殖企业开展霉菌毒素防控,降低霉菌毒素对饲料产品质量及畜禽养殖产品危害,减少经济损失,2020年对16种60份植物性饲料原料进行调查采样,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法、免疫亲和柱净化-高效液相色谱法检测,依据《饲料卫生标准》（GB 13078-2017）判定分析。结果表明：黄曲霉毒素B₁、T-2毒素、赭曲霉毒素A、伏马毒素（B₁+B₂）在16种植物性饲料原料中的污染状况不同。黄曲霉毒素B₁、赭曲霉毒素A、伏马毒素（B₁+B₂）检出率分别为13.30%、1.60%、31.60%,最大检测值分别为318.00 μg/kg、5.70 μg/kg、50.66 mg/kg;T-2毒素检出率为0。黄曲霉毒素B₁、赭曲霉毒素A、伏马毒素（B₁+B₂）3种霉菌毒素在16种植物性饲料原料中存在污染,整体污染率33.30%;2种植物性饲料原料中黄曲霉毒素B₁超标,其他原料无超标,污染率与超标率不成正比,表明霉菌毒素在植物性饲料原料中污染普遍,对饲料产品、养殖产品及消费安全造成严重影响和潜在危害。针对该问题,提出确保植物性饲料原料质量安全建议,为今后控制饲料原料中霉菌毒素污染提供参考。     

深圳市销售猪肉品中磺胺二甲嘧啶残留的调查

2005年我们对深圳市的超市、农贸市场销售的猪肉品(含猪肌肉、猪肝)进行磺胺二甲嘧啶残留的监测,共抽查猪肉品样品754份,检出阳性样品15份,阳性率为2.0%.     

动物性食品中兽药残留的危害与控制措施

一 兽药残留的危害 1 对人体健康的影响 （1）毒性作用。如长期食用兽药残留超标的食品，当体内蓄积的药物浓度达到一定量时会使人体产生多种急慢性中毒。（2）致敏作用。试验证明，长期摄入含有抗菌素如青霉素、四环素、磺胺类和某些氨基糖苷类药物残留的动物源性食品．可在一部分人体内发生致敏作用，产生抗体。轻者引起皮肤过敏、瘙痒和荨麻疹，重者引起急性血管性水肿和休克，甚至引起死亡。     

南阳市猪产品中四环素族抗生素残留量的调查结果与分析

为了解南阳市猪产品中四环素族抗生素残留的情况,随机采集南阳市城区的集贸市场及超市猪肉27份、猪肝16份、猪腰17份按GB/T5009.116-2003中的方法检测畜禽肉中土霉素、四环素。各类样品中均检出超标样品,猪肉超标率为7.1%,猪肝超标率为41.2%,猪腰超标率为93.8%。调查结果表明南阳市猪产品中抗生素残留较为普遍,应引起相关部门的高度重视。     

饲用着色剂加丽素红污染现状调查

为了解昆明市主城区主要集贸市场出售家禽及其产品中加丽素红残留情况,利用高效液相色谱法对市场销售家禽及其产品中是否含有加丽素红及其含量多少进行检测。检测结果表明:25份市售家禽肝脏及其禽蛋样品中,加丽素红含量均未超标。检测的家禽肝脏样品中加丽素红残留范围为7.54μg/g≤C≤17.2μg/g,均值为11.2μg/g;禽蛋样品中加丽素红残留范围为4.73μg/g≤C≤18.83μg/g,均值为12.6μg/g。以上检测结果为着色剂加丽素红污染现状调查工作的开展提供重要的理论依据。     

青贮剂对再生稻头季全株青贮品质和体外瘤胃发酵特性的影响

旨在探究青贮剂对再生稻头季全株青贮品质和体外瘤胃发酵特性的影响。以再生稻头季全株为青贮原料,在青贮中分别添加植物乳杆菌（60%）+纤维素酶（30%）+木聚糖酶（10%）、植物乳杆菌（70%）+粪肠球菌（20%）+纤维素酶（5%）+半纤维素酶（5%）、植物乳杆菌（30%）+粪肠球菌（60%）+纤维素酶（5%）+半纤维素酶（5%）、等量水为对照（依次记为N₁、N₂、N₃和CK组,各组添加量为500 g·t^-1 鲜重）。青贮45 d后开包取样,分析其青贮品质和体外瘤胃发酵特性。结果表明：1）青贮结束后,N₁、N₂和N₃组的总能显著高于CK组（P<0.05）,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著低于CK组（P<0.05）,且N₂组的中性洗涤纤维含量显著低于N₁和N₃组（P<0.05）,N₁、N₂和N₃组的总可消化养分含量和乙酸含量均显著高于CK组（P<0.05）,氨态氮/总氮显著低于CK组（P<0.05）。2）体外发酵24 h后,N₂组的24 h累积产气量和快速降解部分的产气量显著高于N₁、N₃和CK组（P<0.05）,N₂组的潜在产气量显著高于N₁、N₃和CK组（P<0.05）,且N₁组显著高于CK组（P<0.05）,N₁和N₂组的pH显著低于N₃和CK组（P<0.05）,N₂组的乙酸和氨态氮含量显著高于N₁、N₃和CK组（P<0.05）,N₁和N₂组的丙酸含量显著高于N₃和CK组（P<0.05）,N₂组乙酸/丙酸显著低于N₃和CK组（P<0.05）,N₂和N₃组的干物质降解率和粗蛋白质降解率显著高于N₁和CK组（P<0.05）,N₂组的有机物降解率、中性洗涤纤维降解率和酸性洗涤纤维降解率显著高于N₁、N₃和CK组（P<0.05）。综上所述,在实际生产中,建议青贮剂在以植物乳杆菌为主要添加剂的前提下,辅助添加粪肠球菌、纤维素酶和半纤维素酶,有利于获得营养价值较佳的再生稻头季全株青贮。     

畜禽粪便处理下矿山生态型水蓼磷积累及去除能力研究北大核心CSCD

研究磷富集植物对畜禽粪便施用土壤中过量磷的积累及去除能力,可为利用植物提取土壤过剩磷以降低磷造成的非点源污染提供科学依据。采用两期土培盆栽试验,以矿山生态型水蓼为研究对象,探讨不同用量(0、25、50、75、100 g·kg^(-1))鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪处理下矿山生态型水蓼的磷积累能力,分析适宜用量畜禽粪便处理下矿山生态型水蓼在不同生长时期(6、8、10、12周)的磷积累特征及磷去除能力。结果表明:1)随着畜禽粪便用量的增加,矿山生态型水蓼地上部生物量和磷积累量均在75 g·kg^(-1)鸡粪(PM_(75))、100 g·kg^(-1)猪粪(SM_(100))和100 g·kg^(-1)牛粪(DM_(100))时达到最大,地上部磷积累量分别为158.64、204.05和128.92 mg·株^(-1),是不施畜禽粪便处理的5.47~8.66倍。2)适宜用量畜禽粪便(PM_(75)、SM_(100)、DM_(100))处理下,矿山生态型水蓼生物量和磷积累量分别在12和8周时达到最大,地上部磷积累速率在6~8周时最高。8周后,各适宜用量畜禽粪便处理下矿山生态型水蓼磷去除能力无显著变化,磷提取率可达5.84%~19.36%、植株有效数为4~6株。8周为适宜用量畜禽粪便处理下矿山生态型水蓼的适宜收获时期。3)不同畜禽粪便处理下矿山生态型水蓼磷积累能力存在较大差异,在0~6周时,DM_(100)处理下矿山生态型水蓼地上部磷积累速率明显高于其他处理;在6周后,PM_(75)和SM_(100)处理下矿山生态型水蓼地上部磷积累速率均迅速增加,地上部磷积累量在8周时分别是DM_(100)处理的1.19和1.27倍。综上,在75 g·kg^(-1)鸡粪、100 g·kg^(-1)猪粪、100 g·kg^(-1)牛粪的土壤中,矿山生态型水蓼生长良好,磷积累和磷去除能力强,可高效提取畜禽粪便施用土壤中的磷以降低过量磷对环境的威胁,且对猪粪、鸡粪处理土壤中磷的提取效果优于牛粪处理土壤。     

Sulfamethazine residues in swine: comparison of on-farm monitoring methods

Three sulfamethazine-residue detection methods were used to evaluate samples collected from five swine farms over a 12-month period. All cooperating farms included sulfamethazine in swine diets at various stages of production, for growth promotion or disease control, and followed recommended drug withdrawal periods. Swine finishing ration, swine urine, and swine serum from market-weight animals were tested monthly for the presence of sulfamethazine. Thin-layer chromatograph (TLC) analysis of swine urine was the gold standard by which three other test method-sample combinations were compared. Samples were analyzed for sulfamethazine using TLC (feed), competitive enzyme immunoassay (serum), and agar-diffusion swab test (urine). The relative sensitivities and specificities of sulfamethazine-residue detection for the three combinations were: (1) TLC analysis (27%, 94%); (2) competitive enzyme immunoassay analysis (58%, 59%); (3) agar-diffusion swab test (78%, 12%). None of the three methods tested was individually adequate for on-farm monitoring of sulfonamide residues. Sulfamethazine residues in swine urine were found on 43.3% of the monthly farm visits and in 19.7% of all swine tested.     

呼和浩特地区牛乳及其乳制品中兽药残留现状调查

旨在了解呼和浩特地区牛乳及其乳制品中兽药残留现状。采用现场调查、问卷调查等方法,调查了65家经销奶产品超市及60家奶产品特产经销店乳制品的销售情况,调查了139名呼和浩特市市民对牛乳及其乳制品的食用情况;调查了35个牛场驻场兽医及10名相关专家在临床上的兽药使用现状。采用回顾性调查方法,调查了2014—2015年内蒙古有关权威部门采用LC-MS-MS、ELISA等方法对呼和浩特地区370份牛乳进行兽药残留检测的结果。采用HPLC方法,检测了呼和浩特地区74份牛乳制品样本中的兽药残留。调查结果显示,呼和浩特市被调查的对象中96.41%的消费者食用牛乳及其乳制品,56.11%的消费者关注乳制品中兽药残留问题;呼和浩特地区牛乳总销量的94.46%来自于呼和浩特地区奶牛场,5.54%来自于其他地区;94.44%的牛场有专职兽医;20%的被调查牛场有超量使用兽药的情况,85.71%的被调查牛场有用药记录,94.29%的被调查牛场严格执行兽药休药期;100%的牛场对所产牛乳进行抗菌药物检测;目前呼和浩特地区兽医临床最常用的4种抗菌药物分别为青霉素、氨苄西林、阿莫西林及头孢噻呋,其他有庆大霉素、甲硝唑等。实验室检测结果显示,呼和浩特地区2014—2015年生产的牛乳中兽药残留均为阴性,市售乳制品样本中亦未检出残留。呼和浩特各辖区生产、流通的牛乳及其乳制品均符合动物性食品中兽药最高残留限量要求。     

模猪场猪瘟野毒感染情况调查

利用ELISA方法对广西6个规模猪场送检的1626份猪血清进行猪瘟野毒感染情况调查。结果6个规模猪场均存在猪瘟野毒感染,其中母猪感染率为7.86%~29.21%,平均为17.52%,种公猪感染率为0%~23.52%,平均为11.83%,育肥猪感染率为5%~22.45%,平均为15.5%,断奶仔猪感染率为8.24%~18.57%,平均为12.69%。此检测结果与猪场临床发病情况基本一致,病猪多表现为繁殖障碍型、温和型的非典型猪瘟。     

Tissue residues of ractopamine and urinary excretion of ractopamine and metabolites in animals treated for 7 days with dietary ractopamine

Ractopamine HCl is a beta-adrenergic leanness-enhancing agent recently approved for use in swine. Depletion of ractopamine in tissues, and elimination of ractopamine and its metabolites in urine, is of interest for the detection of off-label use. The objectives of this study were to measure the residues of ractopamine in livers and kidneys of cattle (n = 6), sheep (n = 6), and ducks (n = 9) after treatment with dietary ractopamine for seven (sheep, ducks) or eight (cattle) consecutive days and to measure the depletion of ractopamine from urine of cattle and sheep. Two cattle and sheep and three ducks were each slaughtered with withdrawal periods of 0, 3, and 7 d. Urine samples were collected daily from cattle and sheep. Tissue ractopamine concentrations were determined using the regulatory method (FDA approved) for ractopamine in swine tissues. Ractopamine residues in urine samples were measured before and after hydrolysis of conjugates. Analysis was performed with HPLC using fluorescence detection after liquid- (hydrolyzed samples) and(or) solid-phase extraction. No residues were detected in duck tissues. Liver residues in sheep averaged 24.0 and 2.6 ppb after 0- and 3-d withdrawal periods, respectively. Sheep liver residues after a 7-d withdrawal period were less than the limit of quantification (2.5 ppb). Sheep kidney residues were 65.1 and undetectable at 0- and at 3- and 7-d, withdrawal periods, respectively. Cattle liver residues were 9.3, 2.5, and undetectable after 0-, 3-, and 7-d withdrawal periods, respectively; kidney residues were 97.5, 3.4, and undetectable at the same respective withdrawal periods. Concentrations of parent ractopamine in sheep urine were 9.8+/-3.3 ppb on withdrawal d 0 and were below the LOQ (5 ppb) beyond the 2-d withdrawal period. After the hydrolysis of conjugates, ractopamine concentrations were 5,272+/-1,361 ppb on withdrawal d 0 and 178+/-78 ppb on withdrawal d 7. Ractopamine concentrations in cattle urine ranged from 164+/-61.7 ng/mL (withdrawal d 0) to below the LOQ (50 ppb) on withdrawal d 4. After the hydrolysis of conjugates in cattle urine, ractopamine concentrations were 4,129+/-2,351 ppb (withdrawal d 0) to below the LOQ (withdrawal d 6). These data indicate that after the hydrolysis of conjugates, ractopamine should be detectable in urine of sheep as long as 7 d after the last exposure to ractopamine and as long as 5 d after withdrawal in cattle.     

Chlamydial infections in duck farms associated with human cases of psittacosis in France

Five severe cases of psittacosis in individuals associated with duck farms were notified in France between January and March 2006. Diagnostic examination included serology and/or molecular detection by PCR from respiratory samples. As a consequence, we investigated all duck flocks (n=11) that were housed in the three farms where human infections occurred. While serology by complement fixation test was negative for all samples, cloacal and/or tracheal chlamydial excretion was detected by PCR in all three units. Notably, one duck flock was tested strongly positive in 2 of the 3 affected farms, and Chlamydophila (C.) psittaci strains were isolated from cloacal and/or tracheal swab samples from both farms. Human samples and duck isolates exhibited the same PCR-RFLP restriction pattern, which appeared to be an intermediate between genotypes A and B. Analysis of ompA gene sequences and comparison to those of the type strains showed that the isolates could not be strictly assigned to any of the generally accepted genotypes of C. psittaci. Further analysis by MLVA of the PCR-positive human samples revealed two distinct patterns, which were related to previously isolated C. psittaci duck strains.     

Study on Colloidal Gold Immunochromatographic Assay for Rapid Detection of Estradiol in Milk

In order to develop a sensitive and specific method for the detection of estradiol residues (E₂) in milk, a colloidal gold immunochromatographic method was established. Colloidal gold particles were prepared by trisodium citrate reduction method and labeled with rabbit polyclonal antibodies (PcAb) by physical adsorption method. After optimization of reaction conditions such as the amount of coating antigen and labeled antibody to assemble test strip, the sensitivity, specificity, repeatability and accelerated preservation of the test strip were determined. The estrogen analogue cross reaction and milk matrix interference reaction were also measured. The results showed that the optimized concentration of E₂-OVA antigen was 2 mg/mL and the optimized antibody concentration was 20 μg/mL, visual detection limits of E₂ was 10 μg/L in PBS within 10 min. The cross reaction rate of this method with estriol was 40%, there were no negligible cross-reactivities with other estrogen compounds including estradiol valerate, estradiol benzoate, estrone, diethylstilbestrol, quinestrol, ethinyloestradiol and nonylphenol. Milk samples only needed two times diluted before analysis, and the results could judge by naked eye after 10 min with cut-off of 20 μg/L. The results demonstrated that the developed method was suitable for rapid on-site screening of E₂ residues in milk samples.     

牛奶中雌二醇胶体金试纸条快速检测技术研究

为了建立快速、敏感、特异的雌二醇（E₂）残留免疫检测方法,本研究应用胶体金免疫层析技术,研究制备一种快速检测牛奶中E₂的方法。采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒,采用物理吸附法将E₂兔多克隆抗体偶联至胶体金,经过优化抗原包被量和多克隆抗体标记量等反应条件组装成检测试纸条,测定检测试纸的灵敏度、特异性、重复性和加速保存等参数,并对E₂类似物交叉反应和牛奶基质干扰反应进行了测定。结果表明,试纸条最优包被抗原浓度为2 mg/mL,抗体浓度为20 μg/mL。采用消线法判定结果,检测时间10 min,PBS缓冲液中E₂检测限为10 μg/L,该方法与雌三醇的交叉反应率为40%,与戊酸雌二醇、苯甲酸雌二醇、雌酮、己烯雌酚、炔雌醚、乙炔雌二醇、壬基酚等类似物均无可见交叉反应,牛奶样品经2倍稀释消除基质干扰直接用于检测,该方法在牛奶样品中的判定值为20 μg/L。本研究建立的E₂胶体金试纸条使用简单方便,适合现场快速检测牛奶中E₂残留。     

Evaluation of certification in the Milk and Dairy Beef Quality Assurance Program and associated factors on the risk of having violative antibiotic residues in milk from dairy farms in Michigan

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether certification in a Milk and Dairy Beef Quality Assurance Program (MDBQAP) was associated with a reduced risk of having antibiotic residues in milk and to define specific management factors that may have predisposed dairy farms to having violative antibiotic residues in milk. SAMPLE POPULATION: 124 dairy farms in Michigan that had > 1 violative residue in milk during 1993 and 248 randomly selected control farms in Michigan that did not have violative residues in milk during 1993. PROCEDURE: A pretested structured questionnaire was mailed to case and control farms. A conditional multivariate logistic regression model was developed to determine risk factors associated with having a violative antibiotic residue in milk. RESULTS: Certification in the MDBQAP did not significantly reduce the risk of having a violative antibiotic residue. Annual treatment of > 10% of a herd for metritis was associated with a reduced risk of having a violative residue. Evidence suggested that a routine request for a milk processor to perform residue testing was associated with a decreased risk of having had a violative antibiotic residue, but routine on-farm residue testing was associated with an increased risk of having had a residue. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: MDBQAP certification was associated, although not significantly, with a reduced risk of having violative antibiotic residues in milk. Risk factors significantly associated with violative antibiotic residues are addressed by various critical control points in the MDBQAP and may be indicators for strengths and weaknesses of MDBQAP.