托佩克（Topigs）种猪繁殖与生长性能分析

文章以Topigs三系配套种猪群体测定性能的测定数据为基础,对3个品系(A、B、E系)的繁殖性能和生产性能进行GLM(一般线型模型)方差分析,以最小二乘均数为性能值,比较年份、胎次、月份(季节)对产仔数、断奶数、初生窝重、断奶窝重、日增重、料重比和背膘厚的变化情况,以及3个品系在上述性状上的表现。结果显示,年份、季节、胎次均存在极大的差异,在年份上表现为与选育时间有关,在季节上表现为与夏季有关,在胎次上表现为产仔数差异不明显、断奶仔猪数逐胎下降。3个品系的结果显示,E系作为第二父本具有一定的优势,但作为第一父本的B系没有明显的优势。     

单性状选择生长速度或背膘厚母猪身体组成的变化及其与繁殖性能的关系

本研究利用荷兰大白猪单性状选择生长速度或背膘厚2个品系的实验数据，分析了母猪身体组成性状的相关变化及其与繁殖性能的相关。选择性状175日龄体重和背膘厚与第一肥产仔数的相关为0．17和0．41，母猪身体组成性状体重和背膘与产仔存在正的较强相关，并表现年龄趋势，配种前体重、背膘是繁殖性能更好的预测者。哺乳期失重的遗传力为0．25，与下一胎产仔数的遗传相关为－0．76，与175日龄体重和背膘厚的遗传相关为－0．47和－0．41。快速生长系母猪身体组成性状的遗传趋势均为显著正值，低背膘系则相反。结果表明：选择生长速率，母狸身体组成和产仔数为正向变化，选择低背膘厚则相反；哺乳期失重存在较大的遗传变异，并与随后胎次的产仔数相关密切，应引起猪育种者的重视。     

猪胎盘效率与生长肥育性能的关系

采集77头纯种大白母猪的469个仔猪胎盘性状和生长性状资料．应用个体动物模型和MTDFREML，软件进行了遗传统计分析，估计了胎盘效率(初生重与胎盘重的比率)和遗传力及其与生长性状的遗传相关。结果表明，胎盘效率有较高遗传力0．46；胎盘效率与断奶重、达100kg日龄、日增重和背膘厚的遗传相关分别为0．03、-0．45、0．37和0．12，选择胎盘效率对生长性状的影响较小。     

杜洛克猪专门化品系选育研究

杜洛克猪专门化品系是以丹系杜洛克为育种素材,采用不完全闭锁的群体继代选育法,运用最佳线性无偏估计(BLUP)法、综合选择指数和分子标记辅助选择(MAS)等育种新方法,主选日增重和活体背膘厚等性状。经5个世代选育,产仔数达10.48头,产活仔数9.85头;肥育期日增重831g,料重比2.55:1,活体背膘厚11.83mm;瘦肉率69.5%,肌内脂肪为2.95%,主选性状全面达到或超过育种目标,成功培育了一个高性能的专门化父本新品系(ZFD系)。     

加系大约克猪早、晚期背膘生长及其遗传力估计

对 1 2 2头纯种加系大约克在 2 5kg、 50kg和 75kg阶段时用B超 (Ami90 0 )背膘仪测定背膘厚。测定部位在倒数 3～ 4肋骨间 (P1点 )、胸腰、腰荐结合处离背中线 4～ 6cm处 (P2点 )。将所得数据进行生长曲线描绘 ,并通过SAS软件采用半同胞模型进行遗传力估计。结果 2 5kg、 50kg和 75kg阶段时 ,加系大约克猪背膘厚在P1位点分别为 7 41mm、1 0 59mm和 1 2 42mm ,在P2位点分别为 5 64mm、7 1mm和 8 7mm。在 2 5kg阶段时 ,P1、P2两位点背膘厚遗传力分别为 0 1 0 6 9和 0 2 383;在 50kg阶段时 ,这两位点背膘厚的遗传力分别为 0 634和 0 549;75kg阶段时 ,这两位点背膘厚的遗传力分别为 0 641和 0 564。     

长白猪生长发育性状的遗传参数估测

根据1991-2000年春杭州市种猪试验场进行的“中国瘦肉猪新品系长白猪Siv系”选育试验，第2-10世代共2384头后备猪的生长发育性能测定记录，用非求导REML法分析了12个性状的遗传参数，其中日增重等4个性状的遗传力较高，在0.46-0.59之间。体长等6个性状遗传力中等，在0.19-0.37之间。6月龄体重与日增重、胸宽、校正膘厚的遗传相关分别为0.99，0.55，0.33。达90kg体重日龄与2月龄个体重的遗传相关为-0.77。体高与饲料转化率之间的遗传相关为0.95。     

种猪测定中期的初步选择试验

在种植测定中期种猪体重达６０ｋｇ左右时对主选性状日增重和背膘厚进行一次测定,获得一组数据,然后与体重达９０ｋｇ时测定获得的另一组数据进行典型相关分析,结果相关极显著,表明在种猪测定中期建立辅助测定指标是必要而且可行的。     

全闭锁群体继代选育和开放式选育效果比较

本文比较全闭锁群体继代选育(下称方法1)和开放式选育(下称方法2)对两个杜洛克种猪群的选育效果.结果表明: 两种选育方法都取得较好的选育效果,其中方法1公母猪平均世代进展膘厚分别为8.09%和7 .71%,日增重分别为6.04%和4.16%;方法2公母猪平均世代进展膘厚分别为4.57%和3.3 1%,日增重分别为3.92%和3.84%,膘厚和日增重的遗传进展方法1比方法2快,方法1比较平稳,而方法2出现跳跃式进展,方法1的繁殖性能有下降的趋势,方法2繁殖性能没有变化 .     

杜洛克猪新品系生长和胴体性状遗传参数的初步估测

应用多性状动物模型DFREML方法估计了杜洛克猪新品系生长和胴体性状的遗传参数。生长性状平均日增重(ADG)、100Kg体重日龄(AGE)、达100Kg体重背膘厚(BF)和料重比(FCR)的遗传力估计值分别为0.48、0.30、0.21、0.57。各性状均存在明显的窝效应,变化范围为0.05-0.51。胴体性状宰前活重、胴体重、胴体长、肋皮厚、肋膘厚、眼肌面积、腿臀比、屠宰率和瘦肉率的遗传力估计值分别为0.17、0.49、0.58、0.19、0.76、0.50、0.48、0.55和0.37。生长性状ADG/AGE、ADG/BF、ADG/FCR、AGE/BF、AGE/FCR、BF/FCR的遗传相关分别为-0.35、0.33、-0.70、-0.38、0.25和-0.12。胴体性状屠宰率和瘦肉率与胴体重呈较强的正相关,分别为0.575和0.498;肋膘厚与宰前活重、胴体重、胴体直长呈正相关,与肋皮厚、眼肌面积、腿臀比、屠宰率和瘦肉率呈负相关,但相关程度不高。屠宰率和腿臀比与瘦肉率的遗传相关分别为0.687和0.558。     

杜洛克母猪使用寿命遗传参数估计与影响因素的研究

本研究通过6 220头杜洛克母猪的生产数据对杜洛克使用寿命遗传参数进行估计,并计算背膘厚、日增重、第1次配种日龄与使用寿命的表型和遗传相关。采用广义线性模型估计6种不同使用寿命性状的遗传力在0.16～0.18,遗传相关在0.70～0.99。背膘厚与使用寿命为低的正遗传相关(0.10～0.20),日增重、第1次配种日龄与使用寿命为负的遗传相关。再对各组背膘厚、日增重和第1次配种日龄进行分组,并分析对比各组与使用寿命之间的关系,结果表明杜洛克母猪背膘厚在10.6～13.0 mm对使用寿命最为有利,日增重为610～670g/d有利于延长使用寿命,第1次配种日龄在230d之前可以增加母猪的使用寿命。建议猪场在培养后备杜洛克母猪时,提高背膘厚以及选择发情早的个体,提高母猪使用寿命。     

Genetic correlation estimates between ultrasound measurements on yearling bulls and carcass measurements on finished steers.

Carcass and growth measurements of finished crossbred steers (n = 843) and yearling ultrasound and growth measurements of purebred bulls (n = 5,654) of 11 breeds were analyzed to estimate genetic parameters. Multiple-trait restricted maximum likelihood (REML) was used to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations between finished steer carcass measurements and yearling bull ultrasound measurements. Separate analyses were conducted to examine the effect of adjustment to three different end points: age, backfat thickness, and weight at measurement. Age-constant heritability estimates from finished steer measurements of hot carcass weight, carcass longissimus muscle area, carcass marbling score, carcass backfat, and average daily feedlot gain were 0.47, 0.45, 0.35, 0.41, and 0.30, respectively. Age-constant heritability estimates from yearling bull measurements of ultrasound longissimus muscle area, ultrasound percentage of intramuscular fat, ultrasound backfat, and average daily postweaning gain were 0.48, 0.23, 0.52, and 0.46, respectively. Similar estimates were found for backfat and weight-constant traits. Age-constant genetic correlation estimates between steer carcass longissimus muscle area and bull ultrasound longissimus muscle area, steer carcass backfat and bull ultrasound backfat, steer carcass marbling and bull ultrasound intramuscular fat, and steer average daily gain and bull average daily gain were 0.66, 0.88, 0.80, and 0.72, respectively. The strong, positive genetic correlation estimates between bull ultrasound measurements and corresponding steer carcass measurements suggest that genetic improvement for steer carcass traits can be achieved by using yearling bull ultrasound measurements as selection criteria.     

Mass selection for increased 200-day weight in a closed line of Landrace pigs

Mass selection for increased weight at 200 d of age was conducted for six generations in a line of Landrace pigs. In the select line, the heaviest nine boars and 18 gilts were selected from each generation to produce the subsequent generation. A contemporaneous control line was maintained by randomly selecting a son from each sire and a daughter from each dam to attain a line size of five boars and 10 gilts. Inbreeding coefficients averaged .182 and .191 for the select- and control-line pigs and .150 and .162 for the select- and control-line dams, respectively, in the sixth generation. The 200-d weights and ultrasound backfat thickness data were collected from 1,022 pigs of 2,181 pigs farrowed. These pigs were sired by 92 boars and out of 210 sows. The generation interval was 13 mo. Twelve traits were studied: weights at birth and at 21, 35, 70, 154, and 200 d of age; daily gains from birth to 35 d, 35 to 70 d, 70 to 154 d, and 154 to 200 d; ultrasound backfat thickness at 200 d; and ultrasound backfat thickness adjusted for 200-d weight. Total weighted cumulative selection differential for 200-d weight was 88.7 kg. Realized heritability for 200-d weight was .26 +/- .08 with an average response of 4.2 +/- 1.3 kg/generation. Correlated responses resulted in increases for all weights and daily gains evaluated. Although ultrasound backfat thickness at 200 d increased in the select line compared to the control line, it was not altered by selection for 200-d weight when adjusted for 200-d weight.     

Mass selection for increased 200-day weight in a closed line of Duroc pigs

Mass selection for increased weight at 200 d of age was conducted for six generations in a line of Duroc pigs. A randomly selected contemporary control line was maintained. Our objectives were to observe the response in 200-d weight, to measure correlated responses in weights at earlier ages, daily gains and ultrasound backfat thickness and to compare three methods for estimating responses to selection. Inbreeding coefficients averaged .213 and .202 for the select- and control-line pigs and .200 and .173 for the select- and control-line dams in the sixth generation, respectively. A total of 1,866 pigs were farrowed; 200-d weights were collected on 798 of them. These pigs were sired by 89 boars and were out of 193 sows. Twelve traits were studied: weights at birth and at 21, 35, 70, 154 and 200 d of age, daily gains from birth to 35 d, 35 d to 70 d, 70 d to 154 d and 154 d to 200 d, ultrasound backfat thickness at 200 d and ultrasound backfat thickness adjusted for 200-d weight. Three methods for estimating responses to selection gave similar results; therefore, the estimates were averaged. Total weighted cumulative selection differential for 200-d weight was 81.7 kg with a response in 200-d weight of 2.5 +/- 1.2 kg/generation. This response corresponds to a realized heritability for 200-d weight of .18 +/- .08. Increased weight at 200 d was the result of more rapid growth in the 154- to 200-d period, with decreased growth in the period from birth to 35 d. Growth at other periods was not changed significantly. Ultrasound backfat thickness at 200 d increased in the select line compared to the control line, but not when adjusted for 200-d weight.     

Correlated responses of carcass and reproductive traits to selection for rate of lean growth in swine

Mass selection for an index of increased postweaning average daily gain and decreased backfat thickness was practiced for five generations. Litter size and weight for 221 gilt litters, birth weight and nipple number for 2,242 piglets and weaning weight at 42 d of age for 2,111 pigs were recorded. Carcass measurements were taken on 331 pigs. Differences between means of the lines (select control) were regressed on cumulative selection differential of the index. These regression coefficients were negative (P greater than .10) for total number born, number born alive, number weaned per litter, nipple number and carcass backfat thickness. Coefficients were positive (P greater than .10) for individual pig and litter weights at birth and weaning and for the carcass traits of length, longissimus muscle area and percentage of ham and loin. Absolute values of realized genetic correlations of index with traits evaluated were all .35 or less except the correlation with carcass backfat, which was -.84. None of these was significant; therefore, index selection for lean growth should have little effect on litter size and weight but may have a beneficial effect on carcass backfat.     

Correlated responses in reproductive and carcass traits to selection for 70-day weight in Landrace swine.

Correlated responses in reproductive and carcass traits were studied in 181 litters and 218 pigs from a line of Landrace pigs selected six generations for increased weight at 70 d of age and a contemporaneous, randomly selected control line. The reproductive and maternal traits studied included litter sizes born, born alive, and alive at 21 d and litter weight at birth and at 21 d. Carcass traits studied were carcass length, longissimus muscle area, average backfat thickness, 10th-rib backfat thickness, specific gravity, weights of closely trimmed ham, loin, and shoulder, belly weight, subjective scoring of the longissimus muscle for color and marbling, estimated percentage of muscle, and lean gain per day. Total weighted cumulative selection differential for 70-d weight was 30.2 kg. The realized heritability for 70-d weight was .13 +/- .06, and the change in 70-d weight was .65 +/- .29 kg per generation. The regression coefficient of litter size at 21 d on generation was .24 +/- .10 (P less than .10) pigs per generation. None of the other regression coefficients for the reproductive traits differed from zero. Carcass length, specific gravity, and ham weight decreased (P less than .10) -.075 +/- .036 cm, -.00054 +/- .00027, and -.102 +/- .048 kg, respectively, per generation. Color score and lean gain per day increased .046 +/- .021 points and .0032 +/- .0013 kg/d, respectively, each generation in response to the selection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Correlated responses in reproductive and carcass traits to selection for 200-day weight in Duroc swine.

Correlated responses in reproductive and carcass traits from a line of Duroc pigs selected for increased 200-d weight along with a randomly selected control line were studied in 189 litters (116 select, 73 control) and 191 pigs (106 select, 85 control), respectively. Reproductive and maternal traits studied included litter sizes born, born alive, and alive at 21 d and litter weight at birth and at 21 d. Carcass traits studied were carcass length, longissimus muscle area, average backfat thickness, 10th rib backfat thickness, specific gravity, weights of closely trimmed ham, loin, and shoulder, belly weight, subjective scoring of the longissimus muscle for color and marbling, estimated percentage of muscle and lean gain per day. Total weighted cumulative selection differential for 200-d weight was 81.7 kg. The realized heritability for 200-d weight was .18 +/- .08, and the change in 200-d weight was 2.5 +/- 1.2 kg per generation. The regression coefficient of litter size born on generation was -.29 +/- .12 (P less than .10) pigs per generation. None of the other regression coefficients for the reproductive traits differed from zero. Average backfat thickness, 10th rib backfat thickness, and belly weight increased by .093 +/- .016 cm, .122 +/- .029 cm, and .089 +/- .040 kg, respectively, per generation. Specific gravity, ham weight, shoulder weight, color score, and percentage of muscle decreased -.00086 +/- .00024, -.165 +/- .013 kg, -.104 +/- .011 kg, -.035 +/- .015 points, and -.47 +/- .12%, respectively, per generation in response to the selection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Genetic and maternal effects on pig weights, growth and probe backfat in diallel crosses of high- and low-fat lines of swine

Two Duroc and two Yorkshire lines of pigs that had been selected at Beltsville Agricultural Research Center for 12 and 10 generations, respectively, for either thinner or thicker backfat were mated to produce all possible pure lines and reciprocal crosses in 1967, 1969 and 1970. Data for littermate gilts and barrows from 136 litters were analyzed to estimate genetic and maternal influence on individual pig weights at birth, 21 d, 56 d and 140 d of age; age at 79.4 kg; average backfat thickness at 79.4 kg and postweaning average daily gain (56 d to 79.4 kg). Pure-line gilts differed among breed-lines (P less than .05 or P less than .01) for all traits except weight at 56 d. Gilts of the two low-fat lines were heavier than gilts of the two high-fat lines through 56 d of age, but Yorkshire low-fat gilts were lightest at 140 d, were oldest at 79.4 kg and had the slowest daily gain, in addition to the least backfat. The Duroc low-fat line gilts were heaviest at 140 d, youngest at 79.4 kg and were second thinnest in backfat. Among pure-line barrows, the low-fat lines were heaviest at birth, at 21 d and at 140 d and were thinnest in backfat. Line-cross gilts were heavier than pure-line gilts at all four ages, were younger at 79.4 kg and higher in daily gain. Among barrows, line crosses were heavier in all weights except at 21 d, were younger at 79.4 kg and were higher in daily gain than pure lines. Differences between pure lines and line crosses in backfat were not significant for either sex. Heterosis varied from 6.5 to 16.7% among weights and growth traits. Pigs of both sexes differed among breed-lines in general combining ability for all traits except 21-d weight, and differed in maternal ability for weights through 56 d and for backfat. Specific combining ability (SCA) was significant only for intra-breed crosses for weight at 21 d, and for inter-breed, intra-line crosses for 21- and 56-d weights and for age at 79.4 kg among gilts, with no significant effects in SCA for any trait among barrows. General combining ability was not correlated with maternal effects for any trait except 21-d weight, for which they were positively correlated (r greater than .80).     

Genetic parameter estimates for serum insulin-like growth factor-I concentration and carcass traits in Angus beef cattle

Divergent selection for serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentration began at the Eastern Ohio Resource Development Center (EORDC) in 1989 using 100 spring-calving (50 high line and 50 low line) and 100 fall-calving (50 high line and 50 low line) purebred Angus cows. Following weaning, bull and heifer calves were fed in drylot for a 140-d postweaning period. At the conclusion of the postweaning test, bulls not selected for breeding were slaughtered and carcass data were collected at a commercial abbatoir. At the time of this analysis, IGF-I measurements were available for 1,283 bull and heifer calves, and carcass data were available for 452 bulls. A set of multiple-trait, derivative-free, restricted maximum likelihood (MTDFREML) computer programs were used for data analysis. Estimates of direct heritability for IGF-I concentration at d 28, 42, and 56 of the postweaning period, and for mean IGF-I concentration were .32, .59, .31, and .42, respectively. Direct heritabilities for carcass traits ranged from .27 to 1.0, .26 to 1.0, and .23 to 1.0 when the age-, fat-, and weight-constant end points, respectively, were used, with marbling score having the smallest heritability and longissimus muscle area having the highest heritability in each case. Maternal heritability and the proportion of phenotypic variance due to permanent environmental effect of dam generally were < or = .21 for IGF-I concentrations and for carcass traits other than longissimus muscle area. Additive genetic correlations of IGF-I concentrations with backfat thickness, longissimus muscle area, hot carcass weight, marbling score, quality grade, and yield grade averaged -.26, .19, -.04, -.53, -.45, and -.27, respectively, when carcass data were adjusted to an age-constant end point. Bulls with lower IGF-I concentrations had higher marbling scores and quality grades, but also had higher backfat thickness and yield grades regardless of the slaughter end point. Serum IGF-I concentration may be a useful selection criterion when efforts are directed toward improvement of marbling scores and quality grades of beef cattle.     

Performance of Duroc and Yorkshire boars and gilts and reciprocal breed crosses

Analyses of variance were computed for records on growth and body composition traits made in 1983 by 255 boars and gilts in selected and control lines of Durocs and Yorkshires and their reciprocal crossbreds. Previous selection over a period of several generations was mainly on an index of sow productivity including preweaning litter sizes and weight. Animals in the select lines were selected for high index values; animals in the control lines were selected to average near the mean index values of that year and line. Breeding animals in all four lines during that period were basically randomly selected with regard to growth rate or body composition traits. The same boars sired both purebred and crossbred litters in 1983. Traits analyzed were average daily gain (ADG) during a standard test period from 56 d of age to 90.7 kg and average backfat thickness (ABF) and longissimus muscle area (LMA) from ultrasonic scans at 90.7 kg. Crossbred pigs had greater (P less than .01) ADG than purebred pigs, but did not differ (P greater than .05) in ABF or LMA. Heterosis was 8.2% for ADG. Crossbreds with Yorkshire dams had thinner (P less than .01) ABF and larger (P less than .01) LMA than crossbreds with Duroc dams. Boars had greater (P less than .05) ADG, thinner (P less than .01) ABF and smaller (P less than .01) LMA than gilts. Correlations between 38 half-sib family averages of purebred and crossbred pigs of the same sex and the same sires were .07, .37 and .24 for ADG, ABF and LMA, respectively. Implications of the above and additional findings for swine breeding strategies are discussed.