欧洲地区蓝舌病疫情综述及对我国的启示

蓝舌病是由蓝舌病病毒引起的一种主发于反刍动物的虫媒传染病,已被世界动物卫生组织(OIE)列为法定报告的多种动物共患病之一。牛和山羊对部分血清型的蓝舌病病毒也易感。2006年以来欧洲地区不断暴发蓝舌病疫情,给当地畜牧业和社会经济都造成了巨大损失。本文介绍近年来欧洲蓝舌病的流行情况以及欧盟采取的防控措施,总结了有关的经验和教训,分析了对我国蓝舌病防控的几点启示,以期为我国蓝舌病的预防提供借鉴。     

2001年12月国际动物疫情

世界动物卫生组织 ( OIE) 2 0 0 1年 1 2月通报的动物疫情有 :芬兰和奥地利分别首次发现牛海绵状脑病 (疯牛病 ,BSE) ,日本发现第 3例牛海绵状脑病 ,西班牙在欧盟宣布其无古典猪瘟并撤消限制措施之后又爆发古典猪瘟 ,肯尼亚发生牛瘟 ,美国发生兔出血热 ,从未发生过蓝舌病的克罗地亚检测到蓝舌病病毒特异性抗体 ,疑似蓝舌病 ,捷克在鱼类中首次发生传染性造血器官坏死 ,摩洛哥发生蝇蛆病 ,巴西撤消新城疫限制措施 ,津巴布韦口蹄疫疫情受到控制。1　牛海绵状脑病1 .1　芬兰首次发现牛海绵状脑病 ( BES)　 2 0 0 1年 1 2月 7日 ,芬兰农林部…     

山西省羊蓝舌病防控技术的研究应用

利用分离鉴定的Ⅰ型蓝舌病(BIV、Ⅰ型)地方毒株和16型毒株研制弱毒疫苗，对重点地区实行免疫接种，并用c-ELISA进行免疫监测表明，抗体阳性率高达70．1％。适时提出抓种畜检疫，净化，限制疫点畜群流动，大力开展产地检疫，搞好季节灭蠓，加强环境消毒，布点放置哨兵羊等，建立起一整套动物蓝舌病综合防控技术体系，为控制动物蓝舌病奠定了基础。     

环球

<正>欧盟1.8亿欧元用于加强动物疫病防控欧盟委员会1月15日发布消息,欧盟承诺将约1.8亿欧元的资金用于支持2015年旨在消除动物疾病和人畜共患病、保护人类和动物健康的兽医计划。该计划将对牛结核病、疯牛病、狂犬病和禽流感防控等139个计划提供支持,其中首次支持对非洲猪瘟进行防控,对蓝舌病防控的支持大幅度增加。     

蓝舌病的流行状况及防控措施

蓝舌病是由蓝舌病病毒引起,主要由库蠓传播的反刍动物病毒性传染病,世界动物卫生组织(OIE)将其列为A类动物疫病。该病主要集中在热带、亚热带和温带国家,给畜牧业造成了巨大的损失。近年来国内外该病爆发频率明显增多,影响范围也逐渐扩大,流行特点有了新变化。文章对蓝舌病的流行情况、防控措施进行总结,希望能为有效地预防和控制蓝舌病提供参考。     

法国发生蓝舌病

2006年8月31日法国向OIE报告了蓝舌病疫情情况，这是该地区首次报道此病。阿登省Brognon的一个奶牛群暴发一起蓝舌病，疫情始于2006年8月28日，于8月30日首次确认，属于临床病例，1头2岁牛出现临床症状。病原为蓝舌病病毒，血清型待定。疫情涉及96头疑似动物，1例病例。诊断包括临床诊断和实验室诊断。实验室诊断由设在Montpellier的法国农业国际发展研究中心（CIRAD—EMVT）和设在Maisons--Alfort的动物病理学及动物传染病调查研究实验室负责，手段为ELISA、PCR。传染源为带毒者。采取的措施：国内限制移动、筛查、区域化和控制节肢动物。     

国内外蓝舌病检测技术研究进展

2006年以来,蓝舌病毒BTV8在世界各国普遍流行,不仅对养羊业而且对养牛业造成了严重损失。根据OIE蓝舌病疫情记录和近年来我国蓝舌病血清学调查结果,历史上我国主要存在的蓝舌病病毒血清型是BTV1和BTV16,我国尚无BTV8引起的病例或隐性感染的报道。综上所述,世界范围内BTV8的流行对我国造成了威胁,这种威胁已经突破了传统意义上的感染动物-羊,近年内对我国养牛业也造成了新的潜在的威胁。因此,需要加强对蓝舌病的警惕,加强对BTV8和BTV25等蓝舌病毒的流行状况、检测技术储备和疫苗筛选等方面的研究,从而尽快完善适合我国国情的蓝舌病防控措施。     

蓝舌病的防控

蓝舌病是由蓝舌病病毒引起的、以昆虫为传播媒介的反刍动物的一种非接触性传染病,主要发生于绵羊,可引起高热稽留、消瘦,以及口、鼻和胃黏膜出现溃疡性炎症等症状,世界动物卫生组织将其划定为A类动物疫病。主要从蓝舌病的病原、流行病学、防控措施等方面进行了论述。     

2007年7-8月全球重大动物疫情综述

2007年7-8月全球通报发生的重大动物疫情主要有禽流感、口蹄疫、猪瘟、蓝耳病、蓝舌病等。禽流感疫情继续在亚洲、非洲暴发;英国再次暴发口蹄疫,引起全球高度关注;欧洲国家频繁发生猪瘟和蓝舌病疫情。     

动物疫情快递

保加利亚发生蓝舌病 2006年10月19日，保加利亚驻OIE代表Nikola T．Belev博士报告了该国的蓝舌病疫情。疫情始于2006年10月11日，并于当天得到确认，但不属临床病例，依靠实验室检测作出诊断。疫区位于Burgas省，Brashlian、Byalavoda和Kalovo（2起）3个村庄的山羊受到感染；Evrenozovo,Rezovo和Zvezdets3个村庄的牛被感染。实验室诊断在保加利亚国家蓝舌病参考实验室进行，手段为竞争ELISA。此次疫情源自带菌者。保加利亚采取的措施：控制节肢动物、检疫、国内限制移动、筛查、区域化、感染房舍／设施消毒。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.