皱纹盘鲍营养研究进展

皱纹盘鲍（ＨａｌｉｏｔｉｓｄｉｓｃｕｓｈａｎｎａｉＩｎｏ）是藻类食性的海洋大型原始腹足动物。近年来,由于皱纹盘鲍赖以生存的海洋环境受到污染,鲍鱼的天然产量锐减;同时国际市场上鲍鱼的价格受到供求关系的影响而居高不下;巨大的利益驱使鲍鱼的人工养殖得到迅猛...     

鲍鱼养殖与鲍鱼饲料

鲍鱼养殖与鲍鱼饲料无锡轻工大学过世东１概述鲍鱼为一种海生贝类动物，又称“石决明”，学名为“Ｈａｌｉｏｔｉｓ”。世界上鲍鱼有上百个品种，分布在少数几个国家。我国常见的有５种，其中２种个体较大，有较好的养殖价值。一种分布在福建、广东等地的南方海域，学名为...     

皱纹盘鲍稚鲍消化生理和营养需求

鲍鱼属大型原始腹足类,近年来由于海洋环境的恶化和过度捕捞,鲍鱼自然资源日益锐减,人们开始重视人工养殖的研究。皱纹盘鲍(Ｈａｌｉｏｔｉｓｄｉｓｃｕｓｈａｎｎｉ,Ｉｎｏ)是我国山东、辽宁沿海的主要养殖种类,其人工育苗技术在70年代就已开始研究,80年代随人工育苗技术的改进,掀起了皱纹盘鲍养殖的高潮。但自1990年以来,皱纹盘鲍稚鲍在剥离前后的大量死亡,严重限制了皱纹盘鲍养殖事业的发展。究其原因,除环境、病害外,营养是另一重要限制因素。皱纹盘鲍的幼虫期仅3～7ｄ,而稚鲍培育期长达3～4个月,在壳长达到8ｍｍ前,稚鲍主要以底栖硅藻…     

九孔鲍鱼球状病毒的诊断和防治报告

１９９９～２０００年冬春季节。福建省东山、漳浦养殖九孔鲍鱼暴发急性、毁灭性传染病流行。经过一系列实验室检验和病例复制试验，证实它是由一种大小５０～８０ｘ１２０～１５０ｎｍ球状病毒侵袭鲍体所引起的。该病采取隔离消毒、净水养殖、药浴和饲喂药物饲料，可以起到很好的防制作用。     

九孔鲍鱼球状病毒病的诊断和防治报告

1999～ 2 0 0 0年冬春季节。福建省东山、漳浦养殖九孔鲍鱼暴发急性、毁灭性传染病流行。经过一系列实验室检验和病例复制试验 ,证实它是由一种大小 5 0～ 80 x12 0～ 15 0 nm球状病毒侵袭鲍体所引起的。该病采取隔离消毒、净水养殖、药浴和饲喂药物饲料 ,可以起到很好的防制作用     

羊接触传染性脓疱性皮炎病毒核酸及蛋白类型分析

对从中国不同地区采集的１１株羊接触传染性脓疱性皮炎病毒（ｃｏｎｔａｇｉｏｕｓｅｃｔｈｙｍａｖｉｒｕｓ,ＣＥＶ;ｏｒｆｖｉｒｕｓ）的痂块毒ＤＮＡ进行提取,用ＥｃｏＲＩ、ＢａｍＨＩ、ＨｐａⅠ、ＨｉｎｄⅢ、ＫｐｎⅠ酶切,琼脂糖凝胶电泳,确定了各毒株的核酸及分子量。结果表明,各毒株的核酸酶切片段在８～１５个之间,病毒基因组大小有１０～２５ｋｂ的差异。用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析了经ＮＰ－４０和２－巯基乙醇裂解蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化的各病毒株的囊膜蛋白,结果显示,各毒株可分离出１８～３３个不同的蛋白区带,毒株间的差异主要集中在３６４００～８００００区带之间。结合２次交互免疫试验结果,将以上１１株羊接触传染性脓疱性皮炎病毒分为４大类。     

种鸡场鸡淋巴白血病及综合防治措施

自 1 8 68年首次发现禽淋巴细胞性白血病以来已有很长的历史 ,最早将禽白血病分成三种类型 :红细胞性、骨髓细胞性和淋巴细胞性。Ｒｏｕｓ于1 91 1年发现鸡的肉瘤病 ,并分离到了肉瘤病毒 ,通过对禽白血病病毒和肉瘤病毒的特性分析比较 ,发现它们在形态、结构特征及免疫学特性等方面都非常一致 ,因此 ,统归为禽白血病 /肉瘤病病毒群 (Ａ ｖｉａｎＬｅｕｋｏｓｉｓ/ＳａｖｃｏｍａＶｉｒｕｓｅｓ,ＡＬＳＶ) ,现将这类病毒归为“禽白血病”种。1　病原学禽白血病病毒 (ＡＬＶ)为全基因型病毒 ,组成分别包括脂类、蛋白质、ＲＮＡ和可能来源于组…     

禽肺病毒和鼻气管炎── 一种新的禽呼吸道病毒和呼吸道病

禽肺病毒（ａｖｉａｎｐｎｅｕｍｏｖｉｒｕｓｅｓ，ＡＰＶｓ）是本世纪８０年代发现的禽呼吸道病毒，因其首先从南非的鼻气管炎火鸡中分离出来，故最初称为火鸡鼻气管炎病毒（ｔｕｒｋｅｙｒｈｉｎｏｔｒａｃｈｅｉｔｉｓｖｉｒｕｓ，ＴＲＴＶ）。随后的病毒分离和血清学凋查揭示，该病毒亦存在于鸡、雉、海鸥和其他自由生活的鸟类，并广泛分布于除澳大利亚以外的世界各大陆的许多国家和地区，因此将此病毒改称为禽鼻气管炎病毒（ａｖｉａｎ　ｒｈｉｎｏ－ｔｒａ－ｃｈｅｉｔｉｓｖｉｒｕｓ，ＡＲＴＶ）。对ＡＲＴＶ的各种蛋白质及其编码基…     

我鲍鱼养殖高科技项目落户大连

大连太平洋海珍品有限公司承担的鲍鱼多倍体育种技术和自主研发的海胆育种技术产业化项目日前正式被国家发改委列为2004年国家高技术产业发展项目计划，并获得国家补助资金700万元。这标志着我国在鲍鱼养殖领域里的高科技项目正式落户大连。这是大连农业科技领域中第一个被列为国家级现代农业专项的项目。目前市场上的鲍鱼苗绝大多数是传统二倍体鲍，三倍体组及杂交鲍鱼苗还比较少。这个项目培育的三倍体鲍鱼比普通苗种生长快15％～20％，成活率提高20％～30％。在国际市场上很有竞争力。     

传染性法氏囊病毒分子生物学研究进展

传染性法氏囊病病毒（Ｉｎｆｅｃｔｉｏｕｓｂｕｒｓａｌ　ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ　ｖｉｒｕｓ　,　ＩＢＤＶ）是鸡的重要传染病病原之一,除了直接引起３周龄～６周龄易感鸡发病死亡外,更为重要的是破坏机体的免疫器官,引起免疫抑制,导致鸡群丧失对其它病原的免疫力,给世界养鸡业造成巨大的经济损失。本文主要从病毒的特性、基因组结构和病毒蛋白及变异几方面对ＩＢＤＶ研究进展进行浅述。１主要特性１.１分类由于ＩＢＤＶ在鸡胚肾细胞上培养出现的细胞病变、对某些理化因素的抵抗力及电镜下形态同呼肠孤病毒（ＲＨ）Ｖ相似,所以一开始被误…     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

An Evaluation of the Acceptability as Forage of Some Nutritive and Antinutritive Components and of the Dry Matter Degradation Profiles of Five Species of Ficus

The suitability of five species of Ficus, F. mucoso, F. thonningii, F. polita, F. religiosa and F. benjamina, for feeding ruminant livestock was studied. The nutritive and antinutritive components were determined and the acceptability of the forages to livestock was assessed using a cafeteria method in 8 adult small ruminants. Also, the degradation potential of the dry matter of the five Ficus species was investigated using 3 fistulated sheep. The crude protein (CP) content of the Ficus species varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 130 to 180 g/kg DM. The content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) also varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 650 to 710 g/kg DM. The organic matter (OM) contents did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), having a mean value of 916 g/kg DM. The concentrations of tannin, saponin, phytic acid and oxalic acid were low. The acceptability of the forage was similar for four of the species but poor for F. polita. The extent of DM degradation varied significant among the Ficus species, the ranking order being F. benjamina > F. thonningii > F. mucoso > F. religiosa > F. polita.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Characterization of Salmonella Dublin and Salmonella Typhimurium (Copenhagen) Isolates from Cattle

Brackelsberg, C.A., Nolan, L.K. and Brown, J., 1997. Characterization of Salmonella dublin and Salmonella typhimurium (Copenhagen) isolates from cattle. Veterinary Research Communications, 21 (6), 409-420Eight Salmonella typhimurium (Copenhagen) and eight Salmonella dublin isolates from cattle were compared by their antibiotic resistance patterns, by their production of colicin, aerobactin, haemolysin and capsule, by their possession of transmissible R plasmids and the spvC gene, and by their ability to invade and replicate within cultured epithelial cells. The two groups differed in their antibiotic resistance profiles, with more of the host-adapted S. dublin isolates resistant to tetracycline than were the non-host-adapted S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) group, but more of the S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) isolates resistant to the other antibiotics tested. None of the isolates produced colicin, but all produced aerobactin. One isolate in each group was encapsulated. All of the S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) and S. dublin isolates contained plasmids, and all of them contained the spvC-homologous sequences. Four of the S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) isolates were able to transfer an R plasmid to a recipient organism by conjugation. One of the five S. dublin isolates, which showed resistance to some of the antibiotics tested, was able to transfer an R plasmid by conjugation. Both groups of isolates invaded cultured epithelial cells to a similar degree after 1 h, but the S. dublin isolates reached significantly higher levels within the cells than did S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) after 9 h. This ability may, in part, explain the association of S. dublin with more severe forms of salmonellosis and prolonged carrier states. Further study of the intracellular growth of these isolates seems warranted.     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

Listeric Infections in Humans and Animals in the Indian Subcontinent: A Review

Listeriosis is an important bacterial zoonosis caused by the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. The disease has been reported in animals from the Indian subcontinent, usually in the form of sporadic cases but occasionally as outbreaks. Cases of listeriosis arise mainly from the ingestion of contaminated food. Listeriosis has been reported to cause encephalitis, abortion, mastitis, repeat breeding and endometriosis in animals. Listeric infections occur in children and women with a poor obstetric history. The epidemiological aspects and pathogenesis of listeriosis in animals and humans are not yet fully understood. This review offers comprehensive information on experimental studies and field cases in animals and on cases of human listeriosis. There are also sections on isolation from foods, diagnosis and treatment in humans and animals.     

The relationship between endogenous cortisol, blood micronutrients, and neutrophil function in postparturient Holstein cows

Neutrophil function, blood micronutrients, and cortisol concentrations were measured in 43 clinically healthy postparturient Holstein cows. Estimated 305-day mature equivalent milk production and neutrophil function were related to results of the blood micronutrient concentrations and neutrophil function tests. Cattle had low to normal zinc concentrations; normal to high selenium, vitamin E, and cortisol concentrations; and normal copper concentrations. Blood selenium (P = .03) and zinc (P = .027) concentrations were both significant predictors of neutrophil adhesion, and selenium (P < .001) was a significant predictor of neutrophil cytochrome C reduction (superoxide production). Fourteen of 20 (70%) cattle with blood selenium concentrations > 300 ng/mL had neutrophil adhesion, and 15 of 20 (75%) had cytochrome C reduction above the mean value for this group. There was also a significant correlation (r = 0.331; P = .037) between cytochrome C reduction and estimated milk production. These findings suggest that neutrophils from postparturient dairy cows with higher blood concentrations of selenium have greater potential to kill microbes, and that cattle with greater superoxide production may have higher milk production.     

Fungal infections of the central nervous system in the dog and cat

Fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS) in dogs and cats are uncommon. The purpose of this paper is to review the clinical signs, diagnostic tests, and therapeutic options of fungal infections of the CNS in the dog and cat. Clinical signs are dependent on lesion location and are often multifocal. Extraneural involvement is common. Antemortem diagnosis can be difficult and is definitively made via cytology, biopsy, or culture of an affected organ or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Magnetic resonance imaging can support a diagnosis and may assist in therapeutic decisions. Fungal serology can support a diagnosis when direct visualization of the organism is not possible. Long-term azole maintenance therapy is suggested to enhance survival and prevent relapse. Serial cerebrospinal fluid evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging may identify early relapse.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

The serum neutralizing antibody response in cattle to Fusobacterium necrophorum leukotoxoid and possible protection against experimentally induced hepatic abscesses

The serum antileukotoxin antibody response and protection against subsequent experimental challenge with Fusobacterium necrophorum were investigated in 30 steers vaccinated with crude F. necrophorum leukotoxoid. Culture supernatant of F. necrophorum, strain 25, containing leukotoxoid was concentrated. The steers were assigned randomly to six groups (n=5): PBS control with Stimulon adjuvant; vaccinated with concentrated supernatant diluted to provide 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, or 20.0 ml with the watersoluble Stimulon adjuvant; and 5.0 ml with the Ribi oil-emulsion adjuvant. The steers were injected subcutaneously on days 0 and 21. Blood samples were collected at weekly intervals to monitor serum antileukotoxin antibody titres. On day 42, all the steers were challenged intraportally with F. necrophorum culture. Three weeks later (day 63), the steers were killed and necropsied for examination of their livers and assessment of protection. Steers vaccinated with crude leukotoxoid tended to have higher antileukotoxin titres than the controls, but the difference was not significant. Also, the antibody titre did not appear to be dose-dependent. In the control group, 3 out of 5 steers developed liver abscesses. The incidence of liver abscesses in steers vaccinated with Stimulon adjuvant was not dose related; however, only 8 of the 25 vaccinated steers developed abscesses. None of the steers vaccinated with the 5.0 ml dose with Ribi had any abscesses. Evidence for a relationship between antileukotoxin antibody and protection was shown by the lower titre in those steers that developed abscesses compared to those that did not. It was concluded that antileukotoxin antibody titres probably provided some degree of protection against experimentally induced liver abscesses, but further dose-titration studies using Ribi or possibly another more effective adjuvant will be needed to confirm this.Abbreviations BHI brain-heart infusion - CFU colony-forming units - ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - MTT 3-[4,5-(dimethylthiazol-2-yl)]-2,5-diphenyltetrazodium] bromide - PBS phosphate-buffered saline - PMN polymorphonuclear neutrophils