开食料玉米和全脂大豆的加工方式与犊牛瘤胃酶系发育关系的比较研究

本试验旨在研究开食料中玉米和全脂大豆的粉碎、蒸汽压片及膨化处理与犊牛瘤胃的酶系发育的关系.试验采用12头(21±3)日龄荷斯坦公犊牛,随机分为3组,挤压膨化组、蒸汽压片组及对照组(常规粉碎组),分别饲喂采用不同加工方式的玉米和大豆配制成的开食料.试验期为3～13周龄,每周采集犊牛瘤胃液测定瘤胃中纤维素酶(包括内切葡聚糖...     

口感化开食料对蒙贝利亚×荷斯坦杂交犊牛生长性能、胃肠道指标及瘤胃发酵参数的影响

本试验旨在研究口感化开食料对蒙贝利亚×荷斯坦杂交犊牛生长性能、胃肠道指标及瘤胃发酵参数的影响。选取20头健康新生蒙贝利亚×荷斯坦杂交犊牛,随机分为2组,每组10头牛,2组分别饲分别饲颗粒化开食料和口感化开食料。试验期10周,所有犊牛第3天开始饲喂开食料,第8周断奶。结果表明:1)2组犊牛的生长性能无显著差异(P>0.05),口感化开食料组的断奶后开食料干物质采食量比颗粒化开食料组高31.28%(P=0.081)。2)2组的瘤胃液pH、氨态氮和总挥发性脂肪酸含量及乙酸、丙酸、丁酸比例均无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)2组的肠道消化酶活性及内脏器官和胃肠道发育指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)口感化开食料组犊牛在哺乳期的腹泻发病率比颗粒化开食料组低16.78%。由此可见,与饲喂颗粒化开食料相比,饲喂口感化开食料对断奶后蒙贝利亚×荷斯坦杂交犊牛开食料干物质采食量的影响存在差异趋势,能够减少犊牛哺乳期腹泻发病率,但对瘤胃发酵参数无显著影响,对胃肠道指标无不利影响。     

开食料促进早期断奶犊牛瘤胃发育的研究

试验研究开食料中添加苜蓿叶粉和膨化玉米粉对犊牛瘤胃发育的影响.试验选用16头荷斯坦公犊牛,随机分为2组,试验组饲喂添加苜蓿叶粉和膨化玉米的1号开食料和2号断奶过渡料,对照组饲喂未添加苜蓿叶粉和膨化玉米的3号开食料.犊牛饲喂60日龄后,每组屠宰3头犊牛,对瘤网胃质量、瘤网胃容积、瘤胃乳头高度和瘤胃乳头宽度等进行了测定分析,并进一步观察瘤胃表面形态及细微结构.结果显示:试验组的瘤网胃质量较对照组提高了65.9％(P＜0.05);瘤网胃容积较对照组提高29.4％(P＜0.05);试验组瘤胃乳头高度较对照组提高99.5％(P＜0.05);瘤胃乳头宽度较对照组提高25.0％(P＜0.05).结果表明:试验组7～40日龄饲喂1号开食料,41～60日龄饲喂2号断奶料在一定程度上促进犊牛瘤胃组织的发育.     

玉米不同加工方法对初生犊牛生长特点、瘤胃发育及瘤胃参数的影响

用初生的荷斯坦犊牛作为试验动物,在开食料中分别添加33%整粒玉米( WC)、干滚玉米( DRC)、湿滚压玉米( RC)或蒸汽压片玉米( SDC) ,研究玉米不同加工方法对初生犊牛采食量、生长发育、瘤胃及血液代谢产物和瘤胃发育的影响。试验一,选用92头2±1日龄的荷斯坦犊牛(公犊5 2 ,母犊4 0 )开始饲喂开食料,试验期4 2 d。每天测定开食料干物质( DM)采食量和排粪量,每周测定犊牛生长情况及血液指标。4周龄时,采用安乐死的方法屠宰12头小公牛( 3头/组) ,取瘤胃组织,测定上皮发育情况。试验二,选用7日龄(±1d)荷斯坦小公牛做瘤胃瘘管,2～6周中连续取血样和瘤胃液样品进行测定。在试验一,犊牛在断奶前及整个试验期,DRC组干物质采食量显著高于RC组和SFC组,而WC组显著高于SFC组。DRC组犊牛断奶乳后平均日增重显著高于SFC组。SFC组犊牛血液中挥发性脂肪酸的浓度显著高于其它各且。SFC组与DRC组或WC组相比,4周龄犊牛瘤胃粘膜乳头长度及瘤胃壁厚度均有明显增加。在试验二,WC组与其它各组相比,有效提高了瘤胃PH,降低了挥发性脂肪酸的浓度;SFC组显提高了瘤胃中丙酸的产量;而RC组瘤胃丁酸的产量明显提高,表明玉米不同加工方法影响采食量、生长速度和瘤胃参数。RC组犊牛体重、饲喂效率和瘤胃发育的情况与其他组无差异,但促进了     

不同颗粒开食料对早期断奶犊牛瘤胃发育及生长性能的影响

本试验将16头荷斯坦公犊牛随机分为两组:试验组饲喂添加苜蓿叶粉和膨化玉米的一号开食料和二号断奶过渡料,对照组饲喂未添加苜蓿叶粉和膨化玉米的三号开食料。60日龄时对犊牛生长性能进行测定分析,每组屠宰3头犊牛,测定瘤网胃重及容积、瘤胃乳头高度及宽度,结果显示:试验组的瘤网胃重及容积、瘤胃乳头及宽度高于对照组,差异显著(P<0.05);试验组犊牛日增重和体尺与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。提示在7~40日龄饲喂一号开食料、41~60日龄饲喂二号断奶过渡料在一定程度上促进了犊牛瘤胃组织的发育。     

湿法玉米粉和黄油对肉牛消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响

文章旨在研究蒸汽压片玉米日粮中添加湿法玉米粉和黄油对肉牛干物质摄入量、消化及瘤胃发酵特性的影响。试验选择24头平均体重为(435±15)kg的肉牛,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复2头牛。试验共设计3种日粮,处理1组为蒸汽压片玉米型,处理2组为蒸汽压片型玉米日粮+25%湿法玉米粉,处理3组为蒸汽压片型玉米日粮+25%湿法玉米粉+3%黄油,试验进行21d。结果:处理3组较处理1组和处理2组显著提高了肉牛每千克体重干物质摄入量(P<0.05)。处理3组肉牛每千克体重有机物摄入量最高(P<0.05)。处理3组和处理1组较处理2组显著提高了中性洗涤纤维表观消化率(P<0.05)。与处理1组和处理2组相比,处理3组显著提高了瘤胃液稀释率和颗粒流动率(P<0.05),而周转时间显著低于处理3组(P<0.05)。处理2组较处理1组和处理3组显著提高了瘤胃pH(P<0.05)。处理1组和处理3组较处理2组显著提高了瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量以及异丁酸含量(P<0.05)。处理3组瘤胃丙酸含量最高(P<0.05),而乙酸与丁酸的比例最低(P<0.05)。综上所述,日粮添加黄油和湿法玉米粉可以提高肉牛的干物质摄入量,提高瘤胃液和颗粒饲料的流动速率及养分的表观消化率,同时提高瘤胃丙酸含量。     

结构性饲料对哺乳期和断奶应激期犊牛采食量和生长性能的影响

试验旨在研究群饲犊牛自由采食酸化奶的条件下,结构性饲料对哺乳犊牛和断奶应激期犊牛生长性能的影响。选择3～5日龄、体重相近犊牛300头,随机分为6栏,每栏50头,随机选择3栏饲喂常规颗粒犊牛开食料(颗粒料组),其余3栏饲喂结构性犊牛开食料(结构料组)。两种日粮的配方完全一致。颗粒犊牛料中所有物料均经粉碎、混合、制粒,制成颗粒料。将饲粮配方中玉米和大麦取出,换为蒸汽压片玉米和带壳大麦,其余物料粉碎、混合、制粒,为颗粒浓缩料,再将颗粒浓缩料与蒸汽压片玉米、带壳大麦混合,制成结构性饲料。整个试验分为哺乳期和断奶应激期共计90 d,哺乳期试验第1 d饲喂酸化奶,第15 d供应开食料。颗粒料组犊牛在哺乳期饲喂开食料,断奶后补饲苜蓿干草。结构料组犊牛断奶后饲喂结构性生长料。将结构性开食料与20%苜蓿干草混合,制成结构性生长料。结果表明:哺乳期间,结构性饲料采食量比颗粒料组高40%(P<0.05),日增重高19%(P<0.01);断奶应激期间,结构性饲料采食量比颗粒料组高29%(P<0.01),日增重高25%(P<0.01),饲料利用效率高11%(P<0.05);试验结束时,结构料组犊牛体重更高(P<0.05)。综上所述,在哺乳期自由饮用酸化奶的条件下,结构性饲料在哺乳期和断奶应激期的效果均优于传统颗粒开食料,可促进犊牛生长,缓解断奶应激。     

不同类型开食料对犊牛生长发育和瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在研究开食料类型对荷斯坦哺乳犊牛生长发育和瘤胃发酵参数的影响。选取30头刚出生的中国荷斯坦母犊牛,按照体重进行划分区组,随机分配到3个处理组中,各组分别饲喂颗粒状开食料、粉状开食料和口感化开食料。试验共80 d,其中1～50 d为哺乳期,按照正常程序饲喂常乳+自由采食开食料;51～60 d为过渡期,减少常乳饲喂量+自由采食开食料;61～80 d为断奶后期,自由采食开食料。犊牛从出生第7天开始饲喂开食料。每天记录开食料采食量,分别于试验第1天、第50天、第60天和第80天在早晨饲喂前称重犊牛体重,分别于第50天、第60天和第80天在犊牛采食开食料2 h后采集瘤胃液,测定挥发性脂肪酸浓度和NH3-N浓度。试验结果表明,不同物理形态的开食料对犊牛的体重、平均日增重和开食料采食量具有显著影响。给犊牛饲喂口感化开食料和颗粒状开食料显著增加了干物质采食量和平均日增重,以口感化开食料的饲喂效果最佳。给犊牛饲喂不同物理形态的开食料,对瘤胃pH值、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸浓度无显著影响,但是对瘤胃液氨氮浓度和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度具有显著影响。饲喂口感化开食料和颗粒状开食料显著降低了瘤胃液氨氮浓度,增加了瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸浓度。因此,在犊牛开食料的选择上,给犊牛饲喂口感化开食料可以提高犊牛生长性能,改善瘤胃发酵功能。     

不同水平苜蓿添加量对犊牛生长发育、营养物质消化率和瘤胃发酵参数的影响

文章旨在研究犊牛开食料中添加不同含量的苜蓿干草对犊牛生长发育、营养物质消化率和瘤胃发酵参数的影响。试验选择45头刚出生的中国荷斯坦母犊牛,按照体重划分区组,采用完全随机区组试验设计,将新生犊牛分配到3个处理组中,每组15头犊牛。对照组犊牛开食料中不添加苜蓿干草;在试验组Ⅰ犊牛开食料中添加10%的苜蓿干草(干物质基础);试验组Ⅱ犊牛开食料中添加20%的苜蓿干草(干物质基础)。犊牛在60日龄断奶,断奶结束后试验继续进行20 d。试验期间,1～50 d为哺乳期,犊牛饲喂常乳(正常饲喂量)+开食料;51～60 d为断奶过渡期,犊牛饲喂常乳(减量)+开食料;61～80 d为断奶后期,犊牛饲喂开食料。犊牛7日龄时开始饲喂开食料,犊牛14日龄时,在开食料中开始添加苜蓿干草。每天记录开食料采食量,分别于试验第1天、第50天、第80天在早晨饲喂前称重犊牛体重,分别于第50天和第80天在犊牛采食开食料3 h后采集瘤胃液,测定挥发性脂肪酸浓度和NH3-N浓度。于试验最后3 d,采集粪便进行消化试验,测定营养物质消化率。试验结果表明,犊牛开食料中添加苜蓿干草显著提高了犊牛体重、平均日增重和干物质采食量,而且与添加剂量呈线性相关,以20%的添加量组犊牛具有最佳的生长性能,而对犊牛的饲喂效率没有显著影响。犊牛开食料中添加苜蓿干草显著改善了瘤胃发酵功能,增加了瘤胃液pH,提高了瘤胃液乙酸与丙酸的比值。苜蓿干草对犊牛的营养物质表观消化率没有显著影响。因此,本试验结果表明,犊牛开食料中添加20%的苜蓿干草显著提高了犊牛生长性能,改善了犊牛瘤胃发育和发酵功能。     

口感化和颗粒化开食料对荷斯坦公犊牛生长发育的影响

本试验旨在研究两种开食料对犊牛采食量、生长性能和健康状况的影响。试验选取16头荷斯坦初生公犊牛,随机分为2组,分别饲喂颗粒化和口感化开食料。试验期为10周,第8周断奶,断奶后各组随机选择4头犊牛在犊牛岛继续饲养1周,第10周转到小圈群养。各处理组从第3天开始自由采食开食料,并记录每天的采食量,每周称1次体重、量1次体尺。结果表明:1断奶后1周内口感化开食料组犊牛干物质采食量显著低于颗粒化开食料组(P=0.038),而口感化开食料组1~9周的饲料报酬显著高于颗粒化开食料组(P=0.028);2两种开食料对犊牛的体尺指标没有显著影响(P0.05);3两种开食料对犊牛的健康状况没有显著影响(P0.05)。由以上结果可知:虽然口感化开食料组犊牛的采食量低,但两种开食料对犊牛生长发育和健康状况没有显著差异,因此口感化开食料的饲料报酬高。     

Salmonella in pork cuttings in supermarkets and butchers' shops in Denmark in 2002 and 2006

The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.     

Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium

This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed.     

Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo

Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (C_max, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their C_max (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T_1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (C_ss) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.     

Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97).     

2005年国内蛋、肉鸡市场分析回顾及2006年走势预测

2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Bartonella and Babesia infections in cattle and their ticks in Taiwan

Bartonella and Babesia infections and the association with cattle breed and age as well as tick species infesting selected cattle herds in Taiwan were investigated. Blood samples were collected from 518 dairy cows and 59 beef cattle on 14 farms and 415 ticks were collected from these animals or in a field. Bartonella and Babesia species were isolated and/or detected in the cattle blood samples and from a selected subset (n = 254) of the ticks either by culture or DNA extraction, PCR testing and DNA sequence analysis. Bartonella bovis was isolated from a dairy cow and was detected in 25 (42.4%) beef cattle and 40 (15.7%) tick DNA samples. This is the first isolation of B. bovis from cattle in Asia and detection of a wide variety of Bartonella species in Rhipicephalus microplus. Babesia spp. were detected only on one farm from dairy cows either infected by Babesia bovis (n = 10, 1.9%) or B. bigemina (n = 3, 0.6%).