鸡食管扁桃体中T、B淋巴细胞的发育及其定位分布

为研究T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞在鸡食管扁桃体中的出现、迁移、组织定位分布以及数量变化规律等一系列发育过程,本研究通过免疫组织化学方法,应用CD3和IgA单克隆抗体,研究鸡食管扁桃体的组织结构发育过程和淋巴细胞的发育过程。结果显示,各时期T、B淋巴细胞主要分布在两个部位:隐窝固有层和皱襞固有层,尤其是在隐窝固有层中T、B淋巴细胞较多;随着日龄增长,食管扁桃体中T、B淋巴细胞数量逐渐增多,并在35日龄时达到稳定;许多粘液腺周围形成淋巴聚集物,并突入腺腔,粘液腺上皮转化为淋巴上皮;21日龄之后,B淋巴细胞以IgA+细胞为主,数量超过CD3+细胞。研究表明,随着年龄增长,鸡食管扁桃体的免疫功能逐渐增强,并在21日龄之前以细胞免疫为主,21日龄之后以IgA介导的粘膜免疫为主。     

鸡脾脏组织结构早期发育的动态观察

通过HE染色方法,观察了鸡不同生长发育阶段脾脏的组织发育过程和结构特征。研究发现,脾脏实质内的白髓与红髓在胚胎18日龄可准确辨认,4日龄雏鸡脾脏中形成明显可辨的动脉周围淋巴鞘和椭球周围淋巴鞘,14日龄雏鸡脾脏中观察到生发中心。随着日龄增长,脾脏各种特征结构不断发育成熟,并在35日龄时均趋于稳定。结果表明,鸡出壳后初期,脾脏免疫功能迅速增强,并在35日龄时达到成熟水平。     

甲壳胺对雏鸡免疫及消化系统影响的研究

选1日龄SPF雏鸡100只随机分成两组,每组50只,自7日龄试验组饲喂含有2%的甲壳胺的基础日粮,对照组饲喂基础日粮。测定了14、21、28日龄时各组试验鸡血清中NDV抗体水平及胸腺(thymus)、脾脏(spleen)和法氏囊(bursa)免疫器官指数;并连同十二指肠(duodenum)、空肠(jejunum)、回肠(ileum)、盲肠扁桃体(calcium tonsil)制作石蜡切片观察淋巴器官组织发育和肠道病理变化情况。结果表明:在14日龄时胸腺指数、脾脏指数、法氏囊指数及ND抗体水平试验组与对照组相比均无差异;在21、28日龄,胸腺指数试验组比对照组高,但差异不显著;脾脏指数、法氏囊指数及ND抗体水平试验组比对照组高且差异显著。病理切片观察发现,免疫器官的发育总体上试验组好于对照组;试验组肠道上皮细胞完整,肠绒毛发育良好。     

鸡鼻黏膜及其淋巴组织发育的组织学观察

为了观察不同日龄鸡鼻黏膜及其淋巴组织(NALT)的形态结构,从而了解其不同时期的免疫状态。选择不同日龄的鸡胚和雏鸡,每个时期取3只鸡胚或雏鸡的鼻组织制成冰冻切片,片厚5μm,然后进行H.E.染色。结果发现,胚胎18日龄即可辨认鼻腺结构;出壳后1日龄时,鼻内黏膜形态结构发生变化,表面形成假复层柱状纤毛上皮;7日龄时,鼻泪管口处首先出现淋巴集合体(NALT);21日龄时,鼻后孔处呼吸黏膜中也形成了发达的NALT,且初次发现淋巴小结,此外在鼻甲黏膜中也形成明显的NALT;35日龄时,鼻黏膜厚度显著增加,几乎达到成熟水平,鼻腺管周围也出现NALT,而且在鼻腺管上皮下存在大量弥散性淋巴细胞。表明鸡鼻黏膜以及NALT的组织结构随着日龄增长逐渐发育成熟,并在35日龄时基本达到成熟水平。     

鸡脾脏中B淋巴细胞的发育及其定位分布

应用IgM、IgG和IgA单克隆抗体的免疫组织化学方法,研究IgM+、IgG+和IgA+B淋巴细胞在鸡脾脏中的出现、迁移、数量变化规律等一系列的发育过程以及组织定位分布特点。结果显示,IgM+和IgA+细胞在胚胎15日龄时开始出现,IgG+细胞在胚胎18日龄时出现,21日龄雏鸡脾脏的红髓和生发中心中出现以IgG型为主的浆细胞。各日龄IgM+、IgG+和IgA+细胞主要分布在脾脏的特征性组织结构—椭球周围淋巴鞘和生发中心中,这些结构也随着B淋巴细胞的增多而不断发育成熟。B淋巴细胞的数量随着日龄增长持续增加,直至21日龄时趋于稳定,各日龄B淋巴细胞数量始终以IgG+细胞最多,IgM+细胞次之,IgA+细胞最少。结果表明,鸡出壳初期,脾脏的体液免疫功能逐渐增强,并在21日龄时达到成熟水平。     

齐兴肉兔与新西兰兔胃肠道发育和盲肠纤维素酶活性研究

实验旨在比较齐兴肉兔和新西兰兔肠道发育和盲肠纤维素酶活的变化规律。选择35日龄断奶齐兴肉兔与新西兰兔各90只,每个品种为1个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复30只,公、母各半。试验期21 d,试验期间所有试兔的饲粮和饲养管理一致。结果表明:35、42、56日龄新西兰兔的体重和小肠长度显著高于齐兴肉兔,盲肠重极显著低于齐兴肉兔,盲肠相对重显著低于齐兴肉兔,同日龄齐兴肉兔与新西兰兔的胃重和小肠重差异不显著;35、56日龄新西兰兔的十二指肠、空肠和回肠黏膜绒毛高度和绒隐比显著高于齐兴肉兔,42日龄黏膜绒毛高度和绒隐比差异不显著,35、42、56日龄齐兴肉兔的小肠黏膜肌层厚度显著高于新西兰兔;35、42、56日龄齐兴肉兔盲肠羧甲基纤维素酶、水杨苷酶和木聚糖酶活力显著高于新西兰兔。由此可见,齐兴肉兔盲肠、小肠黏膜肌层及盲肠纤维素酶发育优于新西兰兔,而新西兰兔小肠长度及其黏膜绒毛高度和绒隐比发育优于齐兴肉兔。     

雏鸭腔上囊的生长及组织发育

通过对1～49日龄雏鸭腔上囊绝对质量和生长指数测定以及组织学观察,探讨雏鸭腔上囊生长及组织发育规律。结果:随日龄增长,腔上囊绝对质量逐渐增高;腔上囊生长指数21日龄达最高;黏膜大皱褶高、宽度、淋巴滤泡面积、皮质宽度均不断增加;小结相关上皮向腔面形成突起,并不断增高增宽。结果表明,雏鸭腔上囊1～14日龄生长较为缓慢,14～35日龄生长较快,35～49日龄发育基本趋于稳定,其中21～28日龄是雏鸭腔上囊生长发育的高峰时期,28日龄时,雏鸭腔上囊组织结构基本发育成熟。     

氯化镍对雏鸡盲肠扁桃体影响

本研究采用显微组织学、超微组织学以及末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记测定法(TUNEL)等方法,研究了日粮中高水平氯化镍(NiCl_2)对雏鸡盲肠扁桃体的影响。结果表明,NiCl_2处理组与对照组相比,盲肠扁桃体发育受到明显抑制;淋巴滤泡内弥漫排列的淋巴细胞明显减少。超微结构和TUNEL检测发现,900 mg/kg处理组盲肠扁桃体凋亡细胞增多,淋巴细胞线粒体肿胀或空泡化,同时也观察到淋巴细胞核膜扩张。结果表明,日粮中NiCl_2水平超过300 mg/kg时,可抑制盲肠扁桃体的生长,引起组织结构和细胞器的损伤,提示过量NiCl_2可使盲肠扁桃体正常发育和功能受损,从而导致雏鸡消化系统黏膜免疫功能降低。     

雏鸭胸腺生长指标的动态观测及组织学观察

通过对1～49日龄雏鸭胸腺发育的组织学观察及胸腺重量、胸腺指数和外周血T淋巴细胞α-醋酸萘酯酶阳性率（ANAE^＋）的测定，研究了雏鸭胸腺的生长及组织发育规律。结果显示，胸腺重量随日龄增长逐渐增加；胸腺指数在28日龄时达最高；1～28日龄时外周血T淋巴细胞ANAE^＋上升幅度较大；21～28日龄时胸腺小叶数量增多，并显著增大；28日龄时皮质部主要为小淋巴细胞；胸腺小体有3种形态。表明，雏鸭在1～14日龄时胸腺生长较缓慢，21～28日龄时生长十分迅速，28日龄时胸腺中大部分T淋巴细胞已发育成熟，35～49日龄时胸腺发育已趋于稳定；胸腺小体是具有高度活性的结构，与清除退变上皮有关。     

太行鸡生长期消化道pH及主要消化酶变化规律的研究

选择1日龄太行鸡120只,公母各半。分别在5、9、14、21、28、35、42、49、56、63、77、91日龄测定消化道各段pH值、十二指肠和空肠内的淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶及盲肠内的纤维素酶活性,分析其变化规律。结果表明:各段消化道的pH值随日龄的变化差异不显著。消化道内各酶先随日龄增长逐渐增加,达到峰值后趋于稳定。淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶酶活达到峰值的时间是:十二指肠为35、35、42日龄;空肠为49、35、35日龄;盲肠内纤维素酶为42日龄。空肠内酶活性分别比十二指肠内高:淀粉酶高9.2倍;脂肪酶高5.3倍;胰蛋白酶高2倍。     

脱氢表雄酮对雄性小鼠睾丸组织发育的毒性作用

昆明种雄性小鼠32只,随机分为4组。脱氢表雄酮（DHEA）日摄取量分别为0（对照组）、20、40和60mg／kg,试验期52d。各组分别在42日龄、72日龄处死小鼠,分离睾丸,制作石蜡切片,HE染色,显微观察、摄影。结果显示,与对照组比较,42日龄时中、高剂量组的曲精小管断面变形,各时期的生精细胞和成熟精子数量均减少;高剂量组曲精小管内生精细胞层次基本消失,出现较大腔隙,间质发生不同程度的变化。72日龄时中、高剂量组的曲精小管断面变形。基膜变薄伴有断裂和间质受损增加。中剂量组出现畸形精子,高剂量组曲精小管中央空白区域增大,缺乏成熟精子。以上结果表明,中、高剂量的DHEA对生长期小鼠的睾丸组织结构发育有明显的毒性作用。     

重组禽流感灭活苗和禽流感灭活苗对鸡免疫效果的观察

用重组禽流感灭活苗接种10日龄、14日龄和21日龄的SPF鸡,接种后HI抗体效价无显著差异。将H5N1和H5N2疫苗分别接种21日龄SPF鸡,结果表明,H5N1和H5N2均能刺激SPF鸡产生较高的HI抗体;分别接种三黄鸡,接种后21 d,H5N1能刺激三黄鸡产生较高的HI抗体;而H5N2不能刺激三黄鸡产生合格的HI抗体,与SPF鸡免疫组相比差异显著。经过二次接种,HI抗体平均为8.9 log2,与SPF鸡组接种后42 d的各组相比差异不显著,而与一免后21 d的各组HI抗体效价相比差异显著。表明应用禽流感灭活苗对三黄鸡免疫接种,必须进行二免方可达到理想免疫效果,而应用重组禽流感灭活苗对三黄鸡进行免疫接种,一次免疫即可获得较高的HI抗体效价。     

无公害添加剂预混料对肉仔鸡的饲喂效果

选用1日龄商品代艾维茵混合健雏4000只,采用完全随机单因子设计分2组。每组设5个重复,每重复400只,试验期49d。对照组饲喂基础日粮+商品性预混料,药物添加剂为维吉尼亚霉素(5mg/kg)+盐霉素(50mg/kg);试验组饲喂基础日粮+自配预混料,未添加任何抗生素,其非营养性添加剂配方为:21日龄前300mg/kg的糖萜素+0.3%迈克活菌酶+0.06%生命素,21日龄后200mg/kg糖萜素+0.2%迈克活菌酶+0.05%生命素。结果表明,试验用自配预混料,在体增重、饲料利用率、生物学综合评定结果和经济效益等方面均优于商品性预混料,平均日增重提高14.11%,料重比下降8.13%,每只鸡赢利提高1.29元,综合效益提高7.96%。     

Tissue-specific changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes during the development of the chicken embryo.

1. Tissue-specific profiles of the expression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) and the concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) during the development of the chick embryo were investigated. 2. The liver, brain, yolk sac membrane (YSM), kidney, lung, heart and skeletal muscles were collected at the following days of embryo development: 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 and 22 (day-old chicks). 3. The different tissues of the embryo displayed distinct development strategies with regard to the acquisition of antioxidant capacity. In the liver the specific activity of SOD increased between days 10 and 11 of development, then significantly decreased up to day 15 and remained at the same value during the rest of the developmental period. GSH-Px specific activity increased through the time of development. CAT had 2 peaks of specific activity at day 10 of the development and in day-old chicks. 4. The brain was characterised by comparatively high SOD-specific activity especially during the last days of incubation. The specific activities of GSH-Px and CAT were low throughout development. 5. In the YSM maximal GSH-Px and CAT-specific activities were found on day 15 of incubation. In the kidney and heart GSH-Px-specific activity increased at hatching time. CAT-specific activity in the kidney increased just after hatching. 6. It is concluded that each tissue studied expressed a profile of antioxidant defence mechanisms to deal with oxidative stress at hatching time.     

不同日龄鸡法氏囊中TLR15、LY86和TRIM39 mRNA表达水平

本研究通过荧光定量PCR方法检测了TLR15、LY86和TRIM39 mRNA在不同日龄鸡法氏囊中的变化。结果显示,10日龄时,TLR15 mRNA的相对表达量显著高于18胚龄时的,10日龄和30日龄时的表达量基本相同;出壳后,LY86 mRNA的表达水平呈下降趋势,30日龄时的表达量极显著低于18胚龄时的;而TRIM39 mRNA在出壳后表达量逐渐增加,30日龄时的表达量极显著高于18胚龄时的。本研究结果表明,TLR15、LY86和TRIM39在鸡法氏囊发育过程中发挥着重要作用。     

Viral and bacterial agents associated with experimental transmission of infectious proventriculitis of broiler chickens.

Proventriculitis of broilers can be reproduced by oral inoculation of day-old chicks with a proventricular homogenate from affected 3-wk-old broilers. The objective of the following studies was to isolate from this homogenate viral and bacterial isolates that could produce proventriculitis. A monoclonal antibody to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was used to precipitate virus from the homogenate. A primary chicken digestive tract cell culture system was also used to isolate virus from a 0.2-microm filtrate of the homogenate, and a bacterium was also isolated from the homogenate. In trial 1, day-old birds were orally inoculated with either proventriculus homogenate or monoclonal antibody immunoprecipitated IBDV (MAB-IBDV). At 4, 7, 14, and 21 days postinfection (PI), 12 birds from each treatment group were subjected to necropsy. In trial 2, day-old birds were orally inoculated with either infectious proventriculus homogenate, suspect virus isolated in cell culture and propagated in embryo livers and spleens, or a bacterial isolate. Twelve birds from each treatment were subjected to necropsy at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 PI. In trial 3, treatments were maintained in negative pressure isolation chambers, and an additional treatment included virus plus bacterial isolate. Twenty-four birds from each treatment were subjected to necropsy at day 21 PI. In trial 1, infectious homogenate decreased body weight and relative gizzard weights at 4, 7, 14, and 21 days PI. Proventriculus relative weight was increased at days 7, 14, and 21 PI, and proventriculus lesion scores were increased at days 14 and 21 PI. Bursa/spleen weight ratios were decreased at day 14, and feed conversion was increased at days 4 and 21. The MAB-IBDV treatment decreased proventriculus and gizzard relative weights at day 4 PI, increased proventriculus lesion scores and bursa/spleen weight ratios at day 14, and decreased heterophil/lymphocyte ratios at day 21. In trial 2, all infected birds had significantly higher mean relative proventriculus weights at 21 days PI and had higher 4-wk mean proventriculus scores as compared with both control groups. In trial 3, birds treated with homogenate and birds treated with both suspect virus and the bacterial isolate had significantly higher proventriculus lesion scores; higher relative weights of proventriculus, gizzard, liver, and heart; lower body weights; and lower relative bursa weights compared with the saline control group. These studies suggest that infectious proventriculitis has a complex etiology involving both viral and bacterial infection.     

Pathogenicity for chickens of a reovirus isolated from turkeys

A viral agent that was isolated from livers of commercial turkey poults that died at approximately two weeks of age was characterized as a reovirus. Experimental infection of day-old chickens with this reovirus isolate resulted in the development of tenosynovitis, hepatitis, and myocarditis. In vitro neutralization of the turkey reovirus isolate by antiserum against chicken reovirus correlated with in vivo protection of maternally immune chickens from day-old oral challenge with the turkey reovirus isolate.     

湖北部分地区鸭疫里氏杆菌的分离鉴定

对湖北省部分地区鸭疫里氏杆菌(RA)进行分离鉴定.应用胰蛋白大豆琼脂(TSA)培养基的分离培养及染色试验、生化试验、PCR鉴定,得到86株RA.染色观察各地RA分离株的细菌形态一致,符合RA特征;生化试验显示86株RA的生理生化特征相似,基本符合RA特征;应用建立的PCR技术均可从这些菌株扩增到RA的特异性基因片段.通...     

11株巨型艾美耳球虫繁殖力的比较研究

用巨型艾美耳球虫扬州株、南通株、连云港株、苏州株、凤阳株、青岛株、福州株、龙岩株、广州株、上海株和美国株孢子化卵囊100个/只或10 000 个/只,经嗉囔接种7 日龄或21 日龄无球虫黄羽肉公雏,以麦克马斯特法对感染后第6 天至第14 天间每天24 h排出的卵囊计数并进行统计分析。结果表明,各虫株的排卵囊量有差异,100个/只卵囊感染7日龄雏鸡时,广州株和凤阳株排卵囊量最多,上海株和苏州株排卵囊量最少;100个/只卵囊感染21 日龄雏鸡时,扬州株排卵囊量最多,上海株排卵囊量最少;10 000 个/只卵囊感染21 日龄雏鸡时,苏州株排卵囊量最多,连云港株和扬州株的排卵囊量最少;排卵囊量随着感染剂量的增加或鸡日龄的增大而增多;在同一感染剂量时,福州株和连云港株增加最多,上海株和苏州株增加最少;在同一感染鸡日龄时,苏州株和上海株增加最多,南通株和扬州株增加最少;各虫株的排卵囊规律极相似,在感染后第7 天排卵囊量达峰值,第8 天、第9 天排出的卵囊量显著减少,第10天排出的卵囊量仅占总量的2%,第14天接近于0%;第6天至第8天排出的卵囊量占总量的87%~99%。     

Haematology and morphological changes in young broiler chicks with experimentally induced hypoxia

The haematology, histology and ultrastructure of day-old broiler chicks subject to experimentally induced hypoxia during incubation were examined. Some birds were allowed to reach five weeks old before examination. All the red blood cell parameters, namely, haemoglobin, packed cell volume and red cell counts were raised significantly in hypoxic birds compared with control material and the results closely resembled the haematological profile of young broilers with an ascitic syndrome. By week 5 these parameters had returned to normal. Morphological changes were seen in all the organs examined from day-old hypoxic chicks. The lungs showed much congestion and large numbers of granulocytes were present in hearts, and testes. In the livers, hepatocytes contained enlarged mitochondria together with a reduction in glycogen content. Congested lungs were seen at five weeks old but recovery to normal morphology was observed in all other organs.