大鼠感染微小隐孢子虫后肝、脾和胰腺的病理学变化

60只SPF级SD大鼠随机分成地塞米松免疫抑制感染组和对照组（n=30）,免疫抑制感染组大鼠一次接种1×106个/L微小隐孢子虫卵囊液1mL,空白对照组接种1mL灭菌生理盐水。于试验结束后宰杀大鼠,立即解剖取肝脏、脾和胰腺,Bouin液固定,常规石蜡切片,HE染色,奥林巴斯显微摄影系统观察并显微摄影。结果显示：感染组大鼠肝脏组织肝小叶分界不明显,中央静脉淤血水肿,没有清晰的肝细胞索和肝血窦,呈空泡样病变;肝细胞广泛水泡变性和气球样变,肝血窦充血,肝小叶内有大的纤维性坏死灶。隐孢子虫感染可引起脾脏的脾小结体积变小,边缘区变薄,动脉周围淋巴鞘变薄,脾索变得狭窄、紧缩,脾窦内充血。试验组大鼠的胰腺组织胰岛缩小;内分泌细胞构成的卵圆形细胞团内毛细血管萎缩;胰岛细胞排列紊乱;腺泡细胞溶解变性。     

雏鸡缺硒病的病理形态学研究

110只二日龄白洛克雏鸡随机分为三组,喂以缺硒(0.0065ppm)、补维生素E(100IU/kg)和补硒(0.2ppm)日粮。缺硒雏鸡三周龄发病,尸检见胰腺萎缩和皮下出血并积有多量蓝绿色胶样水肿液。组织学变化,胰腺腺泡于10日龄出现空泡和透明滴,随后呈灶性坏死,27日龄腺泡萎缩及纤维化;骨骼肌颗粒变性和凝固性坏死,淋巴器官之淋巴细胞明显减少。电镜观察,病变的胰腺腺泡内质网局部或一致扩张,自吞噬泡形成,酶原颗粒明显减少。补维生素E能预防渗出性素质并对本病有明显的保护和缓解作用,但不能预防胰腺纤维化。补0.2ppm硒可预防发病。     

蜂花粉对肉鸡消化腺发育的影响

选择1日龄AA肉仔鸡144只,随机分为2组,每组72只。对照组饲喂玉米豆粕型基础日粮,试验组添加1.5%蜂花粉,试验期42d。分别于1,2,3,4,5和6周龄每组随机抽取试验鸡6只,取小肠、肝、胰腺称重并制作切片。结果:试验组肝、胰腺的平均重量和相对重量均高于对照组,部分周龄差异显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)。试验组鸡肝细胞、肝血窦结构清晰,枯否氏细胞体积较大;胰腺的腺泡较大,亮胰岛数量多、体积大;小肠腺的长度显著或极显著大于对照组。结论:蜂花粉能促进肉鸡肝、胰腺和小肠腺的发育。     

SJ5-SPF鸡消化道5-羟色胺细胞的免疫组织化学定位

为研究SJ5-无特定病原体(specific pathogen free,SPF)鸡消化道5-羟色胺(5-HT)细胞的分布与形态,试验采用免疫组织化学ABC法,对鸡消化道5-HT的形态和分布位置进行观察,同时对5-HT细胞的数量分布进行统计分析。结果表明:雌性和雄性SJ5-SPF鸡除了食管和嗉囊以外,消化道各部位均有5-HT细胞分布,而且分布型基本相同,直肠分布密度最高,其次是回肠,腺胃最低;雌性和雄性同一部位5-HT细胞数相比,除直肠以外消化道各段均有差异(P0.05),只有雌性腺胃5-HT细胞数高于雄性,其余部位均是雄性高于雌性;5-HT细胞有圆形、椭圆形、锥体形、梭形等。说明SJ5-SPF鸡5-HT细胞的分布型与其消化道各部分的功能有关,而5-HT细胞的形态与内、外分泌功能是相适应的。     

大黄牡丹汤干预大鼠急性胰腺炎的病理学观察

目的:使用大黄牡丹汤干预大鼠急性胰腺炎,观察大鼠胰腺病理学变化。方法:将21只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、治疗组,通过肠壁穿刺逆行胰胆管注射5%牛黄胆酸钠制作急性胰腺炎模型,治疗组使用大黄牡丹汤按0.23 ml/100 g的剂量灌胃干预,术后12 h后处死动物取胰腺组织,甲醛固定后切片,HE染色,显微镜(200X)下观察病理组织切片。结果:解剖后肉眼观察,治疗组腹腔内腹水及胰腺组织水肿、坏死情况优于模型组;镜下观察胰腺切片,治疗组腺泡细胞水肿、炎细胞浸润、出血等情况优于模型组。结论:使用大黄牡丹汤治疗大鼠急性胰腺炎,效果较好。     

缺硒对鸡胰腺影响的病理组织学观察

用1日龄来航公雏,进行两次试验。第一次试验,将180只雏鸡按体重平均分为两组,每组90只。试验组喂低硒基础日粮(含硒0.01ppm),对照组在基础日粮中补硒至0.20ppm。试验于6、12、18、24、30日龄时分批进行剖检。每次随机从各组取6只做胰腺的病理组织学观察。 第二次试验,将275只雏鸡按体重平均分成5组,每组55只,日粮含硒水平为0.01ppm、0.025ppm、0.05ppm、0.10ppm、0.20ppm。试验于39日龄时随机从每组取5只进行胰腺的病理组织学观察。 结果,低硒组6日龄时,胰腺腺泡上皮细胞胞浆内出现空泡,12日龄时多数与6日龄的变化几乎相似;18日龄时,腺泡上皮细胞胞浆内出现玻璃小体,并有腺泡轻度萎缩;24日龄时胰腺组织的实质内空泡剧增,呈蜂窝状,部分区域的腺泡萎缩,间质开始纤维化;30日龄时胰腺组织的部分区域出现纤维化;39日龄时日粮硒水平0.01ppm组胰腺组织大部分区域出现纤维化。日粮硒水平0.025及0.05ppm组胰腺组织的部分腺泡严重萎缩或轻度纤维化。日粮硒水平0.10ppm组胰腺组织轻度纤维化或腺泡萎缩。两次试验只有0.20ppm组,除个别胰腺实质中出现少量的空泡外,其余未见异常变化。作者初步认为,鸡日粮中硒的含量以0.15～0.20ppm为适宜。     

心包积水-肝炎综合征转归的病理学观察

为研究心包积水-肝炎综合征（HHS）的转归，试验采用血清4型禽腺病毒感染4周龄SPF鸡，建立发病率为90%、死亡率为20%的动物模型，观察SPF鸡大体病变并采集肝脏、心脏、脾脏、腺胃、胰腺、肺、肾脏、法氏囊、胸腺、脑、肌肉、小肠、肌胃、食管和气管制作组织病理学切片，检测组织样本中的病毒载量。结果显示：心包积液完全吸收，腺胃出血消失，脾脏轻微肿胀，肝脏仍存在部分黄染和肿胀，组织学检查发现肺脏已完全恢复，肝脏、法氏囊、胸腺、脾脏仍存在组织变性坏死及广泛的炎性细胞浸润；转归期后器官的病毒含量均显著降低（P<0.05）。结果表明HHS的转归为不完全痊愈，对肝脏及免疫器官的功能将造成长期影响。     

犬胰腺腺泡细胞癌伴发神经内分泌细胞分化病例的病理学观察

胰腺癌绝大多数起源于导管系统,仅约1%起源于腺泡,是一种罕见的胰腺肿瘤,在人医临床上仅占1%～2%[1],在动物上也很少见,腺泡细胞癌在犬所有肿瘤中仅占0.5%～1.88%[2].关于犬腺泡细胞癌国外仅有数例报道[3-4],国内未见有报道,而伴有神经内分泌细胞分化的腺泡细胞癌的病例更是罕见.     

蛋用黄羽鹌鹑血液细胞学和血液生理学参数的研究

利用采自纯系蛋用黄羽鹌鹑健康群体的血样，对黄羽鹌鹑的血液细胞学和主要血液生理学参数进行了研究。结果表明，黄羽鹌鹑的血液细胞形态与鸡和其它禽类相似。黄羽鹤鹑的红细胞数量、凝血细胞数量、血红蛋白含量和血细胞比容均存在性别差异，其中红细胞数量、凝血细胞数量、血红蛋白含量和血细胞比容雄性均显著高于雌性（P〈0．05），凝血细胞数量雌性显著高于雄性（P〈0．01）。凝血细胞长度比红细胞短，其宽度与红细胞差异不显著（P〉0．05）。3周龄和7周龄比较红细胞数量、凝血细胞数量、血红蛋白含量和血细胞比容均无显著差异（P〉0．05），白细胞数量和分类以及各类白细胞的大小在性别和周龄间均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。     

幼建鲤磷缺乏的组织病理观察

本试验旨在研究磷缺乏对幼建鲤组织器官病理变化的影响.将300尾平均体重为(7.17±0.01)g的幼建鲤随机分为2组(每组3个重复,每个重复50尾鱼),分别饲喂磷含量为0.55%(对照组)和0.17%(缺乏组)的饲粮63 d.结果表明:磷缺乏引起幼建鲤肠上皮细胞坏死、脱落;肝细胞空泡变性、溶解、坏死;胰腺腺泡坏死、崩解;头肾细胞裂解、脱落;后肾肾小管裂解、坏死;脾脏细胞裂解,空泡变性;心脏肌纤维溶解、断裂;鳃小片上皮坏死、脱落,软骨消失;肌纤维部分崩解、坏死.由此得出,磷缺乏会造成幼建鲤组织器官不同程度的病理损伤.     

Morphologic and immunocytochemical study of young dogs with diabetes mellitus associated with pancreatic islet hypoplasia

In 11 dogs (7 males, 4 females; 10 purebred, 1 mixed breed), diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus before the age of 6 months, the pancreas was evaluated histologically; in 6, the pancreas also was examined by use of electron microscopy and/or immunocytochemical methods. Each dog was placed in 1 of 3 groups (A through C) on the basis of pancreatic histopathologic findings: Group A (n = 3)--no recognizable islets, but the pancreas in 2 dogs contained scattered endocrine cells detectable by use of immunoperoxidase staining or electron microscopy; Group B (n = 4)--no recognizable islets, but the pancreas had severe vacuolation of ducts and acini, as well as acinar atrophy; Group C (n = 4)--scant shrunken islets; 1 pancreas had reduced numbers of recognizable islets, hydropic beta-cell vacuolation attributable to glycogen deposition, and islet and nonislet endocrine cells in expected proportions. Insulitis was not observed in any pancreas, although scattered lymphocytes were seen in the pancreatic interstitial fibrous tissue of 3 dogs. Histologic pancreatic lesions in these young dogs were distinct from those of type-I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in human beings, as well as from those of diabetes mellitus in aged dogs, but were similar to those described in other young diabetic dogs. This uncommon syndrome is distinct from commonly recognized canine diabetes mellitus, on the basis of age of onset, predisposition for purebred dogs, lack of predisposing endocrinopathies or obesity, and pancreatic histologic features. The cause(s) is unknown, but is related to pancreatic endocrine hypoplasia and not to insulitis or to exocrine pancreatic inflammation. The term pancreatic islet hypoplasia is chosen as best describing this disorder.     

Experimental encephalomyocarditis virus infection in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

Two strains of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), Tumble Brook (TUM) and Japan Medical Science (JMS), were intraperitoneally inoculated with the D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC-D) and killed 3 days later. Mortality was significantly higher in females than in males. Evidence of viral replication was detected in the heart of both strains and in the pancreas of the TUM strain. Histopathological alterations were found in the heart and pancreas. Heart lesions involved foci of necrosis with inflammatory cell infiltration and calcification in both strains. Pancreatic lesions were restricted to the exocrine glands; islets of Langerhans were rarely and secondarily involved in the extensive destruction of exocrine glands. Severe acinar cell necrosis with marked inflammatory edema was conspicuous in TUM, whereas only slight acinar cell involvement was detected in JMS gerbils. Immunoperoxidase staining showed viral antigens in intracytoplasmic vacuoles in damaged acinar cells.     

Age-related Histological Findings in the Pineal Gland of Crl:CD(SD) Rats

To provide background data as the pathologic basis, the pineal glands of 190 male and 193 female Crl:CD(SD) rats at ages of 0–7, 51–58, 70–85 and 111 weeks were examined histologically in this study. Mineralization and fibrosis were common findings in the aged rats, whereas they were rarely found in the young ones; mineralization was present in 7, 44, 67 and 79% of males and in 0, 32, 67 and 79% in females, and fibrosis was present in 0, 29, 48 and 44% of males and 0, 18, 40 and 35% of females at ages of 0–7, 51–58, 70–85 and 111 weeks, respectively. Striated muscle fiber appeared regularly in the fibrosis region from 51–58 weeks of age when fibrosis increased, while the origin of this fiber remained unclear. Vacuolation of pineal cells also increased with age in both sexes, though the total incidence was low. There was a low incidence of lymphocytic infiltration in both sexes, but this was not related to age.     

Occurrence of Spontaneous Tumors in the Central Nervous System (CNS) of F344 and SD Rats

In order to accurately assess the carcinogenicity of chemicals with regard to rare tumors such as rat CNS tumors, sufficient information about spontaneous tumors are very important. This paper presents the data on the type, incidence and detected age of CNS tumors in F344/DuCrlCrlj (a total of 1363 males and 1363 females) and Crl:CD(SD) rats (a total of 1650 males and 1705 females) collected from in-house background data-collection studies and control groups of carcinogenicity studies at our laboratory, together with those previously reported in F344 and SD rats. The present data on F344/DuCrlCrlj rats (F344 rats) and Crl:CD(SD) rats (SD rats) clarified the following. (1) The incidences of all CNS tumors observed in F344 rats were less than 1%. (2) The incidences of malignant astrocytoma and granular cell tumor were higher in male SD rats than in female SD rats. (3) The incidences of astrocytoma and granular cell tumor were higher in SD rats than in F344 rats. (4) Among astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and granular cell tumor, oligodendroglioma was detected at the youngest age, followed by astrocytoma, and ultimately, granular cell tumor developed in both strains. The incidences observed in our study were almost consistent with those previously reported in F344 and SD rats.     

Serological survey of Brucella abortus antibody prevalence in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) from eastern Sudan

A five year investigation of Brucella antibody prevalence in camel sera was conducted in 1502 one-humped camels of both sexes and different ages. The average (mean +/- SD) incidence rate of positive results was 6.95 +/- 1.55%. Among adult one-humped camels, the rate was 4.94 +/- 2.51% in males and 13.76 +/- 4.41% in females. Juvenile one-humped camel calves showed a 0% incidence rate in males and a 1.82 +/- 3.64% in females. Antibodies against Brucella abortus were prevalent in one-humped camel sera throughout the five years of the survey with incidence rates of 6.54, 5.79, 9.32, 5.03 and 8.06%, respectively from 1985 to 1989.     

Lysosomal storage disease caused by Sida carpinifolia poisoning in goats

A neurologic disease characterized by ataxia, hypermetria, hyperesthesia, and muscle tremors of the head and neck was observed for 2 years in a flock of 28 Anglo-Nubian and Saanen goats on a farm with 5 ha of pasture. Six newborns died during the first week of life, and five abortions were recorded. The predominant plant in the pasture was Sida carpinifolia. The disease was reproduced experimentally in two goats by administration of this plant. Three goats with spontaneous disease and the two experimental animals were euthanatized and necropsied. No significant gross lesions were observed. Fragments of several organs, including the central nervous system, were processed for histopathology. Small fragments of the cerebellar cortex, liver, and pancreas of two spontaneously poisoned goats and two experimentally poisoned goats were processed for electron microscopy. Multiple cytoplasm vacuoles in hepatocytes, acinar pancreatic cells, and neurons, especially Purkinje cells, were the most striking microscopic lesions in the five animals. Ultrastructural changes included membrane-bound vacuoles in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, acinar pancreatic cells, Purkinje cells, and the small neurons of the granular cell layer of the cerebellum. Paraffin-embedded sections of the cerebellum and pancreas were submitted for lectin histochemical analysis. The vacuoles in different cerebellar and acinar pancreatic cells reacted strongly to the following lectins: Concanavalia ensiformis, Triticum vulgaris, and succinylated Triticum vulgaris. The pattern of staining, analyzed in Purkinje cells and acinar pancreatic cells coincides with results reported for both swainsonine toxicosis and inherited mannosidosis.     

Spontaneous basophilic hypertrophic foci of the parotid glands in rats and mice

Basophilic hypertrophic foci of the parotid glands characterized by focal hypertrophy and hyperchromasia of acinar cells was seen in Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss mice with overall incidences of 4.8% (102/2,138) and 0.6% (4/723), respectively. In rats, the incidence increased significantly with age, but the size and number of the lesions per rat did not. Based on the similar incidence in both control and treated animals, lesions were considered to be spontaneous. Their morphology and growth pattern suggested that they were neither degenerative, necrotic, hyperplastic/preneoplastic, nor neoplastic, but, that they are a distinct pathologic entity of a nature not yet determined.     

Correlations between presence of spontaneous lesions of the pituitary (adenohypophysis) and plasma prolactin concentration in aged Wistar rats.

The predictive value of elevated plasma prolactin concentrations for the presence of spontaneous pituitary lesions was studied in 40 male and 38 female Wistar (Cpb:WU) rats, all 30 months old. The pituitaries were examined light microscopically and stained for prolactin using immunohistochemical methods. Plasma prolactin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Pituitary lesions were classified on the basis of their morphology in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections as foci of hypertrophic or hyperplastic cells and hemorrhagic, pleomorphic, or spongiocytic adenomas; no carcinomas were found. There were significantly (P = 0.001) more female than male rats with pituitary adenomas (58% females, 33% males) or without any pituitary lesions (21% females, 5% males); however, there were less female (21%) than male rats (63%) with foci of hyperplastic and/or hypertrophic cells but no adenomas in the pituitary (P = 0.001). Elevation of plasma prolactin concentration above the upper 99th percentile value in age-matched rats without lesions was predictive, but not conclusively, of the presence of pituitary hemorrhagic adenomas in both sexes. It was, however, not predictive of the presence of foci of hypertrophic or hyperplastic cells. Elevation of plasma prolactin concentration above 10 ng/ml in male and 60 ng/ml in female rats was conclusive for the presence of hemorrhagic adenomas. Using multivariate analysis, significant positive correlations (P less than 0.01) were found between plasma prolactin concentration and presence and size of hemorrhagic adenomas and their prolactin staining intensity (correlation coefficients between 0.392 and 0.652). Foci of hyperplastic cells stained positively for prolactin, whereas hypertrophic cell foci and pleomorphic and spongiocytic adenomas did not stain for prolactin. There were no correlations (coefficients of less than +/- 0.189) between plasma prolactin concentration and the presence of hypertrophic or hyperplastic cell foci and pleomorphic or spongiocytic adenomas in the pituitary. The morphologic criteria developed to distinguish spontaneous hypertrophic, hyperplastic, and neoplastic lesions of the rat pituitary corresponded well with their prolactin immunoreactivity and/or ability to elevate plasma prolactin concentration. These criteria constitute a biologically meaningful classification system for these rat pituitary lesions.     

Chronic cadmium treatment induces islet B cell injury in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys

In an attempt to establish a primate model of chronic cadmium (Cd) toxicosis, we ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys and treated with CdCl2 by repeated intravenous injections for 13 to 15 months. The animals showed an increase in blood glucose from Month 10 and a decrease in blood insulin at Month 11of the Cd-treatment. Histopathological examination of the Cd-treated animals revealed islet atrophy with reduction in islet number and vacuolation of the islet cells, whereas there was no remarkable change in the acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas. In histomorphometrical examination, insulin-positive areas in the islets were significantly decreased, accompanying a relative increase of glucagon-positive areas. Large amounts of Cd accumulated in the pancreas, and metallothionein (MT), a Cd binding protein, was localized in the islets of Cd-treated animals. The present study demonstrated that the chronic intravenous injection of Cd to cynomolgus monkeys induced the accumulation of the metal in the pancreas, degeneration of islet B cells and the diabetic clinical signs. Therefore the islet B cell is one of the major targets of the chronic Cd poisoning in monkeys.     

The Process and Development Mechanism of Age-related Fibrosis in the Pancreatic Islets of Sprague-Dawley Rats: Immunohistochemical Detection of Myofibroblasts and Suppression Effect by Estrogen Treatment

The mechanism of spontaneous islet fibrosis in Sprague-Dawley rats was investigated. Using sections of the pancreas in naive males aged 26 to 102 weeks old and 26-week-old males injected with β-estradiol 3-benzoate (EB), the incidence of lesions and histological scores of fibrosis were examined in conjunction with immunohistochemistry for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα) and estrogen receptor-α (ERα). The incidence of islet fibrosis increased in 78-week-old animals compared to the 26-week-old animals, and the incidence of atrophy in the fibrotic islet increased in animals over 52 weeks old. α-SMA and PDGFRα were positively stained mainly in fibrotic/inflammatory islets, and the histological score of α-SMA in the fibrotic islet decreased age-dependently. Notably, α-SMA and PDGFRα were co-expressed in inflammatory islets with a high score at all ages. The positive index of ERα in the EB-treated group increased when compared with that of the naive group. However, it was independent of the existence of fibrosis. In contrast, the score of α-SMA and PDGFRα decreased in the EB-treated group. In conclusion, it was clarified that a part of age-related fibrosis in islets became atrophy with age, and α-SMA-positive myofibroblasts were considered to contribute to the development of fibrosis. Strong PDGFRα stainability in fibrotic/inflammatory islets may imply that myofibroblasts were stimulated by PDGF to produce an extracellular matrix. Although estradiol has been known to suppress fibrosis/inflammation in the islet, nuclear-located ER-dependent signaling was considered not to be involved in the suppression mechanism. EB possibly affected the inhibition of the appearance of myofibroblasts.