代乳料与早期断奶对甘肃仔马鹿生长发育的影响

为了探索科学的饲养管理方法,提高甘肃马鹿的养殖水平,本试验对仔马鹿进行了早期断奶及其代乳料的试验研究。试验采用单因子随机分组设计,将24只60日龄甘肃仔马鹿随机分为4组,其中A、B、D为试验组,C为对照组,自然哺乳。试验组于仔鹿60日龄断奶,进行了30 d饲养试验,结果表明,仔鹿60日龄早期断奶是可行的,试验期内断奶仔鹿未发生腹泻、下痢等疾病。60日龄断奶后,饲喂A、B两组代乳料的效果与自然哺乳C组相近;D组效果则不理想。     

枯草芽孢杆菌在断奶仔兔生长和预防腹泻中的应用研究

本试验将不同剂量的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂添加到断奶仔兔基础日粮中,探讨其对仔兔生长发育和预防腹泻的影响。选取健康断奶仔兔40只,随机分为4组,基础日粮中分别添加0.1%、0.2%、0.3%的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂(分别设为A、B、C组),对照组不添加(D组)。连续饲喂30 d后检测断奶仔兔平均日增重、料重比等生长性能指标,检测Ig A、Ig M、Ig G等血清学免疫指标,计算胸腺和脾脏的免疫器官指数,并统计分析断奶仔兔腹泻的发病率和死亡率,评价枯草芽孢杆菌对其抗病能力的影响。结果表明:B组和C组平均日增重极显著高于D组(P0.01);B组料重比显著低于D组(P0.05);B组和C组Ig A和Ig G水平均与D组存在显著差异(P0.05);C组仔兔的胸腺重量显著高于D组(P0.05);各试验组仔兔的腹泻率和死亡率均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论 :综合评价,在基础日粮中添加0.2%枯草芽孢杆菌制剂可以有效提高断奶仔兔的生长性能和抗腹泻能力。     

乳酸菌微生态制剂防治犊牛腹泻应用研究

本研究利用乳酸菌制剂对犊牛腹泻进行防治研究。结果显示,168头新生健康犊牛经15d饲喂试验,乳酸菌制剂组犊牛腹泻率为14.29%,而对照组腹泻率大于试验组2倍(29.76%)。乳酸菌制剂组腹泻犊牛无死亡现象,而对照组腹泻犊牛死亡率为3.57%;27头腹泻犊牛饲喂乳酸菌制剂治疗5d后腹泻率由100%下降为3.70%,腹泻治愈率达到85.19%;及早饲喂新生犊牛乳酸菌制剂可有效防治犊牛腹泻。结果表明,乳酸菌制剂可有效防治犊牛腹泻,避免犊牛因腹泻而死亡,可作为防治犊牛腹泻的微生态制剂推广应用。     

微生态制剂对哺乳仔兔生长及免疫机能的影响

60只临产母兔按预产日期、胎次、品种分为对照组和试验组,对照组母兔及其所产仔兔采用常规饲料饲喂,试验组母兔及其所产仔兔在常规饲料中添加0.2%的微生态制剂,均匀拌料后供兔自由采食。结果表明,试验组仔兔比对照组仔兔平均日增重率高22.7%,发病率低9.6%,死亡率试验组比对照组仔兔低20.1%,断奶仔兔成活率较对照组高10.5%。微生态制剂具有促进仔兔生长,发病率,降低死亡率,增强免疫力,提高成活率等作用。     

复合活菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清溶菌酶含量的影响

选择长白二元杂交断奶仔猪90头进行试验,断奶日龄为35d。共分为五个组,每组设3个重复,每个重复随机选取健康仔猪6头。试验1组:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌、双歧杆菌、罗伊氏乳杆菌);试验2组:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌、双歧杆菌、干酪乳杆菌);试验3组:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌、双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌);试验4组:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌、双歧杆菌、罗伊氏乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌)。对照组饲喂基础日粮。其中复合制剂中益生菌活菌数为l09cfu/g。饲养30d后观察复合活菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清溶菌酶含量的影响。结果:在日增重、饲料效率及血清溶菌酶方面,试验1组和2组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);在腹泻率方面,试验组均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,在仔猪日粮中添加复合活菌制剂可提高每头断奶仔猪平均日增重及饲料效率,降低腹泻的发病率,且增高了仔猪血清溶菌酶含量,提高了仔猪的免疫机能,从而提高了经济效益。     

复合添加剂对哺乳期仔貂生长的影响

为了研究由亮氨酸、缬氨酸等组成的复合添加剂对哺乳期仔貂生长的影响,试验在体重、胎次、预产期、体况相近的待产母貂基础日粮中按照每只每天3 g的量饲喂复合添加剂,测定平均窝产仔数、断奶成活率和45日龄平均断奶重。结果表明:试验组母貂平均窝产仔数与对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05),试验组仔貂断奶成活率与对照组相比提高8.55%,且差异显著(P0.05),试验组仔貂45日龄平均断奶重与对照组相比提高17.21%,且差异显著(P0.05)。在本试验条件下,在泌乳母貂日粮中添加复合添加剂可以促进哺乳仔貂的生长发育。     

高产细菌素屎肠球菌B_(13)在山羊体内的定植研究

为了研究屎肠球菌B13在动物体内定植的演变规律,试验选用日龄、体重相近的乐至黑山羊小羔羊12只,随机分为2组,对照组饲喂代乳料(不添加益生菌),试验组前2周饲喂代乳料+高产细菌素屎肠球菌B13培养物(1×1010cfu/d·只),第3周开始只饲喂代乳料,试验期间连续采集羔羊粪便5周,进一步应用荧光定量PCR的方法监测屎肠球菌B13在羔羊粪便中的数量变化。结果表明:试验组羔羊肠道内屎肠球菌数量在试验期间呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,对照组变化不大。在停喂益生菌制剂2周后,屎肠球菌仍呈规律性变化,且始终显著高于对照组(P0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组羔羊腹泻率降低了47.40%(P0.05)。说明高产细菌素屎肠球菌B13能够在山羊体内稳定定植,并对维持羔羊消化道微生态环境发挥重要作用。     

代乳料对羔羊增重的对比试验

为了解代乳料对早期断奶羔羊的饲喂效果,选择8群青海毛肉兼用细毛羊,分为8组(对照组4组,试验组4组),每组180只,其中对照组羔羊由母羊自由哺乳和放牧,试验组羔羊由母羊自由哺乳+补喂代乳料和放牧。结果表明,通过饲喂代乳料,基本可以解决在枯草季节,牧草中蛋白质减少时羊群生长发育缓慢的现象。     

代乳料原料组成对早期断奶羔羊生长及脏器发育的影响

为了探讨代乳料原料的不同组合效应对早期断奶羔羊的饲喂效果,选取25只甘肃高山细毛羔羊,分为5组,每组5只,对照组羔羊由母羊自由哺乳和放牧;试验组羔羊30日龄断奶,饲喂4种代乳料:A组主原料未膨化,B组主原料膨化,C组主原料膨化+血浆蛋白粉,D组在C组基础上增加乳清粉。试验期为30~90日龄。结果表明:50、70日龄时,对照组羔羊体质量最大,试验组羔羊受断奶应激的影响,相应指标较小。90日龄时,D组体质量显著高于B、C组(P0.05),超过了对照组。30~90日龄阶段,D组日增体质量最大,且显著高于B、C组(P0.05)。对照组脾脏质量显著高于4个试验组(P0.05),且脾脏指数最高。说明在代乳料中添加血浆蛋白粉及增加乳清粉,有利于羔羊健康发育,使代乳料的饲喂效果最佳。     

无抗前期料对乳仔猪生长性能和抗腹泻性能的影响

试验旨在研究复合有机酸化剂、复合酶制剂、微生态制剂和植物提取物的组合使用对乳仔猪生长性能和抗腹泻性能的影响,选用100头初始体质量6.5 kg的(21±3)d断奶仔猪,随机分为2个处理组,每处理组5个重复,每重复10头猪,均按照断奶期、保育前期和保育后期3个阶段依次饲养。对照组在基础日粮中添加硫黏+喹乙醇+金霉素,试验组在基础日粮中添加复合有机酸化剂+复合酶制剂+微生态制剂+植物提取物,不使用抗生素,试验期47 d,其中断奶期7 d,保育前期10 d,保育后期30 d。结果表明:仔猪断奶后0~7 d,试验组平均日采食量和平均日增质量比对照组分别提高6.4%和12.3%(P0.05),料重比低于对照组(P0.05),2组间腹泻率无显著差异(P0.05);保育前期,试验组平均日采食量和平均日增质量比对照组分别提高9.5%和10.4%(P0.05),2组间料肉比差异不显著(P0.05),腹泻率差异不显著(P0.05);保育后期,试验组平均日采食量和平均日增质量比对照组分别提高3.0%和9.5%(P0.05),2组间料肉比差异不显著(P0.05),腹泻率差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,在试验条件下,用复合有机酸化剂+复合酶制剂+微生态制剂+植物提取物组合使用替代抗生素,可改善乳仔猪的生长性能并降低腹泻率。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

獭兔睾丸的组织学观察

家兔作为一种实验动物 ,推动了繁殖技术的发展。本试验通过对不同年龄公獭兔的睾丸进行组织学观察、测定 ,研究精子的发生规律 ,为系统地进行繁殖生理工作提供依据。1　材料与方法选 60日龄、75日龄、90日龄 3个年龄公獭兔各5只 ,用外科手术法摘取两侧睾丸 ,放入 Bouin氏液中固定 ,二甲苯透明 ,石蜡包埋 ,切成 5～ 8μm切片 ,H.E.染色。在显微镜下观察 ,并进行定量组织学指标测定及差异性比较。2　结果和讨论2 .1　睾丸定量组织学指标的测定结果　见表 1。表 1　獭兔睾丸定量组织学指标　　　μm,个 /精细管60日龄 75日龄 90日龄曲细精管…     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.