大鼠对氨基酸螯合锌吸收、转运特点的研究

根据美国饲料管理官员协会的描述 ,氨基酸螯合锌是指由某种可溶性锌盐中的锌离子同氨基酸按一定的摩尔比 ( 1∶1～ 3,最好是 2 )以共价键结合而成的络合物 (Ｔｅｒｒｙ ,1 998)。许多试验表明 ,氨基酸能促进锌的吸收。动物饲养试验结果证实 ,氨基酸螯合锌是一种优良的锌添加剂。但目前对氨基酸螯合锌吸收转运机制的研究未见报道。本研究以赖氨酸螯合锌和蛋氨酸螯合锌为代表 ,利用直接灌胃结合放射性同位素示踪技术 ,通过与氨基酸和氯化锌混合物及氯化锌比较 ,研究大鼠对氨基酸螯合锌的吸收、转运和利用特点。1　材料与方法1 1　试验设计及…     

微波法制备人工养殖鲟鱼皮复合氨基酸螯合锌工艺的研究

本试验采用微波螯合工艺,通过单因素和正交试验研究在不同复合氨基酸与锌的配位比、微波时间、微波功率及反应pH条件下人工养殖鲟鱼皮复合氨基酸螯合锌的制备工艺。结果表明,螯合的最佳工艺为:反应体系pH为8,微波功率为340W,微波时间为10min,氨基酸与七水硫酸锌配位比为2:1,在此条件下复合氨基酸螯合锌产量为0.6172g,螯合率达68.72%。同时,对复合氨基酸螯合锌进行了红外表征及紫外吸收测定,发现复合氨基酸螯合锌的最大紫外吸收波长为215nm。     

不同肠段中氨基酸螯合锌吸收特点的研究

用 50日龄Wistar纯系雄性大鼠 ,以体内原位结扎肠段灌注技术结合放射性同位素示踪技术 ,通过与氯化锌比较 ,研究了十二指肠和空肠对氨基酸螯合锌 (以赖氨酸螯合锌和蛋氨酸螯合锌为代表 )的吸收特点。试验中观察了向结扎肠段灌注含不同形态锌的灌注液后 ,不同时间 (5 ,1 5 ,30 ,60 ,90 ,1 2 0min)血液中6 5Zn比放射性的动态变化 ,1 2 0min (试验结束 )时结扎肠段6 5Zn的消失率 ,不同组织器官中6 5Zn的比放射性的变化。试验结果表明 ,和空肠相比 ,十二指肠对 3种锌源的吸收率高 ;和氯化锌相比 ,十二指肠和空肠对 2种氨基酸螯合锌的吸收率高     

不同锌源对湘东黑山羊生长性能及羊奶的成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响

本试验旨在研究不同锌源对湘东黑山羊生长性能及羊奶的成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响。选取体重(38.1±9.7) kg、胎次相近的21只怀双羔妊娠湘东黑山羊(妊娠日龄在90～100 d),随机分为3组,分别在基础饲粮(锌含量22.00 mg/kg DM)中添加硫酸锌(对照)、蛋氨酸螯合锌、甘氨酸螯合锌,各组锌添加量均为60 mg/kg DM。预试期为7 d,正试期为42 d。正试期3组妊娠母羊分别饲喂不同锌源饲粮,产后母羊饲喂无添加锌源的饲粮,母羊产后15 d采集奶样。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,蛋氨酸螯合锌组和甘氨酸螯合锌组妊娠母羊总增重和平均日增重显著增加(P0.05); 2)与对照组相比,蛋氨酸螯合锌组和甘氨酸螯合锌组羊奶体细胞数量、乳脂、乳蛋白、乳糖、尿素氮、去脂干物质含量差异不显著(P0.05),但蛋氨酸螯合锌组羊奶总干物质含量显著提高(P0.05); 3)与对照组相比,蛋氨酸螯合锌组和甘氨酸螯合锌组羊奶氨基酸含量差异不显著(P0.05); 4)与对照组相比,蛋氨酸螯合锌组羊奶正己酸、辛酸、月桂酸、十三酸、γ-亚麻酸含量显著提高(P0.05),甘氨酸螯合锌组羊奶木蜡酸、顺-11-二十烯酸、γ-亚麻酸含量显著提高(P0.05)。综上所述,蛋氨酸螯合锌可增加羊奶中的总干物质含量,甘氨酸螯合锌可增加羊奶中单不饱和脂肪酸含量,降低多不饱和脂肪酸含量,且均可提高妊娠母羊总增重和平均日增重,说明饲粮中添加蛋氨酸螯合锌和甘氨酸螯合锌均可提高妊娠母羊的生长性能并改变羊奶品质。     

氨基酸微量元素螯合盐

氨基酸微量元素螯合盐系列产品(专利号94110350.1)是由大连水产学院研制,大连维尔康高新技术公司生产的营养型饲料微量元素添加剂,是饲料行业现行使用的无机盐添加剂、有机盐添加剂的换代产品。该产品的主要成分有:氨基酸螯合铁、氨基酸螯合锌、氨基酸螯合铜、氨基酸螯合锰、氨基酸螯合钴等。本品为鱼虾、畜禽生长繁殖提供了所必需的微量元素和多种氨基酸,具有促生长、提高饲料效率、增强机体免疫力的作用。用其替代无机盐养虾可增产20～30％,     

蚯蚓体内微量元素存在的形式及含量研究

蚯蚓对金属元素具有富集作用.为探究微量元素在蚯蚓体内存在形式和含量,利用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定蚯蚓体内铁、铜、锰、锌四种微量元素的总含量和氨基酸螯合态含量.结果表明,蚯蚓体内铁、铜、锰和锌四种元素以氨基酸螯合态形式存在比例达到65%以上,其中氨基酸螯合铁含量为400.45 mg/kg,占铁总含量的86.54%;氨基酸螯合铜含量为13.49mg/kg,占铜总含量的67.50%;氨基酸螯合锰含量为18.65 mg/kg,占锰总含量的65.79%;氨基酸螯合锌含量为358.19 mg/kg,占锌总含量的93.97%.     

氨基酸螯合铁和锌在畜禽生产中的研究与应用概述

对氨基酸螯合铁和锌的营养特性和可能的作用模式作了简洁的概述;对氨基酸螯合铁和锌在动物生产中的应用和作用效果进行了总结;提出了在实际生产中使用氨基酸螯合铁和锌应注意的问题及其解决方案,以期为这个领域的进一步深入研究提供理论参考.     

蚯蚓体内微量元素存在的形式及含量研究

蚯蚓对金属元素具有富集作用。为探究微量元素在蚯蚓体内存在形式和含量,利用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定蚯蚓体内铁、铜、锰、锌四种微量元素的总含量和氨基酸螯合态含量。结果表明,蚯蚓体内铁、铜、锰和锌四种元素以氨基酸螯合态形式存在比例达到65%以上,其中氨基酸螯合铁含量为400.45 mg/kg,占铁总含量的86.54%;氨基酸螯合铜含量为13.49mg/kg,占铜总含量的67.50%;氨基酸螯合锰含量为18.65 mg/kg,占锰总含量的65.79%;氨基酸螯合锌含量为358.19 mg/kg,占锌总含量的93.97%。     

氨基酸螯合锌对长白猪生产性能和抗氧化性能的影响

为了研究氨基酸螯合锌对育肥猪生产性能、抗氧化力和锌含量的影响,选用长白阉公猪28头,随机分为4个组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别添加不同剂量的氨基酸螯合锌,对其生产性能和抗氧化力等指标进行测定。结果表明:(1)试验2组可显著提高长白猪的平均日增重和平均日采食量(P0.05),试验3组可显著降低料重比(P0.05)。(2)添加氨基酸螯合锌可提高肌肉和血清的抗氧化力能力,其中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性逐渐提高(P0.05);总抗氧化能力(TCA)以试验3组最高,且肌肉中试验组与对照组存在显著性差异(P0.05),血清中抗氧化力试验2组和3组与对照组有显著差异(P0.05);铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu-Zn SOD)在肌肉中以试验1组最高,血清中以试验3组最高,但各组均无显著差异(P0.05);丙二醛(MDA)在肌肉和血清中均以对照组最高,但各组均无显著差异(P0.05)。(3)肌肉和血清中锌含量随饲料中氨基酸螯合锌浓度的增加而升高,但各组均无显著差异(P0.05)。日粮中添加氨基酸螯合锌可提高大白育肥猪的生产性能,并能提高机体抗氧化能力和锌沉积效应。     

内源配体对氨基酸螯合锌吸收的影响

Evans(1975)提出了锌的吸收机制,认为锌必须和胰腺分泌的小分子量蛋白配体(二肽)形成络合物才能被动物吸收。许多研究表明锌不能以离子的形式转运,必须与内源或外源配体形成络合物后,才能被吸收。Seal(1983)、Joerg(1984)、Sandstrom(1985)、Raul(1986)、Scholnerich(1987)等研究表明,组氨酸、色氨酸、脯氨酸、半胱氨酸、天冬氨酸等能促进动物对锌的吸收。关于氨基酸促进锌吸收的机制,研究者多认为,在肠道中,氨基酸和锌可以形成螯合物,使分子内电荷趋于零,易于通过富含阴离子的小肠上皮细胞膜,或通过氨基酸转运系统转运氨基酸螯合锌。本…     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.