0～3月龄羔羊的代乳品及其制备方法

在羊场越来越多的走向规模化、集约化的市场大背景下,保证羔羊健康,实施羔羊早期断奶,提高羔羊成活率,已成为各大牧场的目标。羔羊代乳品的使用能够强化羔羊营养,促进其生长发育、实现哺乳羔羊早期断奶、缩短母羊繁殖周期。中国农业科学院饲料所反刍动物饲料创新团队一直致力于羔羊营养的研究,目前已在羔羊代乳品的研究上取得一系列的研究成果。文章围绕本实验室的研究专利"一种0~3月龄羔羊的代乳品(CN 102894218 B)"进行介绍,旨在为羔羊代乳品的使用和推广提供理论依据。     

羔羊人工哺乳与早期断奶实践

正羔羊早期断奶可促进母羊尽快恢复体况,及早发情配种,提高母羊的繁殖性能,实现1年2胎或2年3胎。同时,还可以促进羔羊生长发育,提高多羔、孤羔和弱羔的成活率。1断奶与哺乳方法1.1人工哺乳与断奶时间羔羊7日龄开始人工哺乳。7~14日龄为人工哺乳适应期,羔羊与母羊同圈饲养,羔羊在人工哺乳的同时也能吃到母乳,让羔羊逐渐适应代乳品。15~20日龄为母子分离适应期,羔羊与母羊分圈饲养,结合人工哺乳,     

犊牛羔羊早期培育的特种饲料对策

犊牛、羔羊幼龄阶段的生长发育与成年后的生产性能有直接的关系,幼畜的早期培育是现代养殖业的成功技术对策。该文综述了我国犊牛、羔羊早期断奶所使用的代乳品的研究进展,主要从代乳品原料的特殊加工工艺、代乳品中营养参数的研究、特种饲料应用效果等方面的研究结果进行论述。代乳品可以使羔羊10日龄断奶,犊牛出生后5d断奶。     

羔羊早期断奶研究进展

羔羊早期断奶是通过控制哺乳期来缩短母羊产羔间隔期,使母羊达到一年两胎或两年三胎、多胎多产的一项重要技术.利用羔羊在4月龄内生长速度最快这一特征,使早期断奶的羔羊强制育肥,充分发挥其生长优势,以便在较短时间内达到预期目标[1].国外对羔羊早期断奶的研究现在主要侧重于开食料和代乳品的开发与应用方面.     

河北绒山羊羔羊早期断奶技术研究

试验旨在研究绒山羊母羊日粮营养水平和羔羊早期补饲对羔羊生长发育及早期断奶的影响。将20只产单羔的哺乳母羊及其所产羔羊20只随机分为2组,每组10只母羊、10只羔羊,试验组母羊参照前苏联绒山羊母羊泌乳期饲养标准进行日粮配制,羔羊10日龄开始补饲;对照组母羊及羔羊按羊场原日粮配方饲喂,羔羊50日龄补饲,试验羔羊均随母羊自由哺乳。结果表明,试验组羔羊20、30、40、50、60日龄体重及平均日增重均极显著高于对照组(P0.01);试验组羔羊的颗粒料和苜蓿干草的平均日采食量极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。试验组各阶段母羊平均日采食量均极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。试验组母羊断奶时体重比产羔后体重增加了8.21%;对照组母羊断奶时体重比产羔后体重减少了13.12%。综合分析认为,通过合理调整母羊营养水平、羔羊适时补饲,可促进羔羊生长发育,缩短断奶日龄,保障母羊良好的种用体况。     

代乳品营养水平对高寒牧区羔羊生长的影响

为探讨代乳品营养水平对高寒牧区早期断奶羔羊的饲喂效果,选取30只10日龄的甘肃高山细毛羊羔羊,分为5组,其中对照组(E)羔羊由母羊自由哺乳,并放牧;试验组羔羊10日龄断奶,分为A、B、C、D 4组,代乳品消化能、粗蛋白含量相应为18.5 MJ/kg2、3.0%,20.0 MJ/kg、25.0%,21.5 MJ/kg、27.0%,23.0MJ/kg、29.0%,试验期至90日龄。结果表明,50及70日龄时,对照组羔羊体质量高于试验组;90日龄时,C、D组羔羊体质量显著高于A组(P0.05),E组高于A、B、C组(P0.05),而D组与E组差异不显著(P0.05);E组瘤胃指数显著低于B、C、D组(P0.05),肾脏指数、肝脏指数显著低于各试验组(P0.05)。上述结果显示,高寒牧区羔羊10日龄断奶时,采食消化能23.00 MJ/kg、粗蛋白含量29.0%代乳品的体质量与未断奶羔羊无显著差异,生长发育情况优于其他低能低蛋白质的早期断奶羔羊,早期断奶羔羊的胃肠道和肝肾发育程度高于未断奶羔羊。     

早期断奶饲喂代乳品对槐山羊羔羊生长性能、营养物质表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响

试验研究槐山羊羔羊早期断奶饲喂代乳品对其生长性能、营养物质消化率和血清生化指标的影响.选取出生日龄相近,体重(2.60±0.12) kg的槐山羊羔羊60只,公、母各半,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复5只羊.对照组羔羊随母羊哺乳,试验组(A15组、B30组和C45组)羔羊分别于15、30和45日龄断奶饲喂代乳品.断...     

羔羊早期断奶研究进展

<正>羔羊早期断奶是通过控制哺乳期来缩短母羊产羔间隔期,使母羊达到一年两胎或两年三胎、多胎多产的一项重要技术。利用羔羊在4月龄内生长速度最快这一特征,使早期断奶的羔羊强制育肥,充分发挥其生长优势,以便在较短时间内达到预期目标^[1]。国外对羔羊早期断奶的研究现在主要侧重于开食料和代乳品的开发与应用方面。在国外,羔羊早期断奶,一是为了增加商品羊奶的生产,其次是为了扩大羔羊肉生产,特别是在工厂化生产比较发达的国家,羔羊早期断奶已成为集约经营的     

代乳品对早期断奶羔羊生长发育和生理机能的调控作用

早期断奶是现代羊产业发展的关键技术之一,断奶羔羊必须有足够的营养素才能满足生长发育的需求。代乳品是营养素的载体,是早期断奶羔羊重要的物质基础。论文介绍了代乳品的营养特点及其原料配制利用技术,重点阐述了代乳品对早期断奶羔羊培育过程中生长性能、血清生化指标、消化器官发育的影响。最后对早期断奶羔羊培育的前景与研究方向进行了展望。     

天华羔羊的早期断奶时间和代乳品选择

为探讨不同断奶时间和不同营养水平代乳品对天华肉羊羔羊生长发育的影响,在放牧条件下,选取70只30日龄的羔羊分为7组,其中试验组(第1、2、3、4、5、6组)分别于30、45、60 d断奶并用2种代乳品(A、B)人工饲喂20 d,然后于同等条件下育肥,对照组(第7组)随母羊自由哺乳,统计各组羔羊断奶时、停止饲喂代乳品时及80 d的体重,对比分析不同断奶时间和代乳品对羔羊生长发育的影响。结果显示,30 d断奶的1、2组掉膘严重,体重均低于对照组;45 d断奶组应激反应小,其中第3组日增重比对照组高出35.50%,第4组高出40.20%;60 d断奶的第5组日增重比对照组高出39.90%,第6组高出47.30%。考虑饲养成本、人工成本等因素,认定60 d为天华羔羊最经济、合理的断奶时间,2种代乳品中粗蛋白质含量≥26%、粗脂肪≥16%的代乳品B更适合天华羔羊的生长发育。     

1~35日龄羔羊小肠消化酶活性的研究

选取初生体重(3.38±0.33)kg的小尾寒羊公羊56只,分为2组,从4日龄起分别饲喂牛奶粉代乳料或鱼粉代乳料,并在21日龄将原饲喂牛奶粉代乳料和鱼粉代乳料的羔羊各8只转喂开食料,在7、14、21、28和35日龄各屠宰4只,取小肠各段食糜,测定小肠食糜上清液的α-淀粉酶、乳糖酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶的酶活性及体增重,以研究不同日龄和不同代乳条件下羔羊小肠消化酶的发育。结果表明,饲喂牛奶粉代乳料时羔羊小肠α-淀粉酶、乳糖酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性随日龄变化,饲喂牛奶粉代乳料时羔羊日增重平均为157.2 g/(只·d),随日龄变化不显著;饲喂鱼粉代乳料时羔羊小肠的α-淀粉酶、乳糖酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性在不同日龄均低于饲喂牛奶粉代乳料羔羊,平均分别低43.7%、46.0%、35.2%和10.2%,饲喂鱼粉代乳料时羔羊日增重降低,特别是在21日龄后,提示可能受鱼粉蛋白免疫反应的影响。在21日龄给羔羊转喂开食料,羔羊小肠的α-淀粉酶、乳糖酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性降低,但之后逐渐恢复,在21日龄前饲喂牛奶粉代乳料的羔羊转喂开食料时α-淀粉酶、乳糖酶和胰蛋白酶活性降低的程度较饲喂鱼粉代乳料的大,但活性仍较高。由本研究得出结论,1~35日龄羔羊小肠α-淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性随日龄增加,乳糖酶活性随日龄降低;羔羊饲喂鱼粉代乳料时小肠消化酶活性显著降低;在21日龄转喂开食料后,羔羊出现消化障碍,但较短期内可恢复。     

羔羊早期断奶方式与时间研究进展

羔羊早期断奶能缩短母羊繁殖周期,促进羔羊生长,有利于集约化饲养.文章综述了羔羊早期断奶的概念、理论依据及研究进展.     

添加益生素对羔羊增重效果的影响

选用3月龄羔羊40只,随机分为4组。三个试验组绵羊的基础日粮中添加益生素0.05g,0.10g,0.15g/只,d,对照组绵羊不添加益生素,共饲喂46d,以观察益生素对羔羊增重及生长发育的影响。试验结果表明:绵羊添加益生素0.10g/只,d时,育肥羔羊的增重、日增重、料重比、钙、磷、粗蛋白的表观消化率最高,即羔羊饲料中0.10g/d剂量的益生素,可使育肥羔羊得到最佳的增重效果。     

豫北小尾寒羊生长模型的拟合与分析

【目的】为了掌握豫北地区小尾寒羊的生长发育特点,认识其生长发育的规律。[方法】选择3月龄断奶羔羊公母各30只,进行跟踪体重测量,直到24月龄为止;拟合了Logistic、Gompertz和vonBertalanffy生长曲线,计算了绝对生长和相对生长指标。【结果】表明：三种模型均能较好地描述豫北小尾寒羊的生长过程,拟合度均在0．95以上,但VODBertalanffy模型更符合实际饲养情况,模拟效果更好（公母羊的R2分别为0．9730和0．9764）;公母羊相应的体重极限参数A分别为113．717和71．814,调节参数B分别为0．534和0．464,瞬时相对生长率分别为0．074和f）．094;公羊和母羊的生长拐点日龄分别为191．01d和105．39d,拐点体重分别为33．694kg和21．278kg,最大日增重分别为124．668god-1和100．008god～1。【结论】VOFIBertalanffy模型在模拟3～24月龄豫北小尾寒羊生长状况方面为理想的数学模型,母羊比公羊早熟性更好,绝对生长和相对生长均符合生长发育的一般规律,此研究结果可作为饲养管理和选育改良的重要参考。     

秸秆氨化与精料添加对羔羊生产性能的影响

本文报道了小麦秸氨化与精料添加对羔羊生产性能影响的研究结果。麦秸氨化提高了羔羊日增重、秸秆与日粮进食量及精料转化效率,但其提高幅度随日粮精料添加量的提高而减小。提高日粮精料添加水平,羔羊日增重与日粮绝对进食量提高,但精料转化效率在氨化与未氨化组呈不同规律变化:未氨化组持续提高,氨化组呈二次曲线规律变化,且“精料/增重”比最低的日粮精料水平为45％。     

Thermogenesis, blood metabolites and hormones, and growth of lambs born to ewes supplemented with algae-derived docosahexaenoic acid

Neonatal lamb mortality is a major factor affecting profitability in the sheep industry, and lamb thermogenesis is a key element in neonatal lamb survival. Increased lamb vigor has been reported when ewes were supplemented during late gestation with algae-derived docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); however, the effects of DHA on lamb thermogenesis and immunocompetence have not been investigated. Eighty twin-bearing Targhee ewes (ages 2 to 5 yr; 68.5 ± 3 kg) were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 supplement treatments to determine the effects of feeding DHA to ewes during late gestation and early lactation on lamb thermogenesis, serum metabolites and hormones, and lamb growth. Supplement treatments were 12 g·ewe(-1)·d(-1) of algae-derived DHA (DHA Gold Advanced Bionutrition Corp., Columbia, MD; algae-derived DHA); and no algae-derived DHA (control). Supplements were individually fed daily during the last 30 d (±7 d) of gestation and pen fed (6 pens/treatment with 6 or 7 ewes/pen) during the first 38 d (±7 d) of lactation. One hour after lambing and before nursing, twin-born lambs were weighed, blood sampled via jugular puncture, and placed in a dry cold chamber for 30 min (0°C), and rectal temperatures were recorded every minute for 30 min. Lambs were removed from the cold chamber, blood sampled, warmed for 15 min, and returned to their dam. Ewes were blood sampled, and colostrum samples were collected 1 h postpartum. Ewe and lamb sera were assayed for glucose, NEFA, cortisol, and leptin. Lamb rectal temperature, glucose, NEFA, cortisol, leptin, and birth weights did not differ between treatments. The BW at 38 d was greater (P = 0.03) for lambs born to control ewes than for lambs born to algae-derived DHA-supplemented ewes; however, the colostrum of algae-derived DHA-supplemented ewes had a greater specific gravity (P = 0.05) than for control ewes. Overall, despite a potentially positive effect on ewe colostral IgG concentrations, supplementation of algae-derived DHA during late gestation and early lactation had a negative effect on lamb BW and did not affect indices of lamb thermogenesis.     

自由放养下绵羊的营养参数

根据绵羊的营养参数和饲养标准,结合日增重水平,计算了不同日增重水平对应的体重月平均动态及其所对应的粗蛋白日需要量和代谢能日需要量。不同日增重水平,达到生长期望所需要的日数不同,日增重水平越高,达到生长期望总所需要的粗蛋白和代谢能越少,但月平均的日需要量越多。自由放养的东北细毛羊当年生羔羊的日增重水平仅相当于舍饲饲养日增重的100g水平,根据代谢能计算,年总需干草340kg,可以作为计算载畜量的基本参数。自由放养情况下,即使能量满足需要,粗蛋白也短缺。当年生羔羊日增重在150￣200g,9￣10月龄内体重达到46￣50kg是北方草地家畜生产的理想目标,通过补饲可以实现。     

The effect of vitamin A supplementation on postnatal adipose tissue development of lambs

Vitamin A (retinoic acid) is known to be an adipogenic factor influencing both in vitro and in vivo cell development. This study aimed to determine its effect on lamb adipose tissue development during the early phase of postnatal development until 100 d of age. Male lambs (n = 24) of the Rasa Aragonesa breed were used. At birth, lambs were assigned to 1 of 2 experimental groups: 1) the control (C) group, which received feed without vitamin A supplementation, and 2) the vitamin A (V) group, which received a supplement of 500,000 IU/animal twice per week from birth to slaughter. The effect of vitamin A supplementation was studied at 16.8 +/- 0.35 kg of BW (58 +/- 0.7 d of age) and at 27.8 +/- 0.78 kg of BW (101 +/- 6.5 d of age). The variables of lamb growth, carcass, LM area, and lipid content were analyzed. To study adipose tissue development, the amount of adipose tissue accumulated, the size and number of adipocytes, and lipogenic enzyme activities (glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, fatty acid synthase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) of the omental, perirenal, and s.c. depots were quantified. Results showed that vitamin A supplementation had no influence on growth, carcass variables, LM area, and lipid content during lamb growth but that the number of adipocytes in the perirenal depot was 30% greater in lambs of the V group (P < 0.05) and that these lambs had smaller adipocytes in the omental and perirenal depots (P = 0.06) at 28 kg of BW (101 d of age). These results suggest that the intake of this level of vitamin A during the whole period of growth of the lambs influenced the processes of hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the different adipose depots, depending on their degree of maturity.     

Genetic and environmental effects on growth to 1 year and viability of lambs from a crossbreeding study of D'man and Sardi breeds.

Genetic effects were estimated for growth to 1 yr and viability to 90 d of 882 lambs from a diallel cross of Sardi (S), D'man (D), and D'man x Sardi (DS) male and female parents. Sardi direct genetic effects were significantly higher than those of D'man for weights at birth and up to 2 mo, but the difference decreased thereafter and was in favor of D'Man at 6 mo. Sardi maternal ability was better than that of D'man for weights at all ages. Estimates of individual heterosis were small and negative for weight at birth, weight at 1 mo, and lamb viability and positive for other body weights; the estimate was significant for 12-mo weight. Estimates of maternal heterosis were small and did not approach significance for any trait. Epistatic recombination effects were generally small, but negative for all traits and significantly so for viability to 30 d. In general, the results, combined with those on reproduction and total lamb production of ewes of these groups, reported elsewhere, indicate that a population produced by inter se mating of animals 50% D, 50% S breeding is expected to have higher total lamb production than either purebred.     

口服福尔马林对羔羊消化代谢与生长的影响

将8只30日龄、体重(6.9±1.0)kg的小尾寒羊×无角陶赛特母羔羊随机分为2组(每组4只),以研究口服福尔马林对羔羊自由采食、消化代谢、屠宰性能和甲醛残留的影响。结果表明,在55～80、95～120和125～150日龄3个日龄段,对照组羔羊的干物质采食量分别为(567.3±27.5)、(752.4±9.01)和(1044.1±30.8)g/(d.头),口服福尔马林组分别增加22.02%(P0.01)、28.75%(P0.01)和41.79%(P0.01);对照组羔羊的氮保留分别为(12.3±0.8)、(13.6±0.2)和(18.0±0.6)g/(d.头),口服福尔马林组分别增加25.20%(P0.01)、41.91%(P0.01)和46.11%(P0.01);对照组羔羊的日增重分别为(157.1±11.7)、(246.4±24.4)和(250.0±8.3)g/(d.头),口服福尔马林组分别增加18.20%(P0.05)、23.21%(P0.05)和27.16%(P0.01);而两组间的日粮消化率无显著差异。240日龄对照组和口服福尔马林组羔羊的胴体重分别为(20.37±1.78)和(24.55±1.14)kg/头(P0.01),屠宰率分别为48.59%±1.08%和50.46%±1.02%(P0.05),瘦肉率分别为65.22%±1.57%和64.84%±1.11%(P0.05)。羔羊血液、肌肉、肾脏、肝脏、瘤胃组织和小肠组织中的甲醛含量对照组分别为(1.84±0.44)mg/L、(0.35±0.26)mg/kg、(1.10±0.67)mg/kg、(0.74±0.34)mg/kg、(0.91±0.72)mg/kg和(0.79±0.41)mg/kg,在试验组分别为(1.47±0.61)mg/L、(0.54±0.34)mg/kg、(1.65±0.71)mg/kg、(0.91±0.38)mg/kg、(2.03±0.71)mg/L和(0.85±0.42)mg/L。因此,口服福尔马林可增加羔羊的自由采食量而不影响消化率,提高羔羊对日粮的消化量和羔羊日增重;以上这种作用随羔羊的日龄增加而增强;口服福尔马林提高羔羊的胴体重、屠宰率,但不影响胴体的瘦肉率;长期口服福尔马林羔羊的组织器官中甲醛的含量低于2.0 mg/kg。