粗饲料品质评定指数新一代分级指数的建立及与分级指数（GI_（2001））和饲料相对值（RFV）的比较研究

试验的目的是在卢德勋2001年提出的粗饲料分级指数（GI2001）的基础上筛选一些新指标在奶牛粗饲料中建立新一代分级指数（gradingindex2008,GI2008）,并用GI2008、GI2001和饲料相对值（RFV）对4种粗饲料品质进行分级比较。根据公式分别计算4种粗饲料的GI2008、GI2001和RFV值。结果表明,4种粗饲料（苜蓿干草、玉米青贮饲料、羊草、玉米秸秆）的GI2008值分别为145.50、108.44、20.10和12.09MJ/d;GI2001值分别为32.11、19.70、9.39和3.98MJ/d;RFV值分别为109.20、100.12、91.55和69.93MJ/d。三者对粗饲料品质划分次序一致。GI2008和GI2001对粗饲料品质分级均优于RFV,二者比较,GI2008与GI2001均能科学地对粗饲料品质进行评定,GI2001值（X,MJ）与GI2008值（Y,MJ）存在如下回归关系：Y=5.1669X-12.683（R2=0.9463,P〈0.0001,n=4）。结果提示,在实际应用中,GI2001指标简便易行,而GI2008主要用于研究目的,科学性比较强。在今后的研究中使用GI2008能更准确而科学地对粗饲料品质进行分级划分。     

粗饲料品质评定指数新一代分级指数的建立及与分级指数(GI2001)和饲料相对值(RFV)的比较研究

试验的目的是在卢德勋2001年提出的粗饲料分级指数(GI2001)的基础上筛选一些新指标在奶牛粗饲料中建立新一代分级指数(grading index-2008,GI2008),并用GI2008、GI2001和饲料相对值(RFV)对4种粗饲料品质进行分级比较.根据公式分别计算4种粗饲料的GI2008、GI2001和RFV值.结果表明,4种粗饲料(苜蓿干草、玉米青贮饲料、羊草、玉米秸秆)的GI2008值分别为145.50、108.44、20.10和12.09MJ/d；GI2001值分别为32.11、19.70、9.39和3.98 MJ/d；RFV值分别为109.20、100.12、91.55和69.93 MJ/d.三者对粗饲料品质划分次序一致.GI2008和GI2001对粗饲料品质分级均优于RFV,二者比较,GI2008与GI2001均能科学地对粗饲料品质进行评定,GI2001值(X,MJ)与GI2008值(Y,MJ)存在如下回归关系:Y=5.1669X-12.683 (R2=0.946 3,P＜0.0001,n=4).结果提示,在实际应用中,GI2001指标简便易行,而GI2008主要用于研究目的,科学性比较强.在今后的研究中使用GI2008能更准确而科学地对粗饲料品质进行分级划分.     

体外产气法评价不同分级指数玉米青贮—苜蓿干草组合发酵特性

为明确不同分级指数（Grading index,GI）下牦牛日粮粗饲料营养情况,本试验选取了5种不同GI（7.20,6.43,5.66,4.89,4.12）的玉米青贮—苜蓿干草组合,其质量比分别为70：30,60：40,50：50,40：60,30：70,进行牦牛瘤胃体外发酵试验,旨在探究不同组合下牦牛瘤胃体外发酵效果。试验结果表明：发酵48 h时,GI=7.20组合的累积产气量（Gas production,GP）显著高于或极显著高于其他组合（P<0.05或P<0.01）;各GI组合的干物质降解率（Dry matter degradation in vitro,IVDMD）差异不显著（P>0.05）;发酵3 h和12 h时,GI=7.20组合的中性洗涤纤维降解率（Neutral detergent fiber in vitro,IVNDFD）与GI=6.43组合差异不显著但极显著高于其他GI组合（P<0.01）;3 h,6 h,12 h,24 h时的氨态氮（NH₃-N）浓度随着GI降低呈现出减小趋势,48 h时的NH₃-N浓度随着GI降低呈现出先减小后增加趋势,GI=7.20时的NH₃-N浓度最大;发酵48 h时,各GI组合的微生物蛋白（Microbial protein,MCP）浓度差异不显著（P>0.05）,但GI=7.20时的MCP浓度最大;发酵48 h时,乙酸、丙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸（Total volatile fatty acid,TVFA）浓度随着GI降低呈现出减小趋势,GI=7.20时的乙酸、丙酸、TVFA浓度最大;各GI组合发酵6 h~48 h均呈现了正组合效应,综合组合效应值（Multiply factors associative effects index,MFAEI）随着GI减小呈现先减小后增大的趋势,且各时间段GI=7.20组合的MFAEI高于其他GI组合。综上所述,GI值为7.20玉米青贮—苜蓿干草组合的牦牛瘤胃体外发酵效果最优。     

适宜内蒙古典型河套灌区种植的玉米青贮品种筛选试验研究

为了加快饲料生产技术推广和提高食草家畜的营养水平,内蒙古杭锦后旗草原站于2009年引进7个品种的玉米进行品种对比试验,分别为青贮67、金刚50、青贮2号、兴贮1号、金岭7号、金岭10号、金岭14号。结果表明,兴贮1号每667m2鲜草产量最高,但GI值较低。金岭系列产量和GI值都表现较好,适合在典型河套灌区推广种植。     

适宜内蒙古典型河套灌区种植的玉米青贮品种筛选试验研究

为了加快饲料生产技术推广和提高食草家畜的营养水平,内蒙古杭锦后旗草原站于2009年引进7个品种的玉米进行品种对比试验,分别为青贮67、金刚50、青贮2号、兴贮1号、金岭7号、金岭10号、金岭14号。结果表明,兴贮1号每667m2鲜草产量最高,但GI值较低。金岭系列产量和GI值都表现较好,适合在典型河套灌区推广种植。     

适宜内蒙古典型河套灌区种植的玉米青贮品种筛选试验研究

为了加快饲料生产技术推广和提高食草家畜的营养水平,内蒙古杭锦后旗草原站于2009年引进7个品种的玉米进行品种对比试验,分别为青贮67、金刚50、青贮2号、兴贮l号、金岭7号、金岭10号、金岭14号.结果表明,兴贮1号每667 m2鲜草产量最高,但GI值较低.金岭系列产量和GI值都表现较好,适合在典型河套灌区推广种植.     

不同粗饲料分级指数的粗饲料对奶山羊血液指标及产奶性能的影响

本试验研究了GI值不同的粗饲料对奶山羊血液生化指标和产奶性能的影响。选用体重和产奶量相近的40只泌乳中期关中奶山羊,随机分为5组,分别饲喂基础日粮和4种粗饲料分级(GI)指数不同的粗饲料,5个处理组分别为对照组、Ⅰ组(虎尾草)、Ⅱ组(玉米秸秆)、Ⅲ组(羊草)、Ⅳ组(苜蓿)。结果表明:随着饲喂粗饲料GI指数的提高血浆中乙酸、丙酸浓度显著增高(P0.01),丁酸浓度只有Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组升高显著(P0.05);血浆中总的氨基酸含量Ⅰ～Ⅳ组分别升高了1.5%、2.4%、3.6%和4.4%;胆固醇、甘油三脂和总蛋白的含量呈升高趋势但差异不显著(P0.05)。乳脂率的含量Ⅰ～Ⅳ组分别升高了1.5%、2.7%、3.3%、5.1%,其中Ⅳ组显著高于对照组(P0.05);乳蛋白含量Ⅰ～Ⅳ组分别升高了4.6%、5.6%、6.3%、9.3%;产奶量Ⅰ～Ⅳ组分别提高了4%、5.3%、6.6%、9.3%,其中Ⅳ组显著高于对照组(P0.01);乳糖和非脂固形物含量变化不显著(P0.05)。干物质采食量逐渐升高,其中Ⅱ～Ⅳ组显著高于对照组(P0.01)。随着日粮中粗饲料GI指数的提高,奶山羊血浆中挥发性脂肪酸和总氨基酸的含量及奶中乳脂、乳蛋白的含量均相应提高,GI指数能有效而精确地评定粗饲料的品质。     

粗饲料品质评定指数新一代分级指数的建立及与分级指数( GI2001)和饲料相对值(RFV)的比较研究

本试验的目的是在卢德勋2001年提出的粗饲料分级指数(GI2001)的基础上筛选一些新指标在奶牛粗饲料中建立新一代分级指数(grading index-2008,GI2008),并用GI2008、GI2001和饲料相对值(RFV)对4种粗饲料品质进行分级比较.根据公式分别计算4种粗饲料的GI2008、GI2001和RF...     

不同分级指数燕麦干草对奶牛体外发酵营养物质降解率、瘤胃发酵参数和微生物组成的影响

本试验采用体外发酵法评价不同粗饲料分级指数（GI）燕麦干草的饲用价值,为其在奶牛生产应用中提供理论依据。选取3种不同GI的燕麦干草分为3组,试验1组、试验2组和试验3组GI值分别为4.26、10.98、11.60 MJ/d,体外发酵24 h。结果表明：（1）试验2组和试验3组干物质、粗蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维降解率显著高于试验1组（P ＜ 0.01）,其中干物质降解率比试验1组分别高50.95%、55.37%|中性洗涤纤维降解率分别高54.41%、50.47%。（2）试验2组和试验3组氨态氮、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和TVFA高于试验1组（P ＜ 0.05）,其中TVFA比试验1组分别高13.39%和11.05%。（3）各组优势菌门由拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）组成,两者占整个菌群89%以上,其中厚壁菌门相对丰度具有差异显著趋势（P =0.07）|各组优势菌属组成相同,各组中未分类理研菌科（Unclassified_f_Rikenellaceae）、未知属-绒毛杆菌科（Norank_f_Muribaculaceae）、纤维杆菌属（Fibrobacter）具有显著性差异（P ＜ 0.05）,其中试验2组和试验3组纤维杆菌属比试验1组分别低51.36%和55.45%。综合结果,不同GI等级燕麦干草对奶牛营养物质降解率和瘤胃发酵特性具有明显影响,且GI等级越高,其营养价值就越好。 [关键词] 分级指数|燕麦干草|体外发酵|降解率|瘤胃发酵参数|微生物组成     

低血糖生成指数燕麦颗粒牛奶的开发及测试

低血糖生成指数膳食对人体的血糖水平影响较小,有助于人体健康状况的改善、糖尿病的预防以及糖尿病患者的血糖控制.本文从燕麦和牛奶这两种原料入手,加入维生素、矿物质、膳食纤维等营养元素,开发了一款营养价值高、风味独特的燕麦颗粒牛奶.通过单因素试验、正交试验,确定最优方案为:淀粉添加量1.6％、麦芽糖醇添加量4.0％、燕麦颗粒...     

蜂胶对正常小鼠血糖的影响

将90只ICR小鼠随机分为模型组、蜂胶水提液低剂量组(WSPI)、蜂胶水提液高剂量组(WSP2)、蜂胶醇提液低剂量组(EEP1)、蜂胶醇提液高剂量组(EEP2)和阳性对照组(拜糖苹)，首先测空腹血糖，然后给予不同的受试药物，1周后，所有小鼠禁食测空腹血糖，然后给予饲料，2h后测餐后血糖。结果发现，蜂胶对正常小鼠的空腹血糖和餐后血糖影响不显著，表明蜂胶对正常小鼠的血糖没有影响。     

Ostertagia ostertagi antibodies in milk samples: Relationships with herd management and milk production parameters in two Mediterranean production systems of Spain

The present study analyzed Ostertagia ostertagi antibodies by indirect ELISA in milk samples in two cattle systems in Mediterranean Spain to indirectly monitor gastrointestinal nematode (GI) parasitism effects on production. Individual samples from 10 animals and the corresponding milk herd samples were collected from 133 herds in Girona (intensive management) and 123 herds in Minorca (extensive management). Both locations showed high and significant positive relationships between average optical density ratios (ODR) of individual animals and ODR in their milk tank. Although antibodies levels were low, there were significantly higher in Minorca. Negative correlations between ODR values and milk production were found in both systems. Importantly, in Minorca, average herd milk production was higher in the herds that treated their animals against GI nematodes compared to those that did not treat. The ELISA technique was valuable to indirectly assess differences in the level of GI nematode infection even in cattle production systems with low levels of infection.     

Ostertagia ostertagi antibodies in milk samples: Relationships with herd management and milk production parameters in two Mediterranean production systems of Spain

The present study analyzed Ostertagia ostertagi antibodies by indirect ELISA in milk samples in two cattle systems in Mediterranean Spain to indirectly monitor gastrointestinal nematode (GI) parasitism effects on production. Individual samples from 10 animals and the corresponding milk herd samples were collected from 133 herds in Girona (intensive management) and 123 herds in Minorca (extensive management). Both locations showed high and significant positive relationships between average optical density ratios (ODR) of individual animals and ODR in their milk tank. Although antibodies levels were low, there were significantly higher in Minorca. Negative correlations between ODR values and milk production were found in both systems. Importantly, in Minorca, average herd milk production was higher in the herds that treated their animals against GI nematodes compared to those that did not treat. The ELISA technique was valuable to indirectly assess differences in the level of GI nematode infection even in cattle production systems with low levels of infection.     

Glucose and galactose absorption after ingestion of milk containing hydrolysed lactose in calves with diarrhoea

Ten calves which had contracted acute diarrhoea caused by rotavirus, coronavirus and Cryptosporidium were used to test the hypothesis that feeding lactose-hydrolysed cow's milk instead of unprocessed cow's milk improves sugar absorption in diarrhoeic calves. The animals were rehydrated with an orally administered solution containing electrolytes and glucose. Thereafter the calves received one test meal of whole fresh cow's milk whose lactose had been hydrolysed by added lactase and one test meal of unprocessed cow's milk at an interval of 24 h in a cross-over design trial. In comparison with unprocessed milk, the intake of milk containing hydrolysed lactose resulted in a slight decrease of mean breath hydrogen concentration (P = 0.18), but also a slight decrease of mean blood galactose concentration (P = 0.14). There was no treatment effect on mean plasma glucose concentration. Peak plasma glucose and blood galactose concentration tended to be delayed after the intake of lactose-hydrolysed milk, which implies that gastric emptying was probably delayed. The results show that feeding milk which contains hydrolysed lactose does not significantly improve lactose utilization in calves that are suffering from benign infectious diarrhoea.     

Effects of 5'-uridylic acid feeding on postprandial plasma concentrations of metabolites and metabolic hormones in pre-weaning goats

5'-Uridylic acid (UMP), which is present at high concentrations in cow's colostrum, has been shown to cause a reduction in increased plasma levels of insulin and glucose after ingestion of milk replacer in pre-weaning calves. However, the precise mechanisms of UMP action have not been investigated, and its action has not been investigated in other pre-weaning ruminants. In order to demonstrate whether UMP causes changes in postprandial metabolic and hormonal parameters in pre-weaning goats, 11 Saanen kids were given milk replacer (twice a day) without ( n  = 5) or with ( n  = 6) UMP (1 g for each meal, 2 g/day for each head) for 14 days. Analysis of blood samples taken in the morning of day 14 demonstrated that the feeding of milk replacer with UMP abolished the significant changes in postprandial plasma glucose, NEFA, GH and insulin concentrations induced by feeding of milk replacer alone, and demonstrated a tendency to increase IGF-I levels. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups at any sampling time. We conclude that UMP feeding with milk replacer showed a tendency to blunt the postprandial changes in levels of some plasma metabolites and hormones that are induced by replacer alone in pre-weaning goats.     

Relationships of metabolic profiles to milk production and feeding in dairy cows

The aim of this study was to assess the practicality of the metabolic profile test (MPT) for feeding evaluation in dairy cattle. Stepwise regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationships of MPT to feeding and milk production of 4,679 cows in 343 commercial dairy herds. Significant explanatory variables were determined by forward set-up selection, among the deviated values from the reference values of 10 blood metabolites and body condition score, to predict dependent variables, i.e., milk production and the rate of feeding to nutrient requirements, in each or all lactation stages and the dry period. The milk production model of the all-lactation stage showed the greatest goodness-of-fit (adjusted R(2)=0.214, p<0.0001) with high positive regression coefficients for serum cholesterol, magnesium, urea nitrogen and albumin, and negative for glucose and calcium. In the feeding models, goodness-of-fit of crude protein was relatively high (R(2)=0.072, p<0.0001) with a positive relationship to blood urea nitrogen. Although the other feeding models were low in goodness-of-fit, several significant explanatory variables to feeding were found. All feeding models in the late lactation stage and the dry period, in which the feeding was stable, had greater goodness-of-fit than those in the early lactation stage in which milk production varied. It was concluded that the values which deviated from the reference values for the MPT components could assess milk production and feeding, and the MPT is a practical tool for auxiliary feeding evaluation.     

不同乳糖酶水解率的对比分析

乳糖酶在特定条件下可将乳糖水解成葡萄糖和半乳糖，对人体健康有重要作用。本文简要介绍了乳糖酶的功能及应用，并通过UHT乳乳糖水解试验对比几种乳糖酶的水解率，从而确定水解率高的乳糖酶。     

酮粉法检测泌乳牛尿酮乳酮的应用研究

荷斯坦泌乳牛尿、乳酮体的酮粉法定性试验表明：尿酮阳性率为29．25％，乳酮阳性率为10％。尿、乳阳性牛的血酮、血糖、乳酮、尿酮定量测定表明：酮粉法判定泌乳奶牛亚临床酮病，尿酮阳性反应具有早期、敏感、准确性低的特点。乳酮阳性反应具有准确、敏感性低、方便等特点。二者同时定性检测具有互补作用。     

2株桑树内生菌发酵产物的降血糖作用

通过体外α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制试验和糖尿病模型小鼠动物试验,检验桑树内生菌菌株Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Y1和Micrococcus luteus Y2发酵产物的降血糖作用。结果表明,Y1和Y2菌株发酵液提取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶均具有显著的体外抑制作用,并呈现一定的剂量依赖性,半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为2 307.56 mg/L和111.58 mg/L,在试验最大剂量下的抑制率分别达到59.17%和69.21%,均高于对照药物拜糖平(抑制率为53.06%)。动物试验表明,饲喂Y1菌株发酵液浓缩产物的糖尿病模型小鼠的空腹血糖(FBG)值和餐后血糖(PBG)值均低于模型组,分别存在显著和极显著差异,而对正常小鼠的血糖无明显影响,也未表现出毒副作用;调查饲喂发酵产物后糖尿病模型小鼠的体质量、进食量、饮水量、排尿量等指标,均得到明显改善。试验结果显示,2株桑树内生菌菌株的发酵液提取物均表现出与1-脱氧野尻霉素(DNJ)相同的体外抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的作用,Y1菌株发酵产物表现出与DNJ相同的降低糖尿病模型小鼠血糖及改善糖尿病症状的作用特点。