山西白猪高产仔母系繁殖性能测定

以马身猪、太湖猪（二花脸类群）和长白猪为育种素材,采用标记辅助选择技术结合群体继代选育法,经7年6个世代育成山西白猪高产仔母系。对7个世代母猪繁殖性能分析结果表明,4世代母猪的繁殖性能最好,母猪初产窝产仔10.64头,产活仔数9.85头,断奶头数9.36头,哺育率达95.03%,初生个体均重1.42 kg,28日龄断奶窝重62.36 kg。除产活仔数外,均极显著高于0世代（P<0.01）。初生和断奶时仔猪均匀度随选育逐代提高,一致性增强。该品系已具有良好的繁殖性能,是一个优良的母本品系。     

中国大白猪SⅡ系新品系选育与利用前景

以湖北省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所长期选育的成熟的SⅡ系大白猪为试验动物,采用现场测定的方法探讨该品系的性能潜力,评价其种用价值。SⅡ系大白猪测定群总产仔数达(11.24±2.52)头/窝,活仔数(10.40±2.42)头/窝;统计总产仔数14头/窝以上、产活仔数13头/窝以上的母猪在群体中占比分别达18.67%、18.63%,繁殖优势与潜力明显;且种猪未见繁殖障碍;环境适应能力强。以SⅡ系大白猪为基础可研发出新一代高繁殖力、高适应性、高抗逆性的母本品系,但受品系选育规模、环境制约,其良好的优势难以得到最大限度地发挥,有必要改变育种场体制,以效益促进选育进展。     

滇昆（N2）系猪选育及杂交利用研究报告

采用太湖猪半血的3世代苏钟公猪和乌金猪半血的新乌二元杂母猪组成的基础群进行了杂交合成理想型,横交选育滇昆(N2)系.经过5个世代的群体继代选育,第5世代初产仔(10.32±2.32)头(n=47),比基础群0世代(GO)9.71头和本地良种乌金猪5.7头提高0.61头与4.62头.90kg屠宰胴体瘦肉率50.51%,比1世代47.62%和乌金猪42%提高2.89与8.51个百分点,皆超过初产仔9头与胴体瘦肉率50%攻关指标.用加系大约克(Y)与N23世代母猪杂交,仔代杂优猪窝均活仔(11.30±1.49)头(n=10),35日龄断奶窝重(80.38±11.22)kg,70日龄保育窝重达(214.80±39.31)kg.体重达90kg日龄(155±13.33)d(n=23),80日龄至90kg日增重893g,料重比为2.891.瘦肉率达55.06%.至2000年3月底已向社会推广滇昆新母系猪4350头,社会经济效益显著.     

采用开放式群体继代选育法和分子生物技术相结合选育高产大约克夏母系

采用开放式群体继代选育法和分子生物技术结合选育大约克夏母系,效果较为显著。核心群内已淘汰氟烷应激敏感基因;与零世代相比,Ⅱ世代母猪的头胎产仔数增加0.88头,产活仔数增加0.80头,初生窝重提高2.67kg,差异极显著(P<0.01);21日龄平均窝重增加12.70kg,差异极显著(P<0.01),公母猪达100kg体重日龄分别缩短17.14d和14.62d,体形外貌基本一致。     

瑞典大白猪繁殖性能的研究

本文统计分析了2 063窝瑞典大白猪的繁殖性能,总产仔数、产活仔数、初生窝重、断奶头数、28日龄断奶窝重分别达到了12.03头、11.21头、17.09 kg、10.44头和83.21 kg,第4胎繁殖性能达到了最佳,最佳使用年限为6胎次。平均产仔间隔161.24 d,繁殖性能与产仔间隔呈反比关系。     

山西白猪高产仔母系育肥性能与胴体品质测定

以马身猪、太湖猪(二花脸类群)和长白猪为育种素材,采用标记辅助选择技术结合群体继代选育法,经7年6个世代育成山西白猪高产仔母系。结果发现,该品系6世代个体186.48日龄体重达100 kg,30~100 kg阶段日增重708.35 g,每千克增重耗料3.14 kg;体重100 kg屠宰,屠宰率为77.00%,胴体瘦肉率为57.93%,眼肌面积为32.20 cm²。山西白猪高产仔母系生长发育快,胴体品质好,是一个优良的专门化品系。     

湖北白猪优质系选育进展报告

经过6个世代持续选育,湖北白猪优质系初产母猪产仔数达到12.13头/窝,经产母猪达到13.52头/窝,经产母猪产活仔数12.74头/窝;初产、经产母猪产活仔数世代进展分别为0.208头、-0.064头。肥育期平均日增重达到621.39 g/d,达90 kg体重日龄由初始191.45 d降至179.26 d,世代进展为-2.438 d;料肉比3.15∶1。90 kg体重阶段屠宰测定结果表明,第6世代的屠宰率为74.96%,屠体膘厚为2.64 cm,瘦肉率为58.69%,眼肌面积为38.02 cm^2。各胴体性状在6个世代间差异不显著,但瘦肉率有所下降,下降幅度为每世代0.814%。     

美系大白猪雌激素受体基因多态性与繁殖性状的相关分析

研究将ESR基因作为母猪繁殖性状候选基因,进行多态性检测和相关分析,旨在为大白猪的分子标记辅助选择提供依据。试验采用PCR-RFLP方法分析了451头美系大白母猪ESR基因的多态性,以及多态性与总产仔数、产活仔数和初生窝重间的相关性,并分析ESR基因对繁殖性状的效应。结果表明:ESR基因在该美系大白猪中分布处于哈德-温伯格不平衡状态。在头胎中,AA型个体总产仔数、产活仔数和初生窝重分别为10.47头、9.90头和13.79 kg,均高于BB型个体的9.78头(P0.01)、9.01头(P0.05)和12.41 kg(P0.05);AA型个体的3个性状均高于AB型,但均差异不显著(P0.05);AB型个体的总产仔数和初生窝重分别为10.32头和13.45 kg,均显著高于BB型个体(P0.05),AB型个体产活仔数为9.60头,高于BB型,但差异不显著(P0.05)。经产(2~5胎)AA型个体的总产仔数、产活仔数和初生窝重分别为11.55头、11.03头和16.53 kg,均高于AB型个体的11.07头(P0.05)、10.44头(P0.01)、15.67 kg(P0.05),且极显著高于BB型个体(10.82头、10.02头和15.17 kg)。ESR基因的A等位基因对繁殖性状均具有正的加性效应。ESR基因AA型在美系大白猪中为有利基因型,A等位基因为有利等位基因。该位点可用于美系大白猪的育种中,在种猪选育时提高ESR基因的A等位基因频率可以提高产仔数和初生窝重。     

昆明犬与马里努阿犬杂交后代的繁殖性能

对以昆明犬为母系,马里努阿犬为父系的杂交组合F1、F2、F3代母犬的繁殖性能研究表明,其杂交组合F1、F2、F3繁殖性能良好,窝产仔数为8.63～9.15头,F3代在繁殖性能各个性状均与昆明犬指标相当。F1、F2、F3在初情期、发情周期、发情时间方面表现为差异不明显(P>0.05)。杂交仔犬的生活力表现出较强的杂交优势。F1的产活仔率为97.5%,初生窝重为4.75±0.45kg,初生重为0.55±0.08kg;F2的产活仔率为95.8%,初生窝重为4.69±0.39kg,初生重为0.53±0.07kg,均显著高于昆明犬的产活仔率(93.1%)、初生窝重(4.59±0.30kg)和初生重(0.50±0.06kg)(P<0.05);F3产仔性能方面与昆明犬之间比较差异不显著(P>0.05),这表明昆明犬用马里努阿犬进行导入杂交改良,能有效地提高其生活力。     

简州大耳羊繁殖性能选育研究及遗传进展分析

对简州大耳羊核心群世代选育母羊繁殖性能进行了系统测定。简州大耳羊发情周期平均为20.66 d,发情持续期为48.52 h,妊娠期平均为148.76 d;初产母羊平均产羔率为153.51%,经产母羊为242.41%;年均产羔1.75胎;公羔平均初生重为3.10 kg,母羔平均初生重为2.95 kg。结果表明简州大耳羊具有多胎、多羔,常年发情产羔,羔羊初生重较大,繁殖性能好的优良特性。通过世代选育,简州大耳羊繁殖性能取得了一定的遗传进展,四世代初产母羊产羔率比零世代提高了3.39%;四世代公羔初生重比零世代提高了9.15%,母羔初生重比零世代提高了7.66%。研究结果揭示了简州大耳羊的发情、配种、产羔等繁殖规律,表明简州大耳羊具有较高的繁殖力,并随胎次的不同而异,而且各世代间稳定性好。     

猪PRLR和FSHβ基因多态性检测及其与繁殖性状的关联分析

试验旨在研究催乳素受体（prolactin receptor,PRLR）和卵泡刺激素β（follicle-stimulating hormone β,FSHβ）基因的多态性及其与母猪繁殖性状的关联分析。采用PCR-RFLP方法对大白猪、杜洛克猪和长白猪3个猪种共487头母猪进行了PRLR和FSHβ基因多态性检验,并采用单因子方差分析、LSD法分析不同基因型与母猪总产仔数、产活仔数、断奶窝重和断奶窝仔数等繁殖性状的相关性。结果表明,PRLR基因在大白猪和长白猪中B等位基因均为优势基因,基因频率分别为0.717和0.548,大白猪BB基因型总产仔数显著高于AA基因型（P<0.05）,长白猪BB基因型断奶窝重显著高于AB基因型（P<0.05）;FSHβ基因在大白猪、杜洛克猪和长白猪3个猪种中B等位基因均为优势基因,基因频率分别为0.804、0.760和0.789,长白猪BB基因型总产仔数和产活仔数均显著高于AB基因型（P<0.05）,呈现BB>AA>AB趋势。因此,PRLR和FSHβ基因对荣昌猪场母猪繁殖性能有一定影响,可作为母猪繁殖性能分子选育的候选参考基因。     

大白猪PTGS2基因外显子2多态性及其与繁殖性状的关联分析

试验旨在研究前列腺素内过氧化物合酶2（prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2,PTGS2）基因的单核苷酸多态性,并将其与大白猪的繁殖性状进行关联分析,为猪分子遗传标记提供依据。以美系及法系纯种大白猪基因组DNA为模板,构建DNA混合池,通过克隆测序比对,检测猪PTGS2基因的遗传变异;采用PCR-RFLP技术对多态性位点进行基因分型,并与目标性状进行关联分析。结果显示,在猪PTGS2基因外显子2上存在1个g.86A>G碱基突变,并具有Msp Ⅰ酶切位点多态性,且在大白猪群体中检测到AA、AG和GG 3种基因型;哈迪-温伯格平衡检验结果显示,在法系大白猪群体中,PTGS2基因g.86A>G多态性分布达到遗传平衡状态（P>0.05）。关联分析结果表明,在美系大白猪群体中,AA基因型初产母猪弱仔数显著少于AG基因型（P<0.05）,AA基因型经产母猪初生窝重显著高于AG基因型（P<0.05）;在法系大白猪群体中,GG基因型个体总产仔数、健仔数和初生窝重均高于AA和AG基因型,但未达到显著水平（P>0.05）。PTGS2基因外显子2 g.86A>G多态性位点显著影响初生窝重和弱仔数,可作为猪分子标记辅助选择育种的潜在位点。     

妊娠期背膘厚对母猪产程及繁殖性能的影响

为优化母猪繁殖效率,探究妊娠期不同背膘厚对母猪繁殖性能和分娩产程的影响,本研究以广西某公司2 969头大白母猪和1 787头长白母猪为试验群体,收集2017年1月至2017年10月妊娠期3个阶段(妊娠30、80和107 d)背膘厚与分娩接产记录数据,分析背膘厚与分娩产程、总产仔数、产活仔数和初生窝重等性状的关系。研究结果表明,大白母猪分娩产程时间显著短于长白母猪(P<0.05),大白母猪总产仔数、产活仔数和初生窝重显著优于长白母猪(P<0.05)。在妊娠30 d时,背膘厚在18～20 mm组的大白母猪总产仔数和产活仔数最高,且初生窝重最大;背膘厚在18～20 mm组的长白母猪总产仔数和产活仔数最高。在妊娠80 d时,背膘厚≥20 mm组的大白母猪总产仔数和产活仔数最高,且初生窝重最大、产程最短;背膘厚在16～18 mm组的长白母猪总产仔数和产活仔数最高,且初生窝重较高、母猪产程较短。在妊娠107 d时,背膘厚在14～16 mm组的大白母猪总产仔数和产活仔数最高,且初生窝重最大,但母猪产程与其他组差异不显著(P>0.05);背膘厚≥20 mm组的长白母猪总产仔数和产活仔数最高,且初生窝重较大。妊娠期背膘厚减少1～2 mm的大白母猪,其总产仔数和产活仔数最高,初生窝重较小,产程较长。而背膘厚减少>2 mm的长白母猪,其总产仔数和产活仔数最高,初生窝重较大,产程较短。上述试验结果说明,在母猪妊娠期间,合适的背膘厚可有效提高母猪繁殖性能和母猪分娩期间的福利水平。养殖场可以根据营养配方和猪群品种建立背膘数据库,通过精准饲喂将母猪背膘厚调整至最佳范围,同时合理控制妊娠期背膘变化。     

Responses to 19 generations of litter size selection in the Nebraska Index line. I. Reproductive responses estimated in pure line and crossbred litters

Our objective was to estimate responses in reproductive traits in the Nebraska Index line (I) after 19 generations of selection for increased litter size. Responses were estimated in dams producing pure line, F1, and three-way cross litters. A total of 850 litters were produced over six year-seasons, including 224 pure line litters, 393 F1 litters produced from I and C females mated with Danbred NA Landrace (L) or Duroc-Hampshire (T) boars, and 233 litters by F1 L x I and L x C females mated with T boars. Contrasts of means were used to estimate the genetic difference between I and C and interactions of line differences with mating type. Farrowing rates of lines I (u = 91.0%) and C (u = 92.8%) did not differ. Averaged across all genetic groups, mean number born alive per litter was 10.1 pigs, and number and weight of pigs weaned per litter, both adjusted for number nursed and weaning age of 12 d, were 9.7 pigs and 34.4 kg, respectively. Averaged across mating types, direct genetic effects of I were greater than C (P < 0.05) for total born (3.53 pigs), number born alive (2.53 pigs), number of mummified pigs (0.22 pig), and litter birth weight (2.14 kg). The direct genetic effect of line I was less than C (P < 0.05) for litter weaning weight (-1.88 kg). Interactions of line effects with crossing system were significant (P < 0.05) for total number born, number of stillborn pigs, number weaned, and litter weaning weight. In pure line litters, I exceeded C by 4.18 total pigs and 1.76 stillborn pigs per litter, whereas the estimate of I-C in F1 litters was 2.74 total pigs and 0.78 stillborn pig per litter. The contrast between I and C for number weaned and litter weaning weight in pure litters was 0.32 pig and -0.28 kg, respectively, compared with 0.25 pig and -2.14 kg in F1 litters. Crossbreeding is an effective way to use the enhanced reproductive efficiency of the Index line.     

Examination of the relationship between the estrogen receptor gene and reproductive traits in swine

The relationship between estrogen receptor (ESR) genotype and reproductive traits in a population of Yorkshire, Large White, and crossbred animals was studied. Reproductive tract and litter data were analyzed for associations with ESR genotype, parity, and breed. Forty-six Yorkshire, 31 Large White, and 70 crossbred females from the above population were mated to Hampshire boars and slaughtered at 75 d of gestation. Data collected included ovulation rate, uterine horn length, number of fetuses, fetal weight, uterine weight, number of mummies, fetal sex, fetal placement, fetal survival, and fetal space. Data were analyzed using a model that included the fixed effects of ESR genotype, breed, parity, and all significant two-way interactions. Litter data representing 212 litter records were analyzed in a model that included the fixed effects of ESR genotype of dam, parity, farrowing month, dam breed, sire breed, and all significant two-way interactions. The ESR genotype was significantly associated with the total litter weight of piglets born and total litter weight of piglets born alive. Dams with the AA genotype had significantly (P = 0.04) heavier litters at birth (14.44 +/- 0.36 kg) than dams with the BB genotype (13.43 +/- 0.47 kg). Ovulation rate was significantly (P < 0.05) different between animals of parity 1 (17.22 +/- 0.41) and parity > or = 3 (19.92 +/- 0.85). Significant breed effects were observed for fetal weight, with purebred Large White animals having a greater fetal weight per horn (3,909 +/- 114 g) than purebred Yorkshire animals (3,553 +/- 92 g). Notable, but nonsignificant, trends with respect to ESR genotype were also observed for number of piglets alive at weaning and total litter weight at weaning. The ESR gene is positively associated with several previously uninvestigated reproductive traits.     

Inferring phenotypic causal structure among farrowing and weaning traits in pigs

Direct selection for litter size or weight at weaning in pigs is often hindered by external interventions such as cross‐fostering. The objective of this study was to infer the causal structure among phenotypes of reproductive traits in pigs to enable subsequent direct selection for these traits. Examined traits included: number born alive (NBA), litter size on day 21 (LS21), and litter weight on day 21 (LW21). The study included 6,240 litters from 1,673 Landrace dams and 5,393 litters from 1,484 Large White dams. The inductive causation (IC) algorithm was used to infer the causal structure, which was then fitted to a structural equation model (SEM) to estimate causal coefficients and genetic parameters. Based on the IC algorithm and temporal and biological information, the causal structure among traits was identified as: NBA → LS21 → LW21 and NBA → LW21. Owing to the causal effect of NBA on LS21 and LW21, the genetic, permanent environmental, and residual variances of LS21 and LW21were much lower in the SEM than in the multiple‐trait model for both breeds. Given the strong effect of NBA on LS21 and LW21, the SEM and causal information might assist with selective breeding for LS21 and LW21 when cross‐fostering occurs.     

Evaluation of genetic trends and determination of the optimal number of cumulative records of parity required in reproductive traits in a Large White pig population

Genetic improvement of the reproductive performance of pigs is important for pig breeding despite their low heritabilities. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effectiveness of selection concerning reproductive traits and to determine the optimal number of parity records required for accurate estimation of breeding values (BVs) in the open population of a commercial pig breeding company. The study used records of 2220 purebred Large White pigs (9845 litters) farrowed between 1998 and 2009 in the two herds of the Pacific Ocean Breeding Co. Ltd. The traits studied included farrowing interval (FI), total number of piglets at birth (TNB), average weaning weight per litter (AWW), and raising rate (RR). A statistical model was applied to the 4‐trait repeatability animal model. The heritabilities of FI, TNB, AWW and RR were low. The genetic trends in TNB (h² = 0.09) showed approximately 1.0 increase in 6 years from 2003 to 2008. The predicted error variances indicated that up to fourth parity records are necessary for accurate genetic evaluation. The present study results indicated that even reproductive traits with low heritability can be improved.     

Bayesian threshold analysis of direct and maternal genetic parameters for piglet mortality at farrowing in Large White, Landrace, and Pietrain populations

A Bayesian threshold model was fitted to analyze the genetic parameters for farrowing mortality at the piglet level in Large White, Landrace, and Pietrain populations. Field data were collected between 1999 and 2006. They were provided by 3 pig selection nucleus farms of a commercial breeding company registered in the Spanish Pig Data Bank (BDporc). Analyses were performed on 3 data sets of Large White (60,535 piglets born from 4,551 litters), Landrace (57,987 piglets from 5,008 litters), and Pietrain (42,707 piglets from 4,328 litters) populations. In the analysis, farrowing mortality was considered as a binary trait at the piglet level and scored as 1 (alive piglet) or 0 (dead piglet) at farrowing or within the first 12 h of life. Each breed was analyzed separately, and operational models included systematic effects (year-season, sex, litter size, and order of parity), direct and maternal additive genetic effects, and common litter effects. Analyses were performed by Bayesian methods using Gibbs sampling. The posterior means of direct heritability were 0.02, 0.06, and 0.10, and the posterior means of maternal heritability were 0.05, 0.13, and 0.06 for Large White, Landrace, and Pietrain populations, respectively. The posterior means of genetic correlation between the direct and maternal genetic effects for Landrace and Pietrain populations were -0.56 and -0.53, and the highest posterior intervals at 95% did not include zero. In contrast, the posterior mean of the genetic correlation between direct and maternal effects was 0.15 in the Large White population, with the null correlation included in the highest posterior interval at 95%. These results suggest that the genetic model of evaluation for the Landrace and Pietrain populations should include direct and maternal genetic effects, whereas farrowing mortality could be considered as a sow trait in the Large White population.     

Using Progeny Testing to Evaluate the Efficiency of Genomic Selection in Large White Pigs

This study aimed to evaluate the actual genetic improvement effect of genomic selection in Large White boars through progeny testing in production performance. Nine hundred and thirteen Large White pigs were used to construct a reference group, and 823 new-born Large White boars were used to implement the first genomic selection through ssGBLUP before castration. The second genomic selection were carried out after performance testing, then 10 boars with significant difference in production performance were selected and their offsprings were compared in phenotypic values, estimated breeding values of growth traits and selection index. The results showed that the accuracies of genomic prediction on age at 100 kg body weight, 100 kg backfat thickness and total number born increased from 0.56, 0.67 and 0.64 in the first genomic selection to 0.73, 0.73 and 0.67 in the second genomic selection, respectively. The correlation coefficient of maternal selection index between the two genomic selection before castration and after performance testing was 0.82, which indicated that the first genomic selection before castration was accurate enough to make early selection on boars. According to the genomic breeding values and maternal selection index of 10 selected boars, two groups with high and low production performance were set up. The progeny testing showed that the difference of average phenotypic value between groups was 2.58 days, and the difference of average evaluated breeding value(EBV) between groups was 3.08 days in age at 100 kg body weight, those were 1.15 mm and 1.03 mm in 100 kg backfat thickness, respectively, and the difference in the mean of the comprehensive maternal index was 9.3, all the differences(except age at 100 kg body weight) were extremely significant. This study prove that the offspring of boars with significant differences in genomic evaluation have significant differences in phenotypic values and breeding values, which indicate that, through genomic selection, excellent breeding boars can be selected and their genetic superiority can be passed to their offsprings.     

利用后裔测定验证大白猪基因组选择实施效果研究

旨在通过测定基因组选择选留的大白公猪的后裔生产性能,探究基因组选择实际育种效果。本研究选用913头大白猪构建参考群体,利用ssGBLUP对新出生的823头大白公猪在去势前进行第一次基因组评估,待生产性能测定后进行第二次基因组评估,最终选留10头性能差异显著的公猪留种,比较其后代生长性状表型和育种值及综合选择指数差异。结果表明,两次基因组遗传评估,达100 kg体重日龄、100 kg活体背膘厚和总产仔数3个性状基因组育种值（GEBV）估计准确性分别由0.56、0.67和0.64提高至0.73、0.73和0.67,两次基因组选择基因组母系指数相关系数为0.82,表明在去势前进行公猪基因组选择具有较高的准确性,可实现种猪早期选择。根据各性状GEBV和基因组母系指数,10头公猪被划分为高、低生产性能组,后裔测定成绩表明,两组公猪后代100 kg体重日龄表型均值之差为2.58 d,育种值之差为3.08 d,100 kg活体背膘厚表型均值之差为1.15 mm,育种值之差为1.03 mm,综合母系指数均值之差为9.3,除后代100 kg体重日龄表型均值之差外,其他差异均达到极显著水平。本研究证明,在基因组评估中具有显著差异的公猪其后代在表型值和育种值等方面均存在显著差异,通过基因组选择能够挑选出优秀种公猪,可将其遗传优势传递给后代。