吐温80和酶对绵羊日粮消化及血液参数的影响

试验选用4只瘘管羊,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,研究日粮中添加吐温80、纤维素酶及其复合物对绵羊日粮消化及血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:各处理组与对照组相比,绵羊日粮瘤胃干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的消失率均提高,但差异不显著(P>0.05);各种处理对绵羊采食量和日粮ADF消化率没有影响,对DM、NDF、粗蛋白(CP)的消化率都有一定程度的提高。各处理都在一定程度降低了血清中谷草转氨酶(ALT)和谷丙转氨酶(AST)含量,添加吐温80及复合处理组与对照组相比显著降低血清中ALT含量(P<0.05),与对照组相比添加纤维素酶降低血清尿素氮(BUN)含量,添加吐温80及复合处理组提高血清中BUN含量,但差异都不显著(P>0.05);各处理组都降低血清中肌肝(CRE)含量,增加了血清中胆固醇(CHOL)含量,且复合处理组与对照组相比较差异显著(P<0.05)。     

日粮营养水平对海南黑山羊肥育羔羊日粮养分表观消化率的影响

试验旨在研究不同营养水平精料补饲对海南黑山羊肥育羔羊的日粮养分表观消化率的影响。选择3月龄、体重相近的海南黑山羊24只,随机分成6个处理组,每个处理组4只羊。设计2个粗蛋白质水平(15%和17%)和3个消化能水平(11.72、12.55、13.39MJ/kg)的精料补充料,自由采食,试验期90d。结果表明:日粮蛋白质水平对黑山羊日均干物质、能量、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)采食量无显著影响(P>0.05),日粮消化能水平对黑山羊日均粗脂肪、粗灰分和钙、磷、NDF和ADF采食量影响显著(P<0.05);日粮蛋白质水平对黑山羊日粮中各养分的表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05);随着日粮中消化能水平的增加,能量、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、ADF和NDF的表观消化率亦随之增加(P<0.05)。结果表明,日粮蛋白质水平对黑山羊日粮中各养分表观消化率无显著影响,而日粮能量水平对日粮中能量、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、ADF和NDF的表观消化率影响显著。     

粗蛋白水平对绵羊日粮养分后肠道消化的影响

本文旨在探讨粗蛋白(CP)水平对绵羊日粮养分后肠道及全消化道消化的影响。试验选4只装有永久性回肠瘘管的4月龄阉羊进行4×4拉丁方试验,定量饲喂4种等能量、相同中性洗涤纤维(NDF)水平、CP水平分别为11.8%(P12组)、14.0%(P14组)、15.9%(P16组)和17.8%(P18组)的日粮。结果表明:随着CP水平提高,日粮DM消化率显著(P<0.05)增加,有机物(OM)消化率无显著变化,CP消化率提高(P<0.01),NDF、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、半纤维素(HC)和纤维素(CEL)消化率增加(P<0.01),P12组的各项指标最低。日粮养分后肠道消化占总消化量的比率DM分别为31.3%、29.1%、28.8%和28.6%;OM分别为22.4%、20.8%、20.3%和20.0%;CP分别为19.3%、15.1%、14.3%和13.7%;NDF相应为28.2%、24.7%、23.4%和22.8%;ADF相应为25.3%、21.1%、19.9%和19.4%,P12组日粮ADF后肠道消化比率显著(P<0.05)高于其他3种日粮;HC分别为32.0%、29.5%、27.9%和27.4%;CEL分别为21.1%、18.9%、18.1%和17.9%,P12组日粮CEL后肠道消化比率显著(P<0.05)高于其他3种日粮;淀粉在后肠道消化不到1%。不同的粗蛋白水平对绵羊日粮养分后肠道的消化有一定的影响。     

日粮中性洗涤纤维水平对生长公牛碳水化合物和蛋白质消化代谢的影响

采用拉丁方试验设计,选择6头12月龄的中国荷斯坦公牛,分别喂给6种不同NDF(中性洗涤纤维)水平的日粮,(NDF在日粮中的比例分别为:30.26%、32.49%、34.74%、36.94%、39.16%、41.39%),以研究NDF对碳水化合物和蛋白质消化代谢的影响。试验表明,NDF水平对日粮ND和ADF(酸性洗涤纤维)的表观消化率有显著影响(P<0.05),日粮NDF和ADF的表观消率随日粮NDF水平的提高而升高,淀粉的消化率受日粮NDF水平的影响下大(P>0.05);NDF水平对日粮氮的利用率有明显影响(P<0.05),过高或过低均不利于氮的沉积;NDF对日粮能量的表观消化率有显著影响(P<0.05),日粮能量表观消化率随NDF水平的提高而下降。     

绵羊对低蛋白日粮消化代谢规律的研究

试验选用3只平均体重为44.8kg的杂种公绵羊,采用3×3拉丁方设计。饲喂粗蛋白水平由7.6%～13.0%的12种典型混合日粮。结果表明:随着日粮粗蛋白水平(CP)的提高,日粮粗蛋白(CP)、干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)消化率逐渐提高,其相关关系分别为CPD(CP的消化率,%)=8.70+4.84CP(%/DM()n=12,R2=0.88,P<0.01);DMD(DM的消化率,%)=45.40+2.14CP(%/DM()n=12,R2=0.65,P<0.01);OMD(OM的消化率,%)=42.85+2.31CP(%/DM()n=12,R2=0.67,P<0.01);ADFD(ADF的消化率,%)=19.08+3.05CP(%/DM()n=12,R2=0.66,P<0.01);NDFD(NDF的消化率,%)=26.81+2.64CP(%/DM)(n=12,R2=0.63,P<0.01)。     

不同饲草日粮对云岭黑山羊羯羊营养物质消化率和血液生化指标的影响

试验采用3×6非平衡拉丁方设计,选择6只健康的6月龄云岭黑山羊羯羊,分3期,分别饲喂苜蓿草粉、苜蓿草块、一年生黑麦草粉、光叶紫花苕粉、非洲狗尾草粉、大麦秸粉6种饲草日粮。结果表明:云岭黑山羊对不同饲草日粮的干物质(DM)、有机物质(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的消化率差异显著(P0.05),一年生黑麦草日粮组的DM、OM、NDF和ADF消化率最高,苜蓿干草粉日粮组的CP消化率最高,大麦秸粉日粮组的DM、OM、CP、NDF和ADF消化率最低。一年生黑麦草日粮组的血液尿素氮含量显著低于其他饲草日粮组(P0.05),甘油三酯,总胆固醇、总蛋白、白蛋白、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶水平各日粮组间差异显著(P0.05)。上述结果说明,苜蓿干草粉、一年生黑麦草粉和苜蓿草块对云岭黑山羊营养价值较高,大麦秸粉的营养价值最差。     

蚕沙对乐至黑山羊日粮纤维消化率的影响研究

本试验研究了蚕沙对乐至黑山羊日粮纤维消化率的影响。选择35只体重相近的3月龄乐至黑山羊阉公羊,采用单因子完全随机试验设计,分为5组,单栏单饲,处理1饲喂不添加蚕沙的基础精料,处理2、3、4、5分别饲以25%、50%、75%、100%蚕沙替代基础精料,各组粗料均为青贮玉米秸加大豆秸,采用全收粪法进行消化试验,收粪6d。试验结果表明:不同比例蚕沙替代精料显著提高日粮粗纤维(CF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的消化率(P<0.05),其中100%蚕沙组消化率最高,CF、NDF和ADF的消化率分别为73.93%、70.86%和68.68%,对照组相应为64.60%、64.07%和59.23%;蚕沙对木质素(ADL)的消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。由此得出,添加蚕沙可以提高山羊日粮中纤维的消化率,提高饲料利用率。     

丙二醇对围产期奶牛日粮养分消化率的影响

选用24头体重(683.1±14.9)kg、胎次(2.5±0.2)、上一泌乳期305 d,产奶量(7 339±18)kg和预产期(24.5±0.2)d的经产奶牛,随机分为4组,从分娩前19 d到分娩后36 d分别在基础日粮中添加丙二醇0、150、300和450 ml/d,研究丙二醇对围产期奶牛采食量和日粮养分消化率的影响,结果表明:奶牛分娩后7、21和35 d干物质(DM)、有机物质(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)采食量显著高于分娩前(-21 d和-14 d),分娩后35 d各养分采食量显著高于分娩后7 d(P<0.05)。从分娩前14 d到分娩后35 d各组奶牛DM、OM和CP消化率呈先降低后升高的趋势,但差异均不显著;而分娩后7、21和35 d日粮NDF和ADF消化率显著低于分娩前(-21 d和-14d)(P<0.05)。日粮添加不同水平的丙二醇对围产期奶牛各养分采食量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,日粮添加丙二醇300 ml/d和450 ml/d,显著提高分娩前14 d和分娩后7、21和35 d DM、NDF和ADF消化率,显著提高分娩后7、21和35 d OM消化率,显著提高分娩后7和21 d CP消化率(P<0.05)。本试验结果表明在日粮中添加丙二醇有益于改善围产期奶牛日粮消化率,适宜添加量为300 ml/d。     

烟酸铬对西门塔尔牛日粮养分消化率的影响

试验选用4头体重(500±20)kg,年龄3.5岁,装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究日粮中添加烟酸铬(0、40、80、120 mg/d)对日粮养分消化率的影响。结果表明:日粮添加烟酸铬80 mg/d组的干物质(DM)、有机物质(OM)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗蛋白质(CP)、无氮浸出物(NFE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率较对照组显著提高(P<0.05)。因此在本试验条件下日粮中烟酸铬适宜添加水平为80 mg/d。     

日粮纤维对山羊营养物质消化率的影响

试验选用波尔山羊为研究对象研究不同纤维来源的日粮对山羊营养物质消化率的影响。试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,分别饲喂以小麦秸秆、梨渣、大豆皮和混合(小麦秸秆和梨渣)为主要纤维来源的等氮等能等纤维4组日粮,日粮纤维的添加量为35%。试验分为4期,每期15d,其中预试期10d,正试期5d。结果表明:(1)与小麦秸秆组、梨渣组以及混合组相比,大豆皮组提高日粮中干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、以及能量(GE)的表观消化率,大豆皮组的DM表观消化率显著高于梨渣组(P0.05),与日粮小麦秸秆组、混合组差异不显著(P0.05)。大豆皮组的OM表观消化率显著高于小麦秸秆组和梨渣组(P0.05),与混合组差异不显著(P0.05)。大豆皮组的NDF、ADF的表观消化率显著高于小麦秸秆组、梨渣组和混合组(P0.05)。大豆皮组的能量表观消化率显著高于小麦秸秆组、梨渣组和混合组(P0.05);(2)与小麦秸秆组、梨渣组以及混合组相比,当饲喂大豆皮组日粮时,山羊的氮保留率和氮的生物学价值最高,显著高于小麦秸秆组(P0.05)。混合组的钙保留率与大豆皮组差异不显著(P0.05),但显著高于小麦秸秆和梨渣组(P0.05)。大豆皮组的磷保留率显著高于小麦秸秆组和混合组(P0.05),与梨渣组差异不显著(P0.05)。研究结果表明,当饲喂大豆皮为主要纤维来源的日粮时,山羊对其营养物质的利用效果显著,有效地提高了日粮中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维以及能量的消化率,并且能有效提高氮的生物学价值。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

獭兔睾丸的组织学观察

家兔作为一种实验动物 ,推动了繁殖技术的发展。本试验通过对不同年龄公獭兔的睾丸进行组织学观察、测定 ,研究精子的发生规律 ,为系统地进行繁殖生理工作提供依据。1　材料与方法选 60日龄、75日龄、90日龄 3个年龄公獭兔各5只 ,用外科手术法摘取两侧睾丸 ,放入 Bouin氏液中固定 ,二甲苯透明 ,石蜡包埋 ,切成 5～ 8μm切片 ,H.E.染色。在显微镜下观察 ,并进行定量组织学指标测定及差异性比较。2　结果和讨论2 .1　睾丸定量组织学指标的测定结果　见表 1。表 1　獭兔睾丸定量组织学指标　　　μm,个 /精细管60日龄 75日龄 90日龄曲细精管…     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Observations of fracture of the anconeal process of the ulna of swine

Fractures of the anconeal process of 5 pigs ranging in age from 4 to 8 months were studied radiographically and histologically. Clinically, animals with a fracture of the anconeal process had a "tight," restricted gait. In pigs at 4.5 months of age, a radiolucent line through the base of the anconeal process was composed of fibrocartilage, fibrous connective tissue, and hyaline cartilage. Subperiosteal proliferation of woven bone was located along the cranial surface of the olecranon, adjacent to the base of the anconeal process. In older animals, the radiolucent line through the anconeal process contained variable amounts of fibrous connective tissue and fibrocartilage. The proliferation of subperiosteal bone at the base of the anconeal process formed a "buttress callus" which retained a radiolucent area between the callus and the proximal surface of the anconeal process. The latter region of radiolucency was continuous with the transversely oriented line that traversed the base of the anconeal process.     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.